40. Karsten, 591. Karsten, 591.

41. Bur. points out that despite their earlier similarity of views, Mahan was always the nautical professional, arguing that the Navy was the engine of national greatness, whereas TR was the political professional, arguing that national greatness necessitated a strong Navy. See also Turk, Richard L., Bur. points out that despite their earlier similarity of views, Mahan was always the nautical professional, arguing that the Navy was the engine of national greatness, whereas TR was the political professional, arguing that national greatness necessitated a strong Navy. See also Turk, Richard L., The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan The Ambiguous Relationship: Theodore Roosevelt and Alfred Thayer Mahan (Greenwood, 1987). (Greenwood, 1987).

42. Mor.6278. Mor.6278.

43. Ib., 6289. (But TR was not above "confiscating and filing" documents himself-for example a list of official complaints that threatened to slow his pet torpedo-boat construction program. See Mor.630.) Ib., 6289. (But TR was not above "confiscating and filing" documents himself-for example a list of official complaints that threatened to slow his pet torpedo-boat construction program. See Mor.630.) 44. Mor. 628. It will be remembered that this was just where Boss Platt had worried that TR might interfere with organization patronage. Mor. 628. It will be remembered that this was just where Boss Platt had worried that TR might interfere with organization patronage.

45. Mor.629631; see also TR to B, Apr. 30, 1897. Mor.629631; see also TR to B, Apr. 30, 1897.

46. Bea.5760. Bea.5760.

47. Mor.624, 635. Mor.624, 635.

48. Reprinted in TR.Wks.XIII. Reprinted in TR.Wks.XIII.

49. Qu. Sul.389. Qu. Sul.389.

50. Literature Literature, Apr. 23, 1898, qu. Edel, Leon, Henry James: The American Essays Henry James: The American Essays (N.Y., 1956). (For a favorable review of (N.Y., 1956). (For a favorable review of Ideals Ideals, see Harvard Grad. Mag. Harvard Grad. Mag., March 1898.) 51. See Bea.474 for a sample list of TR's contributions; also Pra.222; also, e.g., Mor.622. See Bea.474 for a sample list of TR's contributions; also Pra.222; also, e.g., Mor.622.

52. Grenville 367; Mor.627. The entire next para. based on Grenville. He prints the war plan as an appendix, 4147. Grenville 367; Mor.627. The entire next para. based on Grenville. He prints the war plan as an appendix, 4147.

53. Grenville, 43. (He notes that this plan also contained the first known war plan against Japan, anticipating War Plan Orange by some sixteen years.) Grenville, 43. (He notes that this plan also contained the first known war plan against Japan, anticipating War Plan Orange by some sixteen years.) 54. TR to EKR, June 18, 1897, qu. Hag. LW. 1.138; see also TR.Wks.XI. xiii. TR to EKR, June 18, 1897, qu. Hag. LW. 1.138; see also TR.Wks.XI. xiii.

55. Mor.652. Mor.652.

56. Descr. taken from Hag.LW. Descr. taken from Hag.LW. passim; passim; Holme, John G., Holme, John G., Life of Leonard Wood Life of Leonard Wood (N.Y., 1920), 6; pics. and pors. in TRB. (N.Y., 1920), 6; pics. and pors. in TRB.

57. See N.Y. See N.Y. Tribune Tribune, May 10, 1894.

58. Lod.285. Wood had come to Washington in Sep. 1895 as Assistant Attending Surgeon to President Cleveland. Hag.LW.1.133. Lod.285. Wood had come to Washington in Sep. 1895 as Assistant Attending Surgeon to President Cleveland. Hag.LW.1.133.

59. Descr. taken from Spector, Descr. taken from Spector, passim; passim; Nicholson, Nicholson, passim; passim; pics. and pors. pics. and pors.

60. Nicholson, 214; Spector 3039 for background. Nicholson, 214; Spector 3039 for background.

61. Qu. Clemens, Will M., Qu. Clemens, Will M., The Life of Admiral GD The Life of Admiral GD (N.Y., 1899), 73. (N.Y., 1899), 73.

62. TR.Auto.21 TR.Auto.216.

63. Nicholson, 221 (but Spector disagrees). Nicholson, 221 (but Spector disagrees).

64. Spector, 32. Spector, 32.

65. Ib., 36. Ib., 36.

66. TR to B, Aug. 17, 1897. TR to B, Aug. 17, 1897.

67. Mor.620, 649. (See Roosevelt, Nicholas, Mor.620, 649. (See Roosevelt, Nicholas, TR: The Man as I Knew Him TR: The Man as I Knew Him (Dodd, Mead, 1967) for one child's memory of these summers at Sagamore Hill.) (Dodd, Mead, 1967) for one child's memory of these summers at Sagamore Hill.) 68. Mor.625; Las.1189, 167; Asbell, B., Mor.625; Las.1189, 167; Asbell, B., The FDR Memoirs The FDR Memoirs (NY, 1973). Like TR, FDR went to Harvard, edited a college newspaper, studied at Columbia Law School, entered the State Legislature in his twenties, and then became successively Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York, and President of the United States. He also married TR's niece. (NY, 1973). Like TR, FDR went to Harvard, edited a college newspaper, studied at Columbia Law School, entered the State Legislature in his twenties, and then became successively Assistant Secretary of the Navy, Governor of New York, and President of the United States. He also married TR's niece.

69. TR to B, July 10, 1897. TR to B, July 10, 1897.

70. These Rooseveltian comments actually date from a similar torpedo-boat ride in the second week of May These Rooseveltian comments actually date from a similar torpedo-boat ride in the second week of May (Sun (Sun, May 22), but seem quite relevant here. For admiring press comments on his report on the torpedo-boats, see ib., and W. Post W. Post, May 23.

71. Mor.635; see Mor.635; see Sun Sun, Aug. 10, for TR's report of this tour.

72. Herald Herald, July 24; Tribune Tribune, July 27. (Ib., July 31, prints a letter saying TR was misquoted, but TR himself admitted to Lodge that the speech was reported "with substantial accuracy." Mor.637.) 73. Lee. 106. Long had suffered a nervous breakdown in 1896. Lee. 106. Long had suffered a nervous breakdown in 1896.

74. Mor. 637. Mor. 637.

75. TR's own phrase. See TR to Bellamy Storer, Sep. 2, 1897; also Mor. 691. TR's own phrase. See TR to Bellamy Storer, Sep. 2, 1897; also Mor. 691.

76. Pau.365. Pau.365.

77. Ib.; see also chart 4, "The Navy Department," in Mor.627; see Karsten, Peter, Ib.; see also chart 4, "The Navy Department," in Mor.627; see Karsten, Peter, The Naval Aristocracy The Naval Aristocracy (N.Y., 1972), on the Navy as a social phenomenon in 19th-century America. (N.Y., 1972), on the Navy as a social phenomenon in 19th-century America.

78. Mor. 655, 673. Mor. 655, 673.

79. Adams, Henry, Adams, Henry, The Education of HA The Education of HA (Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 417. (Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 417.

80. Mor. 63765 Mor. 63765 passim passim.

81. LON. diaries LON. diaries passim passim.

82. Mor.662. Reading through TR's correspondence with Long during the summer of 1897, one cannot help noticing how scrupulous he was in upholding the Secretary's dignity. The letters, for all their amusing insistence that Long extend his vacation, are models of frankness and courtesy. See Mor.63964. Mor.662. Reading through TR's correspondence with Long during the summer of 1897, one cannot help noticing how scrupulous he was in upholding the Secretary's dignity. The letters, for all their amusing insistence that Long extend his vacation, are models of frankness and courtesy. See Mor.63964.

83. Ib., 647. Ib., 647.

84. Ib., 652, 4, 61. Ib., 652, 4, 61.

85. Ib., 664. Ib., 664.

86. Sun Sun, Sep. 5, 1897; Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute (23) 509 ff. (1897). (23) 509 ff. (1897).

87. TR.Scr. For sample comment, see TR.Scr. For sample comment, see Sun Sun and and Boston Journal Boston Journal, Sep. 5, 1897.

88. Whi.299 speaks of "that summer day" in describing his first meeting with TR, but elsewhere refers to it as "autumn." Late August or early September seem most likely. Whi.299 speaks of "that summer day" in describing his first meeting with TR, but elsewhere refers to it as "autumn." Late August or early September seem most likely.

89. Reprinted in Boorstin, Daniel, ed., Reprinted in Boorstin, Daniel, ed., An American Primer An American Primer, U. Chicago Press (1966), Vol. 2, 584 ff.

90. These paras. based on Whi.2969; also Joh. These paras. based on Whi.2969; also Joh. passim passim.

91. Whi.297. Whi.297.

92. White (ib.), writing in the late 1930s, says the lunch took place at the Army and Navy Club. This is probably a slip of memory, given TR's fondness for the Metropolitan Club, not to mention its double lamb chops, which White nostalgically describes. TR's papers for the period are full of Metropolitan chits for double lamb chops: he seems to have had an insatiable passion for the dish. White (ib.), writing in the late 1930s, says the lunch took place at the Army and Navy Club. This is probably a slip of memory, given TR's fondness for the Metropolitan Club, not to mention its double lamb chops, which White nostalgically describes. TR's papers for the period are full of Metropolitan chits for double lamb chops: he seems to have had an insatiable passion for the dish.

93. Whi.298. Whi.298.

94. Ib., 2978. Ib., 2978.

95. Ib. Ib.

96. The following account is taken from the The following account is taken from the Herald Herald, Sep. 9, and Sun Sun, Sep. 9 and 24, 1897.

97. Charles H. Cramp. qu. Pau.397. Charles H. Cramp. qu. Pau.397.

98. The party included Frederic Remington, the artist, as well as two reporters carefully selected by TR as part of his naval public-relations effort. The party included Frederic Remington, the artist, as well as two reporters carefully selected by TR as part of his naval public-relations effort.

99. Mor. 680. Mor. 680.

100. Mor.675, 90; see TR to HCL, Sep. 24, Mor.689. Mor.675, 90; see TR to HCL, Sep. 24, Mor.689.

101. Ib., 676. The account of the following conversation comes entirely from this letter. Ib., 676. The account of the following conversation comes entirely from this letter.

102. Carpenter, Frank, Carpenter, Frank, Carp's Washington Carp's Washington (McGraw-Hill, 1960), 179. (McGraw-Hill, 1960), 179.

103. Descr. of McKinley based on Whi.292, 3335; Carpenter, 27; John Hay to HA, Oct. 20, 1896 (Hay.3.78); Bee.480; pics. and pors. For the President's extraordinary gaze, see, e.g., Lor.360 and the last por. in Morg; also LaFollette qu. Lee.389: "The pupils of his eyes would dilate until they became almost black, and his face, naturally without much color, would become almost like marble." Descr. of McKinley based on Whi.292, 3335; Carpenter, 27; John Hay to HA, Oct. 20, 1896 (Hay.3.78); Bee.480; pics. and pors. For the President's extraordinary gaze, see, e.g., Lor.360 and the last por. in Morg; also LaFollette qu. Lee.389: "The pupils of his eyes would dilate until they became almost black, and his face, naturally without much color, would become almost like marble."

104. Mor.677. Mor.677.

105. TR to B, Sep. 17; Mor.685, 717; Karsten, 592. (Ib. notes how closely TR's plan matched the actual course of the war.) TR to B, Sep. 17; Mor.685, 717; Karsten, 592. (Ib. notes how closely TR's plan matched the actual course of the war.) 106. Mor.6829. Mor.6829.

107. Un. clip, TR.Scr. Un. clip, TR.Scr.

108. Senator Chandler's letter was dated Sep. 25 (TRP), but since that was a Saturday, it follows that it would have been neither delivered nor read until Monday Sep. 27, the date of TR's reply. Senator Chandler's letter was dated Sep. 25 (TRP), but since that was a Saturday, it follows that it would have been neither delivered nor read until Monday Sep. 27, the date of TR's reply.

109. The following account is based on Nicholson, 2236, plus other sources as cited below. The following account is based on Nicholson, 2236, plus other sources as cited below.

110. Mor.691. Mor.691.

111. Ib., 6912. Ib., 6912.

112. TR.Auto.216. TR.Auto.216.

113. Sprout, 224; Nicholson, 226. Sprout, 224; Nicholson, 226.

114. Mor.692, 915; TR.Auto.217. Mor.692, 915; TR.Auto.217.

115. Dewey, George, Dewey, George, Autobiography Autobiography, 16970; TR.Auto.216. Although the main facts of Dewey's appointment, as detailed above, are borne out by many sources, there is some ambiguity about the time-sequence of events postdating Long's return on Sep. 28. According to Spector, 38, it was not until Oct. 16 that Senator Proctor reported McK's favorable response to his appeal. But Dewey (Autobiography) (Autobiography) and Nicholson, 22426, both imply that things were settled on the day that Long returned. If so, TR would only have delayed Sen. Chandler's letter by a few hours, until the Secretary recognized Dewey's appointment as a fait accompli. It is hardly possible that he could have held on to the letter until Oct. 16. Whatever the case, there can be no doubt that TR was in large part responsible for making Dewey C-in-C of the Asiatic Squadron, and for the infinitely larger consequences of that appointment. (Spector, 329; Bea.63; Mor.8223, 915; Nicholson, 227.) and Nicholson, 22426, both imply that things were settled on the day that Long returned. If so, TR would only have delayed Sen. Chandler's letter by a few hours, until the Secretary recognized Dewey's appointment as a fait accompli. It is hardly possible that he could have held on to the letter until Oct. 16. Whatever the case, there can be no doubt that TR was in large part responsible for making Dewey C-in-C of the Asiatic Squadron, and for the infinitely larger consequences of that appointment. (Spector, 329; Bea.63; Mor.8223, 915; Nicholson, 227.) 116. Mor.6947, 710. Mor.6947, 710.

117. Lod.286; TR to B, Oct. 17 and 28; Mor. 7029. Lod.286; TR to B, Oct. 17 and 28; Mor. 7029.

118. TR.Wks.XI.xi. TR.Wks.XI.xi.

119. Mor.750, Mor.750, 66 66, 713, 707.

120. Pau.459. Pau.459.

121. Mor.713; TR to B, Nov. 30, 1897. Mor.713; TR to B, Nov. 30, 1897.

122. Grenville, 35. Grenville, 35.

123. Mor.1.717 (italics mine). Mor.1.717 (italics mine).

124. Qu. Pau.460. Qu. Pau.460.

125. Mor.790. Mor.790.

126. Eve. Post Eve. Post, Jan. 4, 1898. See Bur.49 and TR.Wks.XIV.42737 for more on the Personnel Bill.

127. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, XI.2715 (Dec. 17, 1897).

128. See Woo.45 ff. See Woo.45 ff.

129. Sep. 19, 1897. Sep. 19, 1897.

23: THE L LIEUTENANT C COLONEL.

Important sources not listed in Bibliography: 1. Paullin, Charles Oscar, 1. Paullin, Charles Oscar, Paullin's History of Naval Administration 17751911 Paullin's History of Naval Administration 17751911 (U.S. Naval Institute, 1968). (U.S. Naval Institute, 1968).

1. Mil.93. Mil.93.

2. The The Maine Maine had been in Key West since December 15 of the previous year, "under confidential instructions to proceed at once to Havana in the event of local disturbances which might threaten American safety." (Ib.) The Consul-General, Fitzhugh Lee, was given responsibility for determining when that moment might be. "Two dollars" was to be followed by a second code message, upon receipt of which Captain Sigsbee would leave for Havana instantly. (Ib.) See also May. 135. had been in Key West since December 15 of the previous year, "under confidential instructions to proceed at once to Havana in the event of local disturbances which might threaten American safety." (Ib.) The Consul-General, Fitzhugh Lee, was given responsibility for determining when that moment might be. "Two dollars" was to be followed by a second code message, upon receipt of which Captain Sigsbee would leave for Havana instantly. (Ib.) See also May. 135.

3. The following account of TR's interview with JDL is taken from the latter's Journal, Jan. 13, 1898, in LON. Extracts from the Journal are published in Mayo, Lawrence S., ed., The following account of TR's interview with JDL is taken from the latter's Journal, Jan. 13, 1898, in LON. Extracts from the Journal are published in Mayo, Lawrence S., ed., America of Yesterday America of Yesterday (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1923) and Long, Margaret, ed., (Atlantic Monthly Press, 1923) and Long, Margaret, ed., The Journal of John D. Long The Journal of John D. Long (Rindge, N.H., 1956). (Rindge, N.H., 1956).

4. Long, Journal, Jan. 13, 1898, LON. Long, Journal, Jan. 13, 1898, LON.

5. Mor.758. TR also wrote on the same day to Col. Francis Vinton Greene in a similar vein. Mor.758. TR also wrote on the same day to Col. Francis Vinton Greene in a similar vein.

6. Mor.755; TR to B, Jan. 9, 1898. Mor.755; TR to B, Jan. 9, 1898.

7. TR to B, Jan. 17, 1898; Mor.767. For a chilling anecdote about TR's determination to make a "fighter" out of Ted, see Bradley, John, ed., TR to B, Jan. 17, 1898; Mor.767. For a chilling anecdote about TR's determination to make a "fighter" out of Ted, see Bradley, John, ed., Lady Curzon's India: Letters of a Vicereine Lady Curzon's India: Letters of a Vicereine (N.Y., 1985), 133. (N.Y., 1985), 133.

8. This attitude has become a characteristic of the Roosevelt family as a whole. But.146. This attitude has become a characteristic of the Roosevelt family as a whole. But.146.

9. Mor.75963 has the text of this memo. Mor.75963 has the text of this memo.

10. Ib., 760. Ib., 760.

11. Ib., Mor.763; Her.209, 2067; Mil.93; May.137. Ib., Mor.763; Her.209, 2067; Mil.93; May.137.

12. De Lome qu. May.137. See also Mil.58; Morg.356. De Lome qu. May.137. See also Mil.58; Morg.356.

13. Mil.978. Mil.978.

14. Ib., 956; Her.210. Ib., 956; Her.210.

15. TR to B, Jan. 20, 25, 27, 1898; Mor.767. TR to B, Jan. 20, 25, 27, 1898; Mor.767.