13. Mor.440. Mor.440.

14. TR.Wks.VII.108. TR.Wks.VII.108.

15. Ib., 380, 4034, 3779, 331, 279 Ib., 380, 4034, 3779, 331, 279 16. Ib., 57. Ib., 57.

17. Ib. Ib.

18. See Cut.367 and Bur.14 on TR's observations of the rule of tooth and claw in nature. See Cut.367 and Bur.14 on TR's observations of the rule of tooth and claw in nature.

19. Ib., 58. Ib., 58.

20. Ib., 578. Ib., 578.

21. See Bea.31. See Bea.31.

22. For examples of Commissioner Roosevelt's abhorrence of racial discrimination in hiring practices, see Mor.373, 381, 402; also TR.Wks.XIV. 165. In 1954, Edmund Wilson, reviewing Vols I and II of Mor., remarked: "It is impossible to go through the correspondence of Roosevelt's early official life without being convinced that he pretty consistently lived up to this principle." Wilson, "The Pre-presidential TR" in For examples of Commissioner Roosevelt's abhorrence of racial discrimination in hiring practices, see Mor.373, 381, 402; also TR.Wks.XIV. 165. In 1954, Edmund Wilson, reviewing Vols I and II of Mor., remarked: "It is impossible to go through the correspondence of Roosevelt's early official life without being convinced that he pretty consistently lived up to this principle." Wilson, "The Pre-presidential TR" in Eight Essays Eight Essays (NY, 1954) 211. (NY, 1954) 211.

23. TR.Wks.X.479509. TR.Wks.X.479509.

24. See Billington, Ray Allen, See Billington, Ray Allen, Frederick Jackson Turner Frederick Jackson Turner (Oxford U. Press, 1973) (Oxford U. Press, 1973) passim passim for the genesis and presentation of Turner's great thesis. for the genesis and presentation of Turner's great thesis.

25. The Dial The Dial, August 1889 (see p. 462). See also Jacobs, Wilbur R., The Historical World of Frederick Jackson Turner The Historical World of Frederick Jackson Turner (Yale, 1968) 4. Jacobs says that Turner wrote an unpublished essay, "The Hunter Type," in 1890, "based almost entirely upon the early volumes of (Yale, 1968) 4. Jacobs says that Turner wrote an unpublished essay, "The Hunter Type," in 1890, "based almost entirely upon the early volumes of The Winning of the West." The Winning of the West." The essay depicted a Rooseveltian warrior-hero of the border, represented as an evolutionary American type. Massive, scholarly reading went into the subsequent preparation of "Significance," but it may well be, as Jacobs suggests, that The essay depicted a Rooseveltian warrior-hero of the border, represented as an evolutionary American type. Massive, scholarly reading went into the subsequent preparation of "Significance," but it may well be, as Jacobs suggests, that WW WW "provided the inspiration for his frontier thesis." For a full account, see Billington, "provided the inspiration for his frontier thesis." For a full account, see Billington, Turner Turner, 834, 10825.

26. Qu. ib., 127. See also Knee, Stuart E., "Roosevelt and Turner: Awakening in the West," Qu. ib., 127. See also Knee, Stuart E., "Roosevelt and Turner: Awakening in the West," Journal of the West Journal of the West 17 (1978) 2. 17 (1978) 2.

27. Lasch, Christopher, ed., Lasch, Christopher, ed., WW by TR WW by TR (NY, 1963) xii; qu. Billington, (NY, 1963) xii; qu. Billington, Turner Turner, 128.

28. Turner, Frederick Jackson, Turner, Frederick Jackson, Frontier and Section: Selected Essays Frontier and Section: Selected Essays, ed. Ray Allen Billington (Prentice-Hall, 1961) 61.

29. Ib., 37. Ib., 37.

30. Ib., 62. Ib., 62.

31. See Billington, See Billington, Turner Turner, 12930.

32. Mor.363. Mor.363.

33. Ib. Ib.

34. See Billington, Turner, See Billington, Turner, passim passim for further details of the TR/Turner relationship. for further details of the TR/Turner relationship.

35. See Wag.44. See Wag.44.

36. Forum Forum, Apr. 1894; TR.Wks.XIII. 1326, 151.

37. Ib., 1326. Ib., 1326.

38. Qu. Wag.63. Qu. Wag.63.

39. TR.Wks.XIII.20; James, Henry, TR.Wks.XIII.20; James, Henry, The American Essays The American Essays, ed. Leon Edel (Vintage Books, 1956).

40. Edel, Leon, Edel, Leon, Henry James: The Master Henry James: The Master (London, 1972) 27576. Overhearing TR characterize an unidentified contemporary novelist, possibly James, as "a malignant pustule," George Kennan reflected, "If this young Civil Service Commissioner fully develops his capacity for hatred and his natural gift for denunciation, he will be, in the maturity of his powers, an unpleasant man to encounter." Kennan, (London, 1972) 27576. Overhearing TR characterize an unidentified contemporary novelist, possibly James, as "a malignant pustule," George Kennan reflected, "If this young Civil Service Commissioner fully develops his capacity for hatred and his natural gift for denunciation, he will be, in the maturity of his powers, an unpleasant man to encounter." Kennan, Misrepresentation in Railroad Affairs Misrepresentation in Railroad Affairs (Garden City, NY, 1916), 49. (Garden City, NY, 1916), 49.

41. Reprinted in TR.Wks.XIII.200222. Reprinted in TR.Wks.XIII.200222.

42. Ib., 203. Ib., 203.

43. Ib., 206. Ib., 206.

44. Ib., 2089. Ib., 2089.

45. Ib., 214. Ib., 214.

46. Ib., 216. Ib., 216.

47. Ib. For TR's enlightened interpretation of Social Darwinism, see his review of Benjamin Kidd's Ib. For TR's enlightened interpretation of Social Darwinism, see his review of Benjamin Kidd's Social Evolution Social Evolution (NY, 1894), published in (NY, 1894), published in North American Review North American Review, 161.94109 (July 1895) and reprinted in TR.Wks.XIII. John M. Blum exhaustively and brilliantly discusses this and other aspects of TR's intellectual development in an essay, "TR: The Years of Decision," printed as Appendix IV to Mor.2.148494.

48. TR.Wks.XII.219. TR.Wks.XII.219.

49. Ib., 222. Ib., 222.

50. Space does not permit an extended description of this richly detailed, sweet-natured book. Suffice to say it has all the freshness of observation of Space does not permit an extended description of this richly detailed, sweet-natured book. Suffice to say it has all the freshness of observation of Hunting Trips of a Ranchman Hunting Trips of a Ranchman, even less slaughter than Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail Ranch Life and the Hunting Trail, and an abundance of original zoological information. The chapter on the life habits of the grizzly bear marked a definite contribution to science: TR was by now recognized as the world authority on this and other large Western species. There are several delicious comic episodes, notably the story of Fowler and the Turk, and the dialogue overheard by TR on the Brophy ranch in 1884, as well as one of his finest lyrical pieces, inspired by the all-night song of a Tennessee mockingbird. See TR.Wks.II.3304, 32730, and 525. For sample reviews in 1893, see Nation Nation, Aug. 14; St. Paul Press St. Paul Press, Aug. 22; Edinburgh National Observer Edinburgh National Observer, Dec. 30.

51. Mor.367; Wag.304; TR to B, Nov. 6, 1893; Mor.391, 409. TR accepted no fees for lectures on Civil Service Reform. These he considered part of his job. Mor.367; Wag.304; TR to B, Nov. 6, 1893; Mor.391, 409. TR accepted no fees for lectures on Civil Service Reform. These he considered part of his job.

52. Pri.157. Pri.157.

53. Mor.3423; see also n. 56, below. Mor.3423; see also n. 56, below.

54. Mor.343. The land was sold to his uncle James A. Roosevelt. It reduced to 30 acres the original estate he bought during his first marriage. TR to B, Jan. 28, 1893; EKR to Emily Carow, May 19, 1894; Mor.306. Mor.343. The land was sold to his uncle James A. Roosevelt. It reduced to 30 acres the original estate he bought during his first marriage. TR to B, Jan. 28, 1893; EKR to Emily Carow, May 19, 1894; Mor.306.

55. Ib., 343, 376; see also TR to B, Apr. 15, 1894, and EKR to B, Jan. 10 and June 6, 1894 (TRC). The extent of TR's embarrassments may be gathered from his suggestion to Bamie, who had a habit of understamping her letters, that she buy "a pair of scales and a copy of the postal regulations," so as to save him the 20-cent collect charge. TR to B, April 1, 1894. Ib., 343, 376; see also TR to B, Apr. 15, 1894, and EKR to B, Jan. 10 and June 6, 1894 (TRC). The extent of TR's embarrassments may be gathered from his suggestion to Bamie, who had a habit of understamping her letters, that she buy "a pair of scales and a copy of the postal regulations," so as to save him the 20-cent collect charge. TR to B, April 1, 1894.

56. Mor.345. Mor.345.

57. Ib., 340; TR to HCL, July 4, 1893 (LOD.). Ib., 340; TR to HCL, July 4, 1893 (LOD.).

58. Mor.389, 323, 335; TR to B, June 20, 1893. A memo sent to Secretary Smith suggests that the hostility may have been mutual. See Mor.328. Mor.389, 323, 335; TR to B, June 20, 1893. A memo sent to Secretary Smith suggests that the hostility may have been mutual. See Mor.328.

59. Cecil Spring Rice to Elizabeth Cameron, July 2, 1891 (ADA.). Cecil Spring Rice to Elizabeth Cameron, July 2, 1891 (ADA.).

60. Foulke, William D., Foulke, William D., Fighting the Spoilsmen Fighting the Spoilsmen (Putnam, 1919) 40. (Putnam, 1919) 40.

61. On Nov. 28, 1893. Foulke, On Nov. 28, 1893. Foulke, Spoilsmen Spoilsmen, 3840; Mor.317. See also ib., 341; Foulke, William D., Lucius Burrie Swift Lucius Burrie Swift (Bobbs-Merrill, 1930) 69. (Bobbs-Merrill, 1930) 69.

62. Halloran, Matthew F., Halloran, Matthew F., The Romance of the Merit System The Romance of the Merit System (Washington, D.C., 1929) 77; TR to HCL, June 8, 1893 (LOD.). (Washington, D.C., 1929) 77; TR to HCL, June 8, 1893 (LOD.).

63. Mor.343; see also ib., 396. Mor.343; see also ib., 396.

64. Mor.393. See Woo. 19 for an earlier example of TR's reaction to suggestions that he again run for Mayor. Mor.393. See Woo. 19 for an earlier example of TR's reaction to suggestions that he again run for Mayor.

65. TR to HCL, Oct. 11, 1894 (LOD.); EKR to Emily Carow, 1894 TR to HCL, Oct. 11, 1894 (LOD.); EKR to Emily Carow, 1894 passim passim (Derby mss.). (Derby mss.).

66. Sto.223. Sto.223.

67. TR to B, qu. Bea.47. TR to B, qu. Bea.47.

68. Mor.379, 409. See also Bea.467. This is not the first mention of the Canal by TR. He had been interested in France's attempt to build a waterway at Panama since his Dakota days. Among his papers in TRP there is a copy of a U.S. Government Mor.379, 409. See also Bea.467. This is not the first mention of the Canal by TR. He had been interested in France's attempt to build a waterway at Panama since his Dakota days. Among his papers in TRP there is a copy of a U.S. Government Special Intelligence Report on the Progress of the Work on the Panama Canal During the Year 1885 Special Intelligence Report on the Progress of the Work on the Panama Canal During the Year 1885. The document contains much technical prose, thoughtfully penciled by TR.

69. Mor.384; TR to B, Feb. 25, 1894. Mor.384; TR to B, Feb. 25, 1894.

70. Ib., Aug. 18, 1894. Ib., Aug. 18, 1894.

71. Ib.; also July 29, 1894. Elliott had, for example, severely burned himself that February by accidentally tipping an oil lamp over his naked body. In May he had spent the night in a police cell, being too incoherent to say where he lived. In July he had driven into a lamppost while blind drunk and been catapulted onto his head, incapacitating himself. Ib.; also July 29, 1894. Elliott had, for example, severely burned himself that February by accidentally tipping an oil lamp over his naked body. In May he had spent the night in a police cell, being too incoherent to say where he lived. In July he had driven into a lamppost while blind drunk and been catapulted onto his head, incapacitating himself.

72. C to B, Aug. 15, 1895 (TRC); TR to HCL, Aug. 18, 1894 (LOD.). C to B, Aug. 15, 1895 (TRC); TR to HCL, Aug. 18, 1894 (LOD.).

73. TR wrote to HCL afterward: "I confess I felt more broken than I had thought possible." Aug. 18, 1894, LOD. To B in England he wrote that Elliott "would have been in a straight jacket had he lived forty-eight hours longer.... he had been drinking whole bottles of anisette and green mint, besides whole bottles of raw brandy and champagne, sometimes half a dozen a morning...He was like some stricken, hunted creature; and indeed he was hunted by the most terrible demons that ever entered a man's body and soul." Aug. 18, 1894, TRB. TR wrote to HCL afterward: "I confess I felt more broken than I had thought possible." Aug. 18, 1894, LOD. To B in England he wrote that Elliott "would have been in a straight jacket had he lived forty-eight hours longer.... he had been drinking whole bottles of anisette and green mint, besides whole bottles of raw brandy and champagne, sometimes half a dozen a morning...He was like some stricken, hunted creature; and indeed he was hunted by the most terrible demons that ever entered a man's body and soul." Aug. 18, 1894, TRB.

74. Ib. Elliott's companions at Greenwood were Alice Lee and Mittie Roosevelt. See also Las.567. Elliott had been living with Mrs. Evans at 313 West 102 Street under the names of "Mr. and Mrs. Eliot." TR to B, n.d., 1894; Ib. Elliott's companions at Greenwood were Alice Lee and Mittie Roosevelt. See also Las.567. Elliott had been living with Mrs. Evans at 313 West 102 Street under the names of "Mr. and Mrs. Eliot." TR to B, n.d., 1894; World World, Aug. 16, 1894. According to Lash (who does not identify the woman), she had a house in New England, and was not with him when he died. This is puzzling, in view of TR's remark to B (Aug. 18) that E "would not part with the woman" in his last days. Either Lash is mistaken, or E had two two mistresses, which seems unlikely. At any rate the winding up of his affairs produced circumstances of some absurdity. Katy Mann made an appearance, bastard in arm, to claim further damages; then Mr. Evans arrived, while the lawyer was negotiating with his wife, and threatened both parties with a loaded revolver. Mrs. Evans eventually received a settlement of $1,250. TR to B, Aug. 18 and 25. mistresses, which seems unlikely. At any rate the winding up of his affairs produced circumstances of some absurdity. Katy Mann made an appearance, bastard in arm, to claim further damages; then Mr. Evans arrived, while the lawyer was negotiating with his wife, and threatened both parties with a loaded revolver. Mrs. Evans eventually received a settlement of $1,250. TR to B, Aug. 18 and 25.

75. Ib., Aug. 24, 1894; Lod.134; Mor.399. For a further description of this hunting trip, see Mor.41011. TR to HCL, Oct. 11, 1894 (LOD.). Ib., Aug. 24, 1894; Lod.134; Mor.399. For a further description of this hunting trip, see Mor.41011. TR to HCL, Oct. 11, 1894 (LOD.).

76. TR to B, Oct. 22, 1894; Mor.400. TR to B, Oct. 22, 1894; Mor.400.

77. Mor.8.1433. Mor.8.1433.

78. Ib. Ib.

79. Ib., 410; HCL to his mother, Dec. 9, 1894 (LOD.); see Mor.4189 and ff.; ib., 417. Ib., 410; HCL to his mother, Dec. 9, 1894 (LOD.); see Mor.4189 and ff.; ib., 417.

80. Ib.; see p. Ch. 5; also Put.241. TR's letter of reply has not survived, but its contents can be inferred from his supplementary letters to Carl Shurz and Jacob Riis (Mor.41820). Ib.; see p. Ch. 5; also Put.241. TR's letter of reply has not survived, but its contents can be inferred from his supplementary letters to Carl Shurz and Jacob Riis (Mor.41820).

81. Ib., 41720. Ib., 41720.

82. Ib., 428. Ib., 428.

83. Gar.180; see Samuels, Ernest, Gar.180; see Samuels, Ernest, Henry Adams: The Major Phase Henry Adams: The Major Phase (Harvard, 1964) 164 ff. (Harvard, 1964) 164 ff.

84. Mor.426. Mor.426.

85. Ib., 433. The date of this first meeting with Kipling has been the subject of some confusion, since Mor.370 puts TR's letter describing the occasion (a dinner at the Bellamy Storers') in 1894, and Kipling, in Ib., 433. The date of this first meeting with Kipling has been the subject of some confusion, since Mor.370 puts TR's letter describing the occasion (a dinner at the Bellamy Storers') in 1894, and Kipling, in Something of Myself Something of Myself (London, 1936) 131, vaguely remembers it as 1896. The correct date-March 7, 1895-is made obvious by other references in TR's letters. See, e.g., Mor.433, 436, 439 (London, 1936) 131, vaguely remembers it as 1896. The correct date-March 7, 1895-is made obvious by other references in TR's letters. See, e.g., Mor.433, 436, 439 86. Encyclopaedia Britannica Encyclopaedia Britannica (1970) 13.382. (1970) 13.382.

87. Mor.370. Mor.370.

88. Ib., 448, 439; Kipling, Ib., 448, 439; Kipling, Something Something, 1313.

89. Mor.247; TR.Wks.IX contains the text of Mor.247; TR.Wks.IX contains the text of Hero Tales Hero Tales.

90. Wis.40. Wis.40.

91. Manchester Manchester (NH) (NH) Telegram Telegram, Feb. 11, 1895 (TR.Scr.).

92. Ib.; Storer, Mrs. Bellamy, Ib.; Storer, Mrs. Bellamy, In Memoriam Bellamy Storer In Memoriam Bellamy Storer (privately printed, 1923) 22. This was, of course, the era of "red-meat" football-infinitely more bloody than anything seen today. Eye-gouging and multiple fractures, sustained in real on-field fights, were routine. Football grew redder and meatier until TR himself, as President, was revulsed and called for reforms. See "Walter Camp," (privately printed, 1923) 22. This was, of course, the era of "red-meat" football-infinitely more bloody than anything seen today. Eye-gouging and multiple fractures, sustained in real on-field fights, were routine. Football grew redder and meatier until TR himself, as President, was revulsed and called for reforms. See "Walter Camp," American Heritage American Heritage, XI.6, Oct. 1961.

93. See Mor.437, 9. See Mor.437, 9.

94. Ib. Ib.

95. Ib., 442. Ib., 442.

96. Ib., 444. Sageser, A. Bower, "The First Two Decades of the Pendleton Act," Nebraska U. Studies, Vols. 3435 (193435) prints a table showing the growth of the classified system under Commissioner TR. Opinions of the latter's effectiveness in office vary widely. Leonard D. White in Ib., 444. Sageser, A. Bower, "The First Two Decades of the Pendleton Act," Nebraska U. Studies, Vols. 3435 (193435) prints a table showing the growth of the classified system under Commissioner TR. Opinions of the latter's effectiveness in office vary widely. Leonard D. White in The Republican Era, 18691901 The Republican Era, 18691901 (Macmillan, 1958) points out that for all TR's boasts about doubling the classified service, the service as a whole was growing so fast that the number of patronage positions (Macmillan, 1958) points out that for all TR's boasts about doubling the classified service, the service as a whole was growing so fast that the number of patronage positions increased increased steadily through the rest of the century. He allows, however, that the Roosevelt team was "one of the strongest commissions in the whole history" of the CSC. TR's genius for publicity was, in the opinion of this author, his greatest contribution to the good gray cause. See the steadily through the rest of the century. He allows, however, that the Roosevelt team was "one of the strongest commissions in the whole history" of the CSC. TR's genius for publicity was, in the opinion of this author, his greatest contribution to the good gray cause. See the Civil Service Chronicle Civil Service Chronicle of May 1895, which praises his ability to throw dazzling light on the hitherto shady patronage practices of professional politicians. Through his courage and his flamboyance, he had spread "an educational process...across the country," resulting in a general desire for reforms in all areas of public business. "He is the only man in the Harrison Administration who has won permanent national fame." The view of the CSC itself expressed in of May 1895, which praises his ability to throw dazzling light on the hitherto shady patronage practices of professional politicians. Through his courage and his flamboyance, he had spread "an educational process...across the country," resulting in a general desire for reforms in all areas of public business. "He is the only man in the Harrison Administration who has won permanent national fame." The view of the CSC itself expressed in Letters of TR, Civil Service Commissioner Letters of TR, Civil Service Commissioner (Washington, 1958) 125, is unequivocal: "Theodore Roosevelt probably contributed more to the development and extension of the civil service than any other person in the history of the United States." (Washington, 1958) 125, is unequivocal: "Theodore Roosevelt probably contributed more to the development and extension of the civil service than any other person in the history of the United States."

97. Gardiner, A. G., Gardiner, A. G., Pillars of Society Pillars of Society (London, 1913), 238. (London, 1913), 238.

98. TR to B, June 17, 1895; Cha.204. TR to B, June 17, 1895; Cha.204.

99. Theodore Roosevelt Association, Theodore Roosevelt Association, Journal Journal, Winter/Spring 1976; Cut.34.

100. Sun Sun, June?, 1889 (TR.Scr.). TR used to joke that the real reason he came to Washington was his "desire to mingle with members of the Cosmos Club and discuss with them congenial topics." (Ib.) 101. Kipling, Kipling, Something Something, 132; Kipling qu. Tha.II.333.

19: THE B BIGGEST M MAN IN N NEW Y YORK.

1. The following description of Mulberry Street is based on pictures and text in The following description of Mulberry Street is based on pictures and text in Shepp's New York City Illustrated Shepp's New York City Illustrated (Globe, Philadelphia, 1894); (Globe, Philadelphia, 1894); King's Handbook of New York King's Handbook of New York, 1893; Scrapbooks, "Mulberry Street," in the New York Public Library; Riis, Jacob, The Making of an American The Making of an American (NY, 1902) (NY, 1902) passim; passim; Ste. 197265. Ste. 197265.

2. New York Evening Post New York Evening Post, May 6, 1895.

3. Ste.257; see also Ste.257; see also Eve. Post Eve. Post, May 6, 1895; AND.303.

4. Ib. Ib.

5. Eve. Post Eve. Post, May 6, 1895. Physical descriptions taken from sketches in World World, May 7; group portrait in Review of Reviews Review of Reviews, May 20; various other pors. in TRB. Personal details from AND.16, 301; AND.Scr. For more on Grant, see Perling, I. J., Presidents' Sons Presidents' Sons (New York, 1947), 17879. (New York, 1947), 17879.

6. Ste.2578; Brant, Donald Birtley, Jr., "TR as New York City Police Commissioner," unpublished dissertation (Princeton, 1964) in TRB, 10; AND.32. Ste.2578; Brant, Donald Birtley, Jr., "TR as New York City Police Commissioner," unpublished dissertation (Princeton, 1964) in TRB, 10; AND.32.

7. Andrews quoted Steffens's story verbatim in his memoirs. One of the Republican members was by courtesy entitled to the presidency, since the appointing Mayor was of that party. According to Steffens in the Andrews quoted Steffens's story verbatim in his memoirs. One of the Republican members was by courtesy entitled to the presidency, since the appointing Mayor was of that party. According to Steffens in the Post Post that evening, Grant announced that he wanted the honor to go to TR; this was obviously at Strong's request. that evening, Grant announced that he wanted the honor to go to TR; this was obviously at Strong's request.

8. TR qu. Ber.47. Berman observes that such a statement at such a time, coming from so prominent a public figure, "clearly marked a radical departure" from old-style Police Headquarters policies. The hopes that it raised among reformers, however, were dashed by passage of the Bi-Partisan Police Act. (See below.) TR qu. Ber.47. Berman observes that such a statement at such a time, coming from so prominent a public figure, "clearly marked a radical departure" from old-style Police Headquarters policies. The hopes that it raised among reformers, however, were dashed by passage of the Bi-Partisan Police Act. (See below.) 9. Richardson, James F., Richardson, James F., The New York Police: Colonial Times to 1901 The New York Police: Colonial Times to 1901 (Oxford U. Press, 1970) 244. See ib. 214 ff., and the more recent scholarship of Ber. 3541, for background to this bill. (Oxford U. Press, 1970) 244. See ib. 214 ff., and the more recent scholarship of Ber. 3541, for background to this bill.

10. TR was, by virtue of his sweeping investigation of the city government in 1884, intimately familiar with all phases of police operation. See, e.g., his "Machine Politics in New York City," (1886) in TR.Wks.XII.30. "Polish" quote from ib., 123. TR was, by virtue of his sweeping investigation of the city government in 1884, intimately familiar with all phases of police operation. See, e.g., his "Machine Politics in New York City," (1886) in TR.Wks.XII.30. "Polish" quote from ib., 123.

11. Ber.3536; TR.wks.XII.123. TR and his three colleagues and the Chief all earned the same salary: $5,000 Ber.3536; TR.wks.XII.123. TR and his three colleagues and the Chief all earned the same salary: $5,000 (New York Times (New York Times, May 7, 1895). Richardson, Police Police, 212; AND.35; New York Herald New York Herald and and World World, May 28.

12. Ber.51; Ste.221. Ber.51; Ste.221.

13. Richardson, Richardson, Police Police, 210; Ber.51.