83. Ibid., 22.58.14. Ibid., 22.58.14.

84. Ibid., 22.60. Ibid., 22.60.

85. Appian, Han. 28. Appian, Han. 28.

86. Livy, 23.16.15. Livy, 23.16.15.

87. Livy, 23.24.613; Polybius, 3.118. Livy, 23.24.613; Polybius, 3.118.

88. Livy, 23.31.13. Livy, 23.31.13.

89. This interpretation is most clearly evident in Silius Italicus, 10.649658. This interpretation is most clearly evident in Silius Italicus, 10.649658.

CHAPTER VII: AFTERSHOCKS.

1. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 89.

2. Lancel, Lancel, Hannibal Hannibal, p. 113.

3. Livy, 23.7.12; Lazenby, Livy, 23.7.12; Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p Hannibal's War, p. 90.

4. Livy, 23.10.12. Livy, 23.10.12.

5. Lancel, Lancel, Hannibal, p Hannibal, p. 115; Livy, 23.18.1015.

6. Livy, 23.45.4. Livy, 23.45.4.

7. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 92; Lancel, Hannibal Hannibal, p. 115.

8. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 223.

9. Livy, 23.11.712. Livy, 23.11.712.

10. Ibid., 23.13.2. Ibid., 23.13.2.

11. Livy, 23.41.1012; Lancel, Livy, 23.41.1012; Lancel, Hannibal, p Hannibal, p. 112; Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 226.

12. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars The Punic Wars, pp. 2201.

13. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, pp. 945; Prevas, Hannibal Crosses the Alps Hannibal Crosses the Alps, p. 212.

14. Lancel, Lancel, Hannibal Hannibal, p. 115; Cornell, "Hannibal's Legacy: The Effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy," p. 102.

15. Plutarch, Fabius Maximus, 20. Plutarch, Fabius Maximus, 20.

16. Delbruck, Delbruck, Warfare in Antiquity Warfare in Antiquity, p. 340 17. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 358. The highest figures are Lancel's (Hannibal, p (Hannibal, p. 145).

18. Lancel, Lancel, Hannibal Hannibal, p. 122.

19. Scullard, Scullard, Scipio Africa.n.u.s, p Scipio Africa.n.u.s, p. 226.

20. Livy, 23.33.5 and 23.34.45. Livy, 23.33.5 and 23.34.45.

21. Polybius, 7.9. Polybius, 7.9.

22. Lancel, Lancel, Hannibal Hannibal, pp. 1178. See also E. J. Bickerman, "An Oath of Hannibal," Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological a.s.sociation Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological a.s.sociation, vol. 75 (1944), pp. 87102; E. J. Bickerman, "Hannibal's Covenant," American Journal of Philology American Journal of Philology, vol. 73 (1952), pp. 123.

23. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 253.

24. Livy, 26.24. Livy, 26.24.

25. Information about the raid comes from Polybius 11.7; information about Mantinea comes from Polybius 11.1118. Information about the raid comes from Polybius 11.7; information about Mantinea comes from Polybius 11.1118.

26. Livy, 29.12.2. Livy, 29.12.2.

27. Livy, 23.32.712, 23.34.1015, 23.4041.7; Lancel, Livy, 23.32.712, 23.34.1015, 23.4041.7; Lancel, Hannibal, p Hannibal, p. 120.

28. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 98.

29. Livy, 24.6.4; Polybius, 7.2.16. Livy, 24.6.4; Polybius, 7.2.16.

30. Livy, 24.2930. The killing of the two thousand Roman deserters is discussed in Livy, 24.30.67. Livy, 24.2930. The killing of the two thousand Roman deserters is discussed in Livy, 24.30.67.

31. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 35.

32. See Plutarch, Marcellus, 13. See Plutarch, Marcellus, 13.

33. Livy (25.6) devotes an entire chapter to a moving recitation of their grievances. The senate's reply is at Livy 25.7.24. Livy (25.6) devotes an entire chapter to a moving recitation of their grievances. The senate's reply is at Livy 25.7.24.

34. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 263.

35. Polybius, 8.37. Polybius, 8.37.

36. Ibid., 8.5.6. Ibid., 8.5.6.

37. Plutarch, Marcellus, 17. Plutarch, Marcellus, 17.

38. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p Hannibal's War, p. 107.

39. Livy, 24.36. Livy, 24.36.

40. Polybius, 8.37.113; Plutarch, Marcellus, 18. Polybius, 8.37.113; Plutarch, Marcellus, 18.

41. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars The Punic Wars, p. 265.

42. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 118.

43. Plutarch, Marcellus, 19. Actually, Plutarch gives three versions of the story, all with the same result. Plutarch, Marcellus, 19. Actually, Plutarch gives three versions of the story, all with the same result.

44. Ibid., 21; Livy, 25.40.13. Ibid., 21; Livy, 25.40.13.

45. Livy, 26.1.10. Livy, 26.1.10.

46. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 119.

47. Livy, 26.21.14. Livy, 26.21.14.

48. Livy, 26.2930. Livy, 26.2930.

49. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 172.

50. Ibid., p. 50; Daly, Ibid., p. 50; Daly, Cannae Cannae, p. 11; Polybius, 3.97.15.

51. Scullard, Scullard, Scipio Africa.n.u.s Scipio Africa.n.u.s 52. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars The Punic Wars, pp. 2467.

53. Polybius, 3.76.811. Polybius, 3.76.811.

54. Ibid., 3.96. Ibid., 3.96.

55. Livy, 22.2021. Livy, 22.2021.

56. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 249.

57. Scullard, Scullard, Scipio Africa.n.u.s, pp Scipio Africa.n.u.s, pp. 323.

58. Livy implies that it was late in 216, but this seems unlikely given the onset of bad weather in the Alps. Livy implies that it was late in 216, but this seems unlikely given the onset of bad weather in the Alps.

59. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 128. Goldsworthy (The Punic Wars (The Punic Wars, p. 250) argues against this comparison, maintaining that there is no sign that Hasdrubal deliberately thinned the Spanish center. But Livy (23.29.8) makes it clear that the Spanish troops were irresolute, something Hasdrubal probably understood and was clever enough to exploit, especially in light of his brother's success at Cannae.

60. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 129.

61. Livy, 25.32.3; Rawlings, "Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldier's War," pp. 912. Livy, 25.32.3; Rawlings, "Celts, Spaniards, and Samnites: Warriors in a Soldier's War," pp. 912.

62. Hoyos, "Hannibal: What Kind of Genius," pp. 1745. Hoyos, "Hannibal: What Kind of Genius," pp. 1745.

63. Livy, 25.33. Livy, 25.33.

64. Ibid., 25.34. Ibid., 25.34.

65. Ibid., 25.356. Ibid., 25.356.

66. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p Hannibal's War, p. 131; Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 253.

67. Livy (26.17.1) gives the figure as six thousand Roman infantry and three hundred cavalry, plus an equal number of allied foot soldiers and eight hundred cavalry. Appian Livy (26.17.1) gives the figure as six thousand Roman infantry and three hundred cavalry, plus an equal number of allied foot soldiers and eight hundred cavalry. Appian (History of Spain (History of Spain, 17) reports ten thousand foot soldiers and a thousand horse.

68. Livy, 26.17.316. Livy, 26.17.316.

69. Ibid., 23.43.4. Ibid., 23.43.4.

70. Ibid., 25.1314; Lazenby, Ibid., 25.1314; Lazenby, Hannibal's War, pp Hannibal's War, pp. 1123.

71. Livy, 25.1617, 25.20.4; Lazenby, Livy, 25.1617, 25.20.4; Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p Hannibal's War, p. 113.

72. Livy, 25.19.917. Livy, 25.19.917.

73. Ibid., 25.21. Ibid., 25.21.

74. Goldsworthy, Goldsworthy, The Punic Wars, p The Punic Wars, p. 237.

75. Livy, 26.1.910. Livy, 26.1.910.

76. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p Hannibal's War, p. 174; Livy, 27.7.1213.

77. Lazenby, Lazenby, Hannibal's War, p Hannibal's War, p. 121.

78. Livy, 26.4.410. Livy, 26.4.410.

79. Ibid., 26.56. Ibid., 26.56.

80. For the alternative versions, see Polybius 9.37 and Livy 26.711. For the alternative versions, see Polybius 9.37 and Livy 26.711.

81. Livy, 26.11.6. Livy, 26.11.6.

82. Ibid., 26.11.4. Ibid., 26.11.4.

CHAPTER VIII: THE AVENGERS.

1. Lancel, Lancel, Hannibal Hannibal, p. 138.

2. See for example Lazenby, See for example Lazenby, Hannibal's War Hannibal's War, p. 133, and H. H. Scullard, Roman Politics, 220150 B.C Roman Politics, 220150 B.C. (Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1973), pp. 667.

3. Livy, 26.19.39. Livy, 26.19.39.

4. Polybius, 10.23. Polybius, 10.23.

5. Livy, 26.19.10. Livy, 26.19.10.