[72] "All hope abandon, ye who enter here." The words inscribed over the gate of Hell: Dante's _Inferno_, III, 9.--TR.

[73] "Listening Sister," the nun who acts as spy and monitor over the girls studying in a convent.--TR.

[74] "Mas sabe el loco en su casa que el cuerdo en la ajena." The fool knows more in his own house than a wise man does in another's.--TR.

[75] The College of Santo Tomas was established in 1619 through a legacy of books and money left for that purpose by Fray Miguel de Benavides, O. P., second archbishop of Manila. By royal decree and papal bull, it became in 1645 the Royal and Pontifical University of Santo Tomas, and never, during the Spanish regime, got beyond the Thomistic theology in its courses of instruction.--TR.

[76] Take heed lest you fall!

[77] Ferdinand and Isabella, the builders of Spain's greatness, are known in Spanish history as "Los Reyes Catolicos."--TR.

[78] These spectacular performances, known as "Moro-Moro," often continued for several days, consisting principally of noisy combats between Moros and Christians, in which the latter were, of course, invariably victorious. Typical sketches of them may be found in Foreman's _The Philippine Islands_, Chap. XXIII, and Stuntz's _The Philippines and the Far East_, Chap. III.--TR.

[79] "The Willow."

[80] The capital of Laguna Province, not to be confused with the Santa Cruz mentioned before, which is a populous and important district in the city of Manila. Tanawan, Lipa, and Batangas are towns in Batangas Province, the latter being its capital.--TR.

[81] "If on your return you are met with a smile, beware! for it means that you have a secret enemy."--From the _Florante_, being the advice given to the hero by his old teacher when he set out to return to his home.

Francisco Baltazar was a Tagalog poet, native of the province of Bulacan, born about 1788, and died in 1862. The greater part of his life was spent in Manila,--in Tondo and in Pandakan, a quaint little village on the south bank of the Pasig, now included in the city, where he appears to have shared the fate largely of poets of other lands, from suffering "the pangs of disprized love" and persecution by the religious authorities, to seeing himself considered by the people about him as a crack-brained dreamer. He was educated in the Dominican school of San Juan de Letran, one of his teachers being Fray Mariano Pilapil, about whose services to humanity there may be some difference of opinion on the part of those who have ever resided in Philippine towns, since he was the author of the "Passion Song" which enlivens the Lenten evenings. This "Passion Song," however, seems to have furnished the model for Baltazar's _Florante_, with the pupil surpassing the master, for while it has the subject and characters of a medieval European romance, the spirit and settings are entirely Malay. It is written in the peculiar Tagalog verse, in the form of a _corrido_ or metrical romance, and has been declared by Fray Toribio Menguella, Rizal himself, and others familiar with Tagalog, to be a work of no mean order, by far the finest and most characteristic composition in that, the richest of the Malay dialects.--TR.

[82] Every one talks of the fiesta according to the way he fared at it.

[83] A Spanish prelate, notable for his determined opposition in the Constituent Cortes of 1869 to the clause in the new Constitution providing for religious liberty.--TR.

[84] "Camacho's wedding" is an episode in _Don Quixote_, wherein a wealthy man named Camacho is cheated out of his bride after he has prepared a magnificent wedding-feast.--TR.

[85] The full dress of the Filipino women, consisting of the _camisa, panuelo_, and _saya suelta_, the latter a heavy skirt with a long train. The name _mestiza_ is not inappropriate, as well from its composition as its use, since the first two are distinctly native, antedating the conquest, while the _saya suelta_ was no doubt introduced by the Spaniards.

[86] The nunnery of St. Clara, situated on the Pasig River just east of Fort Santiago, was founded in 1621 by the Poor Clares, an order of nuns affiliated with the Franciscans, and was taken under the royal patronage as the "Real Monasterio de Santa Clara" in 1662. It is still in existence and is perhaps the most curious of all the curious relics of the Middle Ages in old Manila.--TR.

[87] The principal character in Calderon de la Barca's _La Vida es Sueno_. There is also a Tagalog _corrido_, or metrical romance, with this title.--TR.

[88] The Douay version.--TR.

[89] "Errare humanum est": "To err is human."

[90] To the Philippine Chinese "d" and "l" look and sound about the same.--TR.

[91] "Brothers in Christ."

[92] "Venerable patron saint."

[93] _Muy Reverendo Padre_: Very Reverend Father.

[94] Very rich landlord. The United States Philippine Commission, constituting the government of the Archipelago, paid to the religious orders "a lump sum of $7,239,000, more or less," for the bulk of the lands claimed by them. See the _Annual Report of the Philippine Commission to the Secretary of War_, December 23, 1903.--TR.

[95] _Cumare_ and _cumpare_ are corruptions of the Spanish _comadre_ and _compadre_, which have an origin analogous to the English "gossip"

in its original meaning of "sponsor in baptism." In the Philippines these words are used among the simpler folk as familiar forms of address, "friend," "neighbor."--TR.

[96] Dominus vobiscum.

[97] The Spanish proverb equivalent to the English "Birds of a feather flock together."--TR.

[98] For "filibustero."

[99] _Tarantado_ is a Spanish vulgarism meaning "blunderhead,"

"bungler." _Saragate_ (or _zaragate_) is a Mexican provincialism meaning "disturber," "mischief-maker."--TR.

[100] _Vete a la porra_ is a vulgarism almost the same in meaning and use as the English slang, "Tell it to the policeman," _porra_ being the Spanish term for the policeman's "billy."--TR.

[101] For _sospechoso_, "a suspicious character."--TR.

[102] _Sanctus Deus_ and _Requiem aeternam_ (so called from their first words) are prayers for the dead.--TR.

[103] Spanish etiquette requires that the possessor of an object immediately offer it to any person who asks about it with the conventional phrase, "It is yours." Capitan Tiago is rather overdoing his Latin refinement.--TR.

[104] A metrical discourse for a special occasion or in honor of some distinguished personage. Padre Zuniga (_Estadismo_, Chap. III) thus describes one heard by him in Lipa, Batangas, in 1800, on the occasion of General Alava's visit to that place: "He who is to recite the _loa_ is seen in the center of the stage dressed as a Spanish cavalier, reclining in a chair as if asleep, while behind the scenes musicians sing a lugubrious chant in the vernacular. The sleeper awakes and shows by signs that he thinks he has heard, or dreamed of hearing, some voice. He again disposes himself to sleep, and the chant is repeated in the same lugubrious tone. Again he awakes, rises, and shows that he has heard a voice. This scene is repeated several times, until at length he is persuaded that the voice is announcing the arrival of the hero who is to be eulogized. He then commences to recite his _loa_, carrying himself like a clown in a circus, while he sings the praises of the person in whose honor the fiesta has been arranged. This _loa_, which was in rhetorical verse in a diffuse style suited to the Asiatic taste, set forth the general's naval expeditions and the honors he had received from the King, concluding with thanks and acknowledgment of the favor that he had conferred in passing through their town and visiting such poor wretches as they. There were not lacking in it the wanderings of Ulysses, the journeys of Aristotle, the unfortunate death of Pliny, and other passages from ancient history, which they delight in introducing into their stories. All these passages are usually filled with fables touching upon the marvelous, such as the following, which merit special notice: of Aristotle it was said that being unable to learn the depth of the sea he threw himself into its waves and was drowned, and of Pliny that he leaped into Vesuvius to investigate the fire within the volcano. In the same way other historical accounts are confused. I believe that these _loas_ were introduced by the priests in former times, although the fables with which they abound would seem to offer an objection to this opinion, as nothing is ever told in them that can be found in the writings of any European author; still they appear to me to have been suited to the less critical taste of past centuries. The verses are written by the natives, among whom there are many poets, this art being less difficult in Tagalog than in any other language."--TR.

[105] "The old man of the village," patriarch.--TR.

[106] The secular name of St. Francis of Assisi, founder of the Franciscan order.--TR.

[107] A Spanish official, author of several works relating to the Philippines, one of which, _Recuerdos de Filipinas_ (Madrid, 1877 and 1880), a loose series of sketches and impressions giving anything but a complimentary picture of the character and conduct of the Spaniards in the Islands, and in a rather naive and perhaps unintentional way throwing some lurid side-lights on the governmental administration and the friar regime,--enjoyed the distinction of being officially prohibited from circulation in the archipelago.--TR.

[108] "_Magcanta-ca!_" "(You) sing!"--TR.

[109] Europea: European woman.--TR.

[110] In 1527-29 _Alvaro_ de Saavedra led an unsuccessful expedition to take possession of the "Western Isles." The name "Filipina," in honor of the Prince of the Asturias, afterwards Felipe II (Philip II), was first applied to what is probably the present island of Leyte by Ruy Lopez de Villalobos, who led another unsuccessful expedition thither in 1542-43, this name being later extended to the whole group.--TR.

[111] A barrio of Tanawan, Batangas, noted for the manufacture of horsewhips.--TR.

[112] The actors named were real persons. Ratia was a Spanish-Filipino who acquired quite a reputation not only in Manila but also in Spain. He died in Manila in 1910.--TR.

[113] In the year 1879.--_Author's note_.

[114] A similar incident occurred in Kalamba.--_Author's note_.

[115] "The Maid of Saragossa," noted for her heroic exploits during the siege of that city by the French in 1808-09.--TR.

[116] A region in southwestern Spain, including the provinces of Badajoz and Caceres.--TR.

[117] Author of a little book of fables in Castilian verse for the use of schools. The fable of the young philosopher illustrates the thought in Pope's well-known lines:

"Vice is a monster of so frightful mien, As to be hated needs but to be seen; Yet seen too oft, familiar with her face, We first endure, then pity, then embrace."--TR.