[33] Santa Cruz, Paco, and Ermita are districts of Manila, outside the Walled City.--TR.

[34] John xviii. 10.

[35] A town in Laguna Province, noted for the manufacture of furniture.--TR.

[36] God grant that this prophecy may soon be fulfilled for the author of the booklet and all of us who believe it. Amen.--_Author's note_.

[37] "Blessed are the poor in spirit" and "blessed are the possessors."--TR.

[38] The annual celebration of the Dominican Order held in October in honor of its patroness, the Virgin of the Rosary, to whose intervention was ascribed the victory over a Dutch fleet in 1646, whence the name. See _Guia Oficial de Filipinas_, 1885, pp. 138, 139; Montero y Vidal, _Historia General de Filipinas_, Vol. I, Chap. XXIII; Blair and Robertson, _The Philippine Islands_, Vol. XXXV, pp. 249, 250.--TR.

[39] Members of the Society of St. Vincent de Paul, whose chief business is preaching and teaching. They entered the Philippines in 1862.--TR.

[40] "Kaysaysay: A celebrated sanctuary in the island of Luzon, province of Batangas, jurisdiction, of Taal, so called because there is venerated in it a Virgin who bears that name ....

"The image is in the center of the high altar, where there is seen an eagle in half-relief, whose abdomen is left open in order to afford a tabernacle for the Virgin: an idea enchanting to many of the Spaniards established in the Philippines during the last century, but which in our opinion any sensible person will characterize as extravagant.

"This image of the Virgin of Kaysaysay enjoys the fame of being very miraculous, so that the Indians gather from great distances to hear mass in her sanctuary every Saturday. Her discovery, over two and a half centuries ago, is notable in that she was found in the sea during some fisheries, coming up in a drag-net with the fish. It is thought that this venerable image of the Filipinos may have been in some ship which was wrecked and that the currents carried her up to the coast, where she was found in the manner related.

"The Indians, naturally credulous and for the most part quite superstitious, in spite of the advancements in civilization and culture, relate that she appeared afterwards in some trees, and in memory of these manifestations an arch representing them was erected at a short distance from the place where her sanctuary is now located."--Buzeta and Bravo's _Diccionario_, Madrid, 1850, but copied "with proper modifications for the times and the new truths"

from Zuniga's _Estadismo_, which, though written in 1803 and not published until 1893, was yet used by later writers, since it was preserved in manuscript in the convent of the Augustinians in Manila, Buzeta and Bravo, as well as Zuniga, being members of that order.

So great was the reverence for this Lady that the Acapulco galleons on their annual voyages were accustomed to fire salutes in her honor as they passed along the coast near her shrine.--Foreman. _The Philippine Islands_, quoting from the account of an eruption of Taal Volcano in 1749, by Fray Francisco Vencuchillo.

This Lady's sanctuary, where she is still "enchanting" in her "eagle in half-relief," stands out prominently on the hill above the town of Taal, plainly visible from Balayan Bay.--TR.

[41] A Tagalog term meaning "to tumble," or "to caper about,"

doubtless from the actions of the Lady's devotees. Pakil is a town in Laguna Province.--TR.

[42] A work on scholastic philosophy, by a Spanish prelate of that name.--TR.

[43] The nunnery and college of St. Catherine of Sienna ("Santa Catalina de la Sena") was founded by the Dominican Fathers in 1696.--TR.

[44] The "Ateneo Municipal," where the author, as well as nearly every other Filipino of note in the past generation, received his early education, was founded by the Jesuits shortly after their return to the islands in 1859.--TR.

[45] The patron saint of Tondo, Manila's Saint-Antoine. He is invoked for aid in driving away plagues,--TR.

[46] Now Plaza Cervantes.--TR.

[47] Now Plaza Lawton and Bagumbayan; see note, _infra.--_ TR.

[48] The Field of Bagumbayan, adjoining the Luneta, was the place where political prisoners were shot or garroted, and was the scene of the author's execution on December 30, 1906. It is situated just outside and east of the old Walled City (Manila proper), being the location to which the natives who had occupied the site of Manila moved their town after having been driven back by the Spaniards--hence the name, which is a Tagalog compound meaning "new town." This place is now called Wallace Field, the name Bagumbayan being applied to the driveway which was known to the Spaniards as the _Paseo de las Aguadas_, or _de Vidal_, extending from the Luneta to the Bridge of Spain, just outside the moat that, formerly encircled the Walled City.--TR.

[49] Whom the gods would destroy, they first make mad.--TR.

[50] We have been unable to find any town of this name, but many of these conditions.--_Author's note_.

San Diego and Santiago are variant forms of the name of the patron saint of Spain, St. James.--TR.

[51] The "sacred tree" of Malaya, being a species of banyan that begins life as a vine twining on another tree, which it finally strangles, using the dead trunk as a support until it is able to stand alone. When old it often covers a large space with gnarled and twisted trunks of varied shapes and sizes, thus presenting a weird and grotesque appearance. This tree was held in reverent awe by the primitive Filipinos, who believed it to be the abode of the _nono_, or ancestral ghosts, and is still the object of superstitious beliefs,--TR.

[52] "Petty governor," the chief municipal official, chosen annually from among their own number, with the approval of the parish priest and the central government, by the _principalia_, i.e., persons who owned considerable property or who had previously held some municipal office. The manner of his selection is thus described by a German traveler (Jagor) in the Philippines in 1860: "The election is held in the town hall. The governor or his representative presides, having on his right the parish priest and on his left a clerk, who also acts as interpreter. All the cabezas de barangay, the gobernadorcillo, and those who have formerly occupied the latter position, seat themselves on benches. First, there are chosen by lot six cabezas de barangay and six ex-gobernadorcillos as electors, the actual gobernadorcillo being the thirteenth. The rest leave the hall. After the presiding officer has read the statutes in a loud voice and reminded the electors of their duty to act in accordance with their consciences and to heed only the welfare of the town, the electors move to a table and write three names on a slip of paper. The person receiving a majority of votes is declared elected gobernadorcillo for the ensuing year, provided that there is no protest from the curate or the electors, and always conditioned upon the approval of the superior authority in Manila, which is never withheld, since the influence of the curate is enough to prevent an unsatisfactory election."--TR.

[53] St. Barbara is invoked during thunder-storms as the special protectress against lightning.--TR.

[54] In possibility (i.e., latent) and not: in fact.--TR.

[55]

"For this are various penances enjoined; And some are hung to bleach upon the wind; Some plunged in waters, others purged in fires, Till all the dregs are drained, and all the rust expires."

Dryden, _Virgil's Aeneid_, VI.

[56] "Today shalt thou be with me in paradise."--Luke xxiii, 43.

[57] It should be believed that for some light faults there is a purgatorial fire before the judgment.

[58] Whatsoever thou shalt bind on earth.--Matt, xvi, 19.

[59] Even up to purgatory.

[60] Dream or reality, we do not know whether this may have happened to any Franciscan, but something similar is related of the Augustinian Padre Piernavieja.--_Author's note_.

Fray Antonio Piernavieja, O.S.A., was a parish curate in the province of Bulacan when this work was written. Later, on account of alleged brutality similar to the incident used here, he was transferred to the province of Cavite, where, in 1896, he was taken prisoner by the insurgents and by them made "bishop" of their camp. Having taken advantage of this position to collect and forward to the Spanish authorities in Manila information concerning the insurgents'

preparations and plans, he was tied out in an open field and left to perish of hunger and thirst under the tropical sun. See _Guia Oficial de Filipinas_, 1885, p. 195; _El Katipunan o El Filibusterismo en Filipinas_ (Madrid, 1897), p. 347; Foreman's _The Philippine Islands_, Chap. XII.--TR.

[61] The Philippine civet-cat, quite rare, and the only wild carnivore in the Philippine Islands.--TR.

[62] The common crowd is a fool and since it pays for it, it is proper to talk to it foolishly to please it.

[63] "The schools are under the inspection of the parish priests. Reading and writing in Spanish are taught, or at least it is so ordered; but the schoolmaster himself usually does not know it, and on the other hand the Spanish government employees do not understand the vernacular. Besides, the curates, in order to preserve their influence intact, do not look favorably upon the spread of Castilian. About the only ones who know Spanish are the Indians who have been in the service of Europeans. The first reading exercise is some devotional book, then the catechism; the reader is called _Casaysayan_. On the average half of the children between seven and ten years attend school; they learn to read fairly well and some to write a little, but they soon forget it."--Jagor, _Viajes por Filipinas_ (Vidal's Spanish version). Jagor was speaking particularly of the settled parts of the Bicol region. Referring to the islands generally, his "half of the children" would be a great exaggeration.--TR.

[64] A delicate bit of sarcasm is lost in the translation here. The reference to _Maestro Ciruela_ in Spanish is somewhat similar to a mention in English of Mr. Squeers, of Dotheboys Hall fame.--TR.

[65] By one of the provisions of a royal decree of December 20, 1863, the _Catecismo de la Doctrina Cristina_, by Gaspar Astete, was prescribed as the text-book for primary schools, in the Philippines. See Blair and Robertson's _The Philippine Islands_, Vol. XLVI, p. 98; _Census of the Philippine Islands_ (Washington, 1905), p. 584.--TR.

[66] The municipal police of the old regime. They were thus described by a Spanish writer, W. E. Retana, in a note to Ventura F. Lopez's _El Filibustero_ (Madrid, 1893): "Municipal guards, whose duties are principally rural. Their uniform is a disaster; they go barefoot; on horseback, they hold the reins in the right hand and a lance in the left. They are usually good-for-nothing, but to their credit it must be said that they do no damage. Lacking military instruction, provided with fire-arms of the first part of the century, of which one in a hundred might go off in case of need, and for other arms bolos, talibons, old swords, etc., the cuadrilleros are truly a parody on armed force."--TR.

[67] Headman and tax-collector of a district, generally including about fifty families, for whose annual tribute he was personally responsible. The "barangay" is a Malay boat of the kind supposed to have been used by the first emigrants to the Philippines. Hence, at first, the "head of a barangay" meant the leader or chief of a family or group of families. This office, quite analogous to the old Germanic or Anglo-Saxon "head of a hundred," was adopted and perpetuated by the Spaniards in their system of local administration.--TR.

[68] The _hermano mayor_ was a person appointed to direct the ceremonies during the fiesta, an appointment carrying with it great honor and importance, but also entailing considerable expense, as the appointee was supposed to furnish a large share of the entertainments. Hence, the greater the number of _hermanos mayores_ the more splendid the fiesta,--TR.

[69] Mt. Makiling is a volcanic cone at the southern end of the Lake of Bay. At its base is situated the town of Kalamba, the author's birthplace. About this mountain cluster a number of native legends having as their principal character a celebrated sorceress or enchantress, known as "Mariang Makiling."--TR.

[70] With uncertain pace, in wandering flight, for an instant only--without rest.

[71] The _chinela_, the Philippine slipper, is a soft leather sole, heelless, with only a vamp, usually of plush or velvet, to hold it on.--TR.