16. Mor.765, 766, 767 Mor.765, 766, 767 17. See Pri.203 ff. Pra.226, quoting HCL. See Pri.203 ff. Pra.226, quoting HCL.

18. Morg.356; Morg.356; N.Y. Journal N.Y. Journal, Feb. 9, 1898.

19. De Lome qu. Mil.98. De Lome qu. Mil.98.

20. See ib., 989; Gov. 7374; Morg. 35 See ib., 989; Gov. 7374; Morg. 356-9).

21. This anecdote is based on Bee.546 ff. Beer's own source was Mlle. Adler's precisely-dated account of the meeting with TR, which he found in her brother's papers. This anecdote is based on Bee.546 ff. Beer's own source was Mlle. Adler's precisely-dated account of the meeting with TR, which he found in her brother's papers.

22. MH qu. Bee.548. MH qu. Bee.548.

23. Mrs. Wainwright qu. Her.210. Mrs. Wainwright qu. Her.210.

24. Mil.96, 1001; Her.212; Azo.1214. Mil.96, 1001; Her.212; Azo.1214.

25. Long, Journal, Feb. 16, 1898, LON.; Mil.102. Long, Journal, Feb. 16, 1898, LON.; Mil.102.

26. Ib., 102; Lee.166. Ib., 102; Lee.166.

27. Brown, Charles H., Brown, Charles H., The Correspondents' War The Correspondents' War (NY, 1967), 1201. Ib., ff., gives the fullest account of press coverage of the (NY, 1967), 1201. Ib., ff., gives the fullest account of press coverage of the Maine Maine tragedy. tragedy.

28. Mil.105; Her.214; ib., 212 (author's copy has "88" survivors, an obvious typographical mistake for "8"). Because the explosion was forward, only two of the dead were officers. Mil.105; Her.214; ib., 212 (author's copy has "88" survivors, an obvious typographical mistake for "8"). Because the explosion was forward, only two of the dead were officers.

29. Mil.104, 106. Mil.104, 106.

30. See May. 13941. See May. 13941.

31. Long, Journal, Feb. 17, 1898, LON.; see Lee.166; Mil.108, Long, Journal, Feb. 17, 1898, LON.; see Lee.166; Mil.108, N.Y. Journal N.Y. Journal, Feb. 17.

32. Hag.LW.I.141. Hag.LW.I.141.

33. Mor.775. This was a private letter, written to Benjamin J. Diblee on Feb. 16, as "a Jingo" and "one Porc man to another." TR was of course scrupulous about expressing such opinions in public. Mor.775. This was a private letter, written to Benjamin J. Diblee on Feb. 16, as "a Jingo" and "one Porc man to another." TR was of course scrupulous about expressing such opinions in public.

34. Mor.775, 783. See, e.g., ib., 7734. Mor.775, 783. See, e.g., ib., 7734.

35. N.Y. Journal N.Y. Journal, Feb. 17, 1898; Brown, Correspondents Correspondents, 123; Her.217; Mil.108.

36. Ib.; also 110. Ib.; also 110.

37. Sun Sun, Feb. 22, 1898; un. clip in TRB.

38. TR to B, Feb. 19, 1898; Mor.783; ib., 785, 804. TR to B, Feb. 19, 1898; Mor.783; ib., 785, 804.

39. Mor.785. Mor.785.

40. Long, Journal, Long, Journal, passim passim, LON. See, e.g., ib., Feb. 25, 1898.

41. Ib. Ib.

42. Mor.7845. Mor.7845.

43. Dewey qu. TR.Auto.218. Mil.87 and Her. 12 concur. Dewey qu. TR.Auto.218. Mil.87 and Her. 12 concur.

44. It will be remembered that the Atlantic Squadron was already menacingly moored off Key West. Her. 209. It will be remembered that the Atlantic Squadron was already menacingly moored off Key West. Her. 209.

45. Long, Journal, Feb. 26, 1898, LON.; Dewey, qu. TR.Auto.218; Bea.612; Her.21920; Mil.112; see also Gar. 186. Long, Journal, Feb. 26, 1898, LON.; Dewey, qu. TR.Auto.218; Bea.612; Her.21920; Mil.112; see also Gar. 186.

46. Mor.784. Mor.784.

47. Long, Journal, Feb. 25, 1898, LON. Long, Journal, Feb. 25, 1898, LON.

48. Ib., Feb. 26, 1898. Ib., Feb. 26, 1898.

49. Not only that, but JDL confirmed it the following day with a redundant order echoing TR's own words: "Keep full of coal, the very best that can be had." Perhaps the Secretary wished to give the impression that TR had been anticipating his own policy. In any case, TR was entirely within his rights to act the way he did on Feb. 25. A written memorandum of JDL, dated Apr. 21, 1897, states specifically: "...You will, at all times when the Secretary of the Navy shall be absent from the Department, whether such absence shall continue during the whole or any part of an official day, perform the duties of the Secretary of the Navy and sign all orders and other papers appertaining to such duties." (TRP.) Not only that, but JDL confirmed it the following day with a redundant order echoing TR's own words: "Keep full of coal, the very best that can be had." Perhaps the Secretary wished to give the impression that TR had been anticipating his own policy. In any case, TR was entirely within his rights to act the way he did on Feb. 25. A written memorandum of JDL, dated Apr. 21, 1897, states specifically: "...You will, at all times when the Secretary of the Navy shall be absent from the Department, whether such absence shall continue during the whole or any part of an official day, perform the duties of the Secretary of the Navy and sign all orders and other papers appertaining to such duties." (TRP.) 50. Long, Journal, Feb. 26, 1898, LON. Long, Journal, Feb. 26, 1898, LON.

51. See, e.g., Bea.613; Her.220; Mor.784 fn. For a critical view, see Lee.169. The fallacy that HCL helped TR draft his Dewey telegram has been laid to rest by Gar.186. TR.Wks.XII. xviii. Modern historians tend to agree with Dewey as to TR's seminal role in bringing about the Battle of Manila. "The Assistant Secretary," writes Howard K. Beale, "had seized the opportunity given by Long's absence to insure our grabbing the Philippines without a decision to do so by either Congress or the President, or at least of all the people. Thus was important history made not by economic forces or democratic decisions but through the grasping of chance authority by a man with daring and a program." (Bea.63.) See, e.g., Bea.613; Her.220; Mor.784 fn. For a critical view, see Lee.169. The fallacy that HCL helped TR draft his Dewey telegram has been laid to rest by Gar.186. TR.Wks.XII. xviii. Modern historians tend to agree with Dewey as to TR's seminal role in bringing about the Battle of Manila. "The Assistant Secretary," writes Howard K. Beale, "had seized the opportunity given by Long's absence to insure our grabbing the Philippines without a decision to do so by either Congress or the President, or at least of all the people. Thus was important history made not by economic forces or democratic decisions but through the grasping of chance authority by a man with daring and a program." (Bea.63.) 52. Mor.786, 787. Mor.786, 787.

53. Ib., 790. Ib., 790.

54. May.149150. May.149150.

55. Ib., 1489. Ib., 1489.

56. Tabouis, Tabouis, Jules Cambon Jules Cambon, author's translation.

57. Mil. 115, Morg.3634. Mil. 115, Morg.3634.

58. May.149; Morg.364; Mil.117. Of course this is not to say there were not many absentees. The actual vote was 3110 in the House, 760 in the Senate. May.149; Morg.364; Mil.117. Of course this is not to say there were not many absentees. The actual vote was 3110 in the House, 760 in the Senate.

59. Morg.364; Her.223. Morg.364; Her.223.

60. Mor.789. Mor.789.

61. Long, Journal, Mar. 8, 1898, LON.; see Her.2234 for details of the naval expansion program. Morg. 364; May.149. Long, Journal, Mar. 8, 1898, LON.; see Her.2234 for details of the naval expansion program. Morg. 364; May.149.

62. The following anecdote is taken from Flint, Charles R., "I Take a Hand in Combining Railroads and Industries," The following anecdote is taken from Flint, Charles R., "I Take a Hand in Combining Railroads and Industries," System System, Jan. 22, 1922.

63. The The Nictheroy Nictheroy arrived ahead of schedule, was rechristened arrived ahead of schedule, was rechristened Buffalo Buffalo, and did good service in the Philippines. Flint, "I Take a Hand," 31.

64. Wood in TR.Wks.XI.xvi. Wood in TR.Wks.XI.xvi.

65. Hag.LW.I.141. Dun.266 describes Wood as McK's "favorite." Mor.792. Hag.LW.I.141. Dun.266 describes Wood as McK's "favorite." Mor.792.

66. Elizabeth Cameron to Henry Adams, March 21, 1898, ADA. Elizabeth Cameron to Henry Adams, March 21, 1898, ADA.

67. TR.Auto.216; Mil.123; Her.225; Pra.246; Rho.51; Mil.123. TR.Auto.216; Mil.123; Her.225; Pra.246; Rho.51; Mil.123.

68. Proctor qu. Rho.512. Proctor qu. Rho.512.

69. Rho.52; May.1445; Morg.365; Pra.246 ff; Mil.124. Rho.52; May.1445; Morg.365; Pra.246 ff; Mil.124.

70. Rho.53. Rho.53.

71. Mor.798. Mor.798.

72. Herrick, Herrick, Naval Revolution Naval Revolution, 230.

73. Rho.53. Rho.53.

74. Bee.551; Bee.551; Evening Telegraph Evening Telegraph, Mar. 27, 1898; Chicago Chronicle Chicago Chronicle, Mar. 29. Hanna's personal opinion, which he never altered, was "War is just a damn nuisance." Bee.554.

75. Mil.127; Her.214216. For text of the report, see Senate Exec. Docs., 55th Cong., 2nd Session, No. 207. Herrick has a good analysis of the evidence, and reveals that there was considerable dissent among members of the court before the unanimous verdict was reached. In 1911 another U.S. Court of Inquiry, which obtained funds to raise the Mil.127; Her.214216. For text of the report, see Senate Exec. Docs., 55th Cong., 2nd Session, No. 207. Herrick has a good analysis of the evidence, and reveals that there was considerable dissent among members of the court before the unanimous verdict was reached. In 1911 another U.S. Court of Inquiry, which obtained funds to raise the Maine Maine, upheld the findings of the first. There remained, however, a considerable amount of doubt in the minds of many impartial analysts, due to the inconclusive nature of the evidence. As the Spanish-American War faded from memory into history, the U.S. grew increasingly embarrassed about its assumption of Spanish guilt in 1898. According to Weems, J. E., The Fate of the Maine The Fate of the Maine (NY, 1941), TR's fifth cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt made a lame attempt to atone for it in 1935 by sending Madrid a Navy Department statement absolving Spain of all suspicion. The (NY, 1941), TR's fifth cousin Franklin D. Roosevelt made a lame attempt to atone for it in 1935 by sending Madrid a Navy Department statement absolving Spain of all suspicion. The Maine Maine disaster remains an unexplained mystery to this day, although contemporary opinion is that the explosion was accidental. See Rick-over, Adm. Hyman, disaster remains an unexplained mystery to this day, although contemporary opinion is that the explosion was accidental. See Rick-over, Adm. Hyman, How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed How the Battleship Maine Was Destroyed (Washington, 1976). (Washington, 1976).

76. Kipling, Rudyard, Kipling, Rudyard, Something of Myself Something of Myself (London, 1936); EKR to TR Jr., July 13, 1927, Library of Congress. (London, 1936); EKR to TR Jr., July 13, 1927, Library of Congress.

77. Mor.799; ib., 806; Levine, Isaac Don, Mor.799; ib., 806; Levine, Isaac Don, Mitchell: Pioneer of Air Power Mitchell: Pioneer of Air Power (NY, 1943) 20. Samuel Pierrepont Langley was the head of the Smithsonian Institution, and had become friendly with TR during his Cosmos Club days. The Langley flying machine, or "aerodrome," was demonstrably capable of powered, unmanned flight over distances of up to one mile. Kipling, in (NY, 1943) 20. Samuel Pierrepont Langley was the head of the Smithsonian Institution, and had become friendly with TR during his Cosmos Club days. The Langley flying machine, or "aerodrome," was demonstrably capable of powered, unmanned flight over distances of up to one mile. Kipling, in Something of Myself Something of Myself, recalls accompanying TR to one of Langley's experimental launchings, which unfortunately ended with a nosedive into the Potomac. Gen. Greely, Chief of the U.S. Signal Corps, was another enthusiastic Langley backer, and worked with Assistant Secretary Roosevelt to set up the Davis Board. $50,000 was eventually appropriated by Congress for further Langley experiments, none of which were successful. TR and Greely were assisted in the Senate by John Mitchell of Wisconsin, father of Gen. Billy Mitchell, the air power visionary of the 1920s.

78. The best and most sympathetic account of McKinley's pre-war agony is in Gov. 7690. See also Lee.181; Kohlsaat, H. H., The best and most sympathetic account of McKinley's pre-war agony is in Gov. 7690. See also Lee.181; Kohlsaat, H. H., From McKinley to Harding From McKinley to Harding (Scribner's, 1923) (Scribner's, 1923) 66; 66; Rho.31. Rho.31.

79. See May. 153. See May. 153.

80. Rho.63; Mil.131. Rho.63; Mil.131.

81. JDL found the President bleary and befuddled from lack of sleep on Apr. 14. Long, Journal, same date, LON. Mil.133; Mor.812, and, e.g., 812: "I have preached the doctrine to him [McK] in such plain language that he will no longer see me!" (TR to W. Tudor, Apr. 5, 1898.) Also JDL found the President bleary and befuddled from lack of sleep on Apr. 14. Long, Journal, same date, LON. Mil.133; Mor.812, and, e.g., 812: "I have preached the doctrine to him [McK] in such plain language that he will no longer see me!" (TR to W. Tudor, Apr. 5, 1898.) Also Sun Sun, Mar. 29 d.l., TR.Scr.: "Of all the executive officers with whom Mr. McKinley has held consultations...there has been only one who has not ceased to use every endeavor to influence the President...to end the Cuban trouble without further delay." The same article praises TR's loyalty, but says that McK found him embarrassingly outspoken: "He has been set down as too radical for further advice." For more on McK's war message, see Mil.1334; Morg. 36872; also Rho.634; May.1534.

82. Mor.8023. For a more labored, public explanation of his views, see ib., 8168. Mor.8023. For a more labored, public explanation of his views, see ib., 8168.

83. Bigelow in Long, John D., Bigelow in Long, John D., Papers Papers (Mass. Hist. Soc., 1939) Vol. 78, 103. (Mass. Hist. Soc., 1939) Vol. 78, 103.

84. Rho.61; Morg.372; Mil. 135. Rho.61; Morg.372; Mil. 135.

85. Rho.57. Rho.57.

86. Un. clip, TR.Scr.; Mor.814; Mil.1378; Morg.3734; Rho.634. Un. clip, TR.Scr.; Mor.814; Mil.1378; Morg.3734; Rho.634.

87. Ib., 143. Ib., 143.

88. Mor.812; TR.Wks.XI.6. (This volume of ib. contains the complete text of Mor.812; TR.Wks.XI.6. (This volume of ib. contains the complete text of The Rough Riders The Rough Riders, and will be cited henceforth as RR.) RR.) 89. Azo.23; TR.War.Di. Apr. 17, 1898. Azo.23; TR.War.Di. Apr. 17, 1898.

90. RR.6; RR.6; TR.War.Di. Apr. 16, 17, 19, 1898. TR.War.Di. Apr. 16, 17, 19, 1898.

91. See TR.Auto.226. See TR.Auto.226.

92. Her. 12; Sprout, Harold and Margaret, Her. 12; Sprout, Harold and Margaret, The Rise of American Naval Power The Rise of American Naval Power (Princeton, 1966) 231; Bea.63; Bur.478. (Princeton, 1966) 231; Bea.63; Bur.478.

93. Her.2345 balances out the two fleets, showing how Spanish naval strength existed largely on paper. Her.2345 balances out the two fleets, showing how Spanish naval strength existed largely on paper.

94. Morison, Samuel Eliot, Morison, Samuel Eliot, The Oxford History of the American People The Oxford History of the American People (Oxford, 1965) 802; Her.204 (TR drafted the Congressional bill arising out of his Personnel Bill himself; it was finally passed in 1899); Paullin, (Oxford, 1965) 802; Her.204 (TR drafted the Congressional bill arising out of his Personnel Bill himself; it was finally passed in 1899); Paullin, History History, 429; Bea.63; Woo.43ff.

95. Mil. 1434; Hag.LW.I.143. Mil. 1434; Hag.LW.I.143.

96. Sun Sun, Apr. 17 and 18, 1898; Ada. 172; Winthrop Chanler to Margaret Chanler, Apr. 29, 1898, qu. Cha.285; Long, Journal, Apr. 25, LON.

97. McClure's McClure's, Nov. 1898. Sun Sun, Apr. 18; Chapman qu. Howe, M. A. de Wolfe, John J. Chapman and His Letters John J. Chapman and His Letters (Houghton Mifflin, 1937) 134. (Houghton Mifflin, 1937) 134.

98. Mor.817. John Hay, at least, understood TR's need to fight. "You obeyed your own daemon," he wrote sympathetically. Tha.2.337. Mor.817. John Hay, at least, understood TR's need to fight. "You obeyed your own daemon," he wrote sympathetically. Tha.2.337.

99. Rho.66. Rho.66.

100. Mil.144, 145; Her.231. Mil.144, 145; Her.231.

101. Mil.148; Hag.LW.I.145. The idea of a southwestern volunteer cavalry regiment had been formally suggested to the Secretary of War in early April by Governor Miguel Otero of New Mexico. See Wes. Ch.1 for background. Mil.148; Hag.LW.I.145. The idea of a southwestern volunteer cavalry regiment had been formally suggested to the Secretary of War in early April by Governor Miguel Otero of New Mexico. See Wes. Ch.1 for background.

102. Sun Sun, Apr. 25 d.l., TR.Scr.; Hag. LW.I.145.

103. RR.6 RR.6.

104. Hag.LW.I.145 says that it was Wood's understanding that Alger was going to offer him a command anyway, the idea being that he and TR should each have a regiment. See also TR.Auto.2223. Hag.LW.I.145 says that it was Wood's understanding that Alger was going to offer him a command anyway, the idea being that he and TR should each have a regiment. See also TR.Auto.2223.

105. JDL's message: "War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed at once to Philippine Islands. Commence operations at once, particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture vessels or destroy. Use utmost endeavors." Qu. Mil.149. There is some question as to the exact authorship of this cable. See Lee.192. Rho.71. JDL's message: "War has commenced between the United States and Spain. Proceed at once to Philippine Islands. Commence operations at once, particularly against the Spanish fleet. You must capture vessels or destroy. Use utmost endeavors." Qu. Mil.149. There is some question as to the exact authorship of this cable. See Lee.192. Rho.71.

106. Azo.23. Azo.23.

107. See Paullin, See Paullin, History History, 4323 for details of Naval War Board; also Her.2278. The war plan was not, as is commonly supposed, one TR submitted to Mahan on Mar. 16, 1898. That document was drafted by President Goodrich of the Naval War College, whom TR considered an inferior strategic thinker. While flatteringly allowing Mahan to work on Goodrich's plan, TR continued to refine his own, "a plan which pretty fairly matched that of the actual war." Karsten, Peter, "The Nature of 'Influence': Roosevelt, Mahan, and the Concept of Sea Power," American Quarterly American Quarterly, 1971.23(4). See also Grenville, John A. S., "American Preparations for War with Spain," Journal of American Studies Journal of American Studies (GB) 1968.2(1), (GB) 1968.2(1), passim; passim; TR to Mahan, Mor.796, 797, 798 (note the chilly politeness of the last letter, where Mahan has overstepped himself). TR to Mahan, Mor.796, 797, 798 (note the chilly politeness of the last letter, where Mahan has overstepped himself).

108. Hag.LW.I. 1456; Hag.LW.I. 1456; RR RR.7.

109. Wes.34; see also Mil.218. Wes.34; see also Mil.218.

110. Hag.LW.I.151; ib., 146 Hag.LW.I.151; ib., 1467 111. Mil.171; Her.2367; Rho.713; ib., 74; Mor.8223. See also May.220: "Only a few prescient Europeans had even guessed that the war might extend to Spain's Philippine possessions. The best informed writers had not credited the American navy with such enterprise and efficiency." In 1902 JDL tried, not very convincingly, to discount TR's large responsibility for the success of the Battle of Manila. He claimed, in the privacy of his Journal (Jan. 3), that "...of my own notion I took [Dewey's] name to the President and recommended the assignment." Long had no choice but to recommend it, in that the President had already asked for it. He also denied as "a lie" the story that TR armed Dewey at the last minute with a special despatch of ammunition, but TR never made any such claim. Her.206 shows that JDL was actually obstructive of TR's support plans for Dewey in early 1898. See Mil.150 fn.; Bea.63; Alfonso, Oscar S., Mil.171; Her.2367; Rho.713; ib., 74; Mor.8223. See also May.220: "Only a few prescient Europeans had even guessed that the war might extend to Spain's Philippine possessions. The best informed writers had not credited the American navy with such enterprise and efficiency." In 1902 JDL tried, not very convincingly, to discount TR's large responsibility for the success of the Battle of Manila. He claimed, in the privacy of his Journal (Jan. 3), that "...of my own notion I took [Dewey's] name to the President and recommended the assignment." Long had no choice but to recommend it, in that the President had already asked for it. He also denied as "a lie" the story that TR armed Dewey at the last minute with a special despatch of ammunition, but TR never made any such claim. Her.206 shows that JDL was actually obstructive of TR's support plans for Dewey in early 1898. See Mil.150 fn.; Bea.63; Alfonso, Oscar S., TR and the Philippines TR and the Philippines (NY, 1974). (NY, 1974).

112. Mor.822; TR.War.Di. May 6, 1898; Mor. 823, 824, 831, 825 (for JDL's equally fulsome letter to TR, see Bis.I.104), 823; TR.War.Di. May 12. Mor.822; TR.War.Di. May 6, 1898; Mor. 823, 824, 831, 825 (for JDL's equally fulsome letter to TR, see Bis.I.104), 823; TR.War.Di. May 12.

113. Long, Journal, Apr. 25, 1898, LON. Long, Journal, Apr. 25, 1898, LON.

24: THE R ROUGH R RIDER.

Important sources not in Bibliography: 1. Davis, Richard Harding, 1. Davis, Richard Harding, The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns The Cuban and Porto Rican Campaigns (Scribner's, 1898). 2. Cosmas, Graham A., (Scribner's, 1898). 2. Cosmas, Graham A., An Army for an Empire: The U.S. Army in the Spanish-American War An Army for an Empire: The U.S. Army in the Spanish-American War (U. Missouri Press, 1971). (U. Missouri Press, 1971).

1. Sun Sun clip. n.d., TR.Scr. clip. n.d., TR.Scr.

2. TR.Wks.XI.8. (This vol. of ib. contains complete text of TR.Wks.XI.8. (This vol. of ib. contains complete text of The Rough Riders The Rough Riders. Henceforth cited as RR.) RR.) TR was able to accept only one application in ten from his alma mater. Leonard Wood, too, was a Harvard man. Other sources: TR to B, May 5, 1898; TR was able to accept only one application in ten from his alma mater. Leonard Wood, too, was a Harvard man. Other sources: TR to B, May 5, 1898; RR RR. 1011; Wes.567, qu. Denver Evening Post Denver Evening Post, May 4.

3. RR RR. 10; Wis.78.

4. Jones, Virgil Carrington, Jones, Virgil Carrington, Roosevelt's Rough Riders Roosevelt's Rough Riders (Doubleday, 1971) 35; (Doubleday, 1971) 35; RR.9; RR.9; Stallman, R. W., Stallman, R. W., Stephen Crane: A Biography Stephen Crane: A Biography (NY, 1968) 385. (NY, 1968) 385.