6. I differ from Paul Zanker, Pompeii: Public and Private Life Pompeii: Public and Private Life (1998, English transl.), 234. (1998, English transl.), 234.

7. J. R. Clarke, in D. Fredrick (ed.), The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power and the Body The Roman Gaze: Vision, Power and the Body (2002), 14981, suggests the scenes were comic; J. R. Clarke, (2002), 14981, suggests the scenes were comic; J. R. Clarke, Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of s.e.xuality in Roman Art Looking at Lovemaking: Constructions of s.e.xuality in Roman Art (1998), 21240. (1998), 21240.

8. Lorenzo Fergola and Mario Pagano, Oplontis Oplontis (1998), 19 and 85, for the 'Poppaea' possibility (I incline to it); P. Castren, (1998), 19 and 85, for the 'Poppaea' possibility (I incline to it); P. Castren, Ordo Populusque Pompeia.n.u.s Ordo Populusque Pompeia.n.u.s (1963, 2nd edn.), 209 for the evidence for the family in Pompeii. (1963, 2nd edn.), 209 for the evidence for the family in Pompeii.

9. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IV.7698B, from the 'House of the Moralist', III.iv.23.

CHAPTER 51. 51. A NEW MAN IN ACTION A NEW MAN IN ACTION.

1. R. Syme, Roman Papers Roman Papers, volume VII (1991), 621, and index, 695, for the phrase.

2. M. Winterbottom, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1970), 9097. (1970), 9097.

3. Pliny, Letters Letters 4.25.12. 4.25.12.

4. Pliny, Panegyric Panegyric 76.6; 65.1; 80. 76.6; 65.1; 80.

5. Pliny, Letters Letters 3.20.12. 3.20.12.

6. Pliny, Panegyric Panegyric 74.2 with 73.4 and 2.8. 74.2 with 73.4 and 2.8.

7. Pliny, Letters Letters 10.18. 10.18.

CHAPTER 52. 52. A PAGAN AND CHRISTIANS A PAGAN AND CHRISTIANS.

1. Pliny, Letters Letters, 10.96.

2. R. J. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians Pagans and Christians (1986), 433 and 751 note 37. (1986), 433 and 751 note 37.

3. Pliny, Letters Letters 1.12 and 1.22.810; M. T. Griffin, in 1.12 and 1.22.810; M. T. Griffin, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1986), 6477 and 192202. (1986), 6477 and 192202.

4. Pliny, Letters Letters 4.19. 4.19.

5. Ibid. 4.19.2.

6. Ibid. 7.24.5.

7. Ibid. 7.24.3 and 6.

8. Ibid. 5.6 with P. Barconi and Jose Uroz Saez, La Villa di Plinio La Villa di Plinio... (1999).

9. David R. Coffin, The Villa in the Life of Renaissance Rome The Villa in the Life of Renaissance Rome (1979), 248; also 2667, on Pliny's impact on the Villa Trivulziana, near Salone. (1979), 248; also 2667, on Pliny's impact on the Villa Trivulziana, near Salone.

10. Martial, Epigrams Epigrams 12.18, 12.31, 12.57. 12.18, 12.31, 12.57.

11. Pliny, Letters Letters 9.6; contrast Pope Damasus, in John Matthews, 9.6; contrast Pope Damasus, in John Matthews, The Roman Empire of Ammia.n.u.s The Roman Empire of Ammia.n.u.s (1989), 422. (1989), 422.

12. Hagith Sirvan, Ausonius of Bordeaux Ausonius of Bordeaux (1993), an excellent introduction; G. P. O'Daly, 'Ca.s.siciac.u.m', in C. Mayer (ed.), (1993), an excellent introduction; G. P. O'Daly, 'Ca.s.siciac.u.m', in C. Mayer (ed.), Augustinus-Lexikon Augustinus-Lexikon, volume I (198694), 77182, for the happy life.

CHAPTER 53. 53. REGIME CHANGE, HOME AND AWAY REGIME CHANGE, HOME AND AWAY.

1. Pliny, Panegyric Panegyric 81.1 and 3. 81.1 and 3.

2. M. P. Speidel, Roman Army Studies Roman Army Studies, volume I (1984), 173 and 408.

3. Anthologia Palatina Anthologia Palatina, 6.332; Arrian, Parthica Parthica F 85 (Jacoby). F 85 (Jacoby).

4. Sall.u.s.t, Histories Histories 4.78. 4.78.

5. The crucial point is the death of Pedo, consul for 115, replaced in that year by a suffect; John Malalas is wrong to date his death by earthquake to 13 December 115, wrongly followed by F. A. Lepper, Trajan's Parthian War Trajan's Parthian War (1949), 54 and 99, as already observed by Isobel Henderson, in (1949), 54 and 99, as already observed by Isobel Henderson, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1949), 1214. Coins support an earlier date for the earthquake: (1949), 1214. Coins support an earlier date for the earthquake: British Museum Catalogue British Museum Catalogue, volume III.100. The correct dating is now revived by Anthony R. Birley too, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (1997), 324 note 13. (1997), 324 note 13.

6. John Malalas, Chronicle Chronicle 11.6 (274), which then mentions Arrian's account of 'the war', the source, I suspect, of the letter to the Senate in the previous sentence. 11.6 (274), which then mentions Arrian's account of 'the war', the source, I suspect, of the letter to the Senate in the previous sentence.

7. Samuel N. C. Lieu, Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East Manichaeism in Mesopotamia and the Roman East (1994), 847; G. Luttikhuizen, (1994), 847; G. Luttikhuizen, The Revelation of Elchasai The Revelation of Elchasai... (1985).

CHAPTER 54. 54. PRESENTING THE PAST PRESENTING THE PAST.

1. G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, in British Journal of Sociology British Journal of Sociology (1954), 3348, a brilliant study. (1954), 3348, a brilliant study.

2. Suetonius, Life of Nero Life of Nero 29. 29.

3. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinum Corpus Inscriptionum Latinum, VI.1574, with the very good discussion by Anthony R. Birley, in Historia Historia (2000), 23047. (2000), 23047.

4. R. Syme, Ten Studies in Tacitus Ten Studies in Tacitus (1970), 110 and 11940. (1970), 110 and 11940.

5. Good description in Simon Schama, Landscape and Memory Landscape and Memory (1996). (1996).

6. J. H. Elliott and L. W. B. Brockliss, The World of the Favourite The World of the Favourite (1999), especially 2 and 300. (1999), especially 2 and 300.

HADRIAN: A RETROSPECTIVE.

1. Historia Augusta Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 5.3.

2. Dio, 69.4.2.

3. H. I. Bell, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1940), 13347. (1940), 13347.

4. B. Isaac and A. Oppenheimer, in Journal of Jewish Studies Journal of Jewish Studies (1985), 3360. (1985), 3360.

5. Tertullian, Apology Apology 46 and 46 and On the Prescription of Heretics On the Prescription of Heretics 7. 7.

6. Mary Boatwright, Hadrian and the City of Rome Hadrian and the City of Rome (1987), 190. (1987), 190.

7. I emphasize this as an antidote to 'Hadrian the intellectual', the theme of R. Syme, Roman Papers Roman Papers, volume VI (1991), 103.

8. Historia Augusta Historia Augusta, Hadrian 7.6, 20.1 and 20.8: 'plebis iactantissimus amator'.

9. For the skills of Salvius Julia.n.u.s, see H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 8973, and R. Syme, in Bonner Historia Augusta Colloquium 19869 Bonner Historia Augusta Colloquium 19869 (1991), 20117. (1991), 20117.

10. Peter Garnsey, Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire Social Status and Legal Privilege in the Roman Empire (1970), with (1970), with Digest Digest 48.19.15, 48.28.13 and 18.21.2; very importantly reviewed by P. A. Brunt, in 48.19.15, 48.28.13 and 18.21.2; very importantly reviewed by P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1972), 16670. (1972), 16670.

11. Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes Inscriptiones Graecae ad Res Romanas Pertinentes, volume IV (1927), number 84; also 857.

12. Digest Digest, 5.3.20.

13. F. Millar, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1965), 14160, and P. A. Brunt, in (1965), 14160, and P. A. Brunt, in Athenaeum Athenaeum (1977), 1948, two notable studies of the context. (1977), 1948, two notable studies of the context.

Select Bibliography I list a few of the books and articles which are most relevant to each chapter; these cite many other sources which I have often absorbed. s.p.a.ce has obliged me to be selective, but the numbered notes and the bibliography should direct readers to the sources and discussions of the main issues in my text. The latest Oxford Cla.s.sical Dictionary Oxford Cla.s.sical Dictionary, revised by S. Hornblower and A. J. Spawforth (1996), is an invaluable first stop on topics and individuals, with excellent short entries. Throughout, I would refer to The Cambridge Ancient History The Cambridge Ancient History, volumes III.2XI (19822000) in its second, updated edition. Many of its chapters should be the next resort for those wanting more. Many other one-or two-volume surveys of the cla.s.sical world, or parts of it, exist. John Boardman, Jasper Griffin and Oswyn Murray (eds.), The Oxford History of the Cla.s.sical World The Oxford History of the Cla.s.sical World (1986) has many good chapters and retains its value. Paul Cartledge (ed.), (1986) has many good chapters and retains its value. Paul Cartledge (ed.), Cambridge Ill.u.s.trated History of Ancient Greece Cambridge Ill.u.s.trated History of Ancient Greece (1998) gives particular s.p.a.ce to the material world and the labourers, on which I have said less. Greg Woolf, (1998) gives particular s.p.a.ce to the material world and the labourers, on which I have said less. Greg Woolf, Cambridge Ill.u.s.trated History of the Roman World Cambridge Ill.u.s.trated History of the Roman World (2003) is now its thematic companion volume. Nigel Spivey and Michael Squire, (2003) is now its thematic companion volume. Nigel Spivey and Michael Squire, Panorama of the Cla.s.sical World Panorama of the Cla.s.sical World (2004) is a thematic survey with many more ill.u.s.trations. Charles Freeman, (2004) is a thematic survey with many more ill.u.s.trations. Charles Freeman, Egypt, Greece and Rome Egypt, Greece and Rome (2004) is a good one-volume survey including non-cla.s.sical worlds. Many have been interested by Mary Beard and John Henderson, (2004) is a good one-volume survey including non-cla.s.sical worlds. Many have been interested by Mary Beard and John Henderson, Cla.s.sics: A Very Short Introduction Cla.s.sics: A Very Short Introduction (1995). (1995). The Very Short Introduction to Ancient Warfare The Very Short Introduction to Ancient Warfare, by Harry Sidebottom (2004) is outstandingly good.

The best general work of art history on the Greek side is Martin Robertson, A History of Greek Art A History of Greek Art, volumes 1 and 2 (1972). Nothing quite so good exists in English on the Roman side, but Paul Zanker, The Power of Images in The Age of Augustus The Power of Images in The Age of Augustus (1988) has made a big impression. Sculpture is fully surveyed by W. Fuchs, (1988) has made a big impression. Sculpture is fully surveyed by W. Fuchs, Skulptur der Griechen Skulptur der Griechen (1993, 3rd edn.), the fullest one-volume guide, with many photographs. B. S. Ridgway, (1993, 3rd edn.), the fullest one-volume guide, with many photographs. B. S. Ridgway, The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture The Archaic Style in Greek Sculpture (1993), (1993), Fourth-century Styles in Greek Sculpture Fourth-century Styles in Greek Sculpture (1997) and (1997) and h.e.l.lenistic Sculpture h.e.l.lenistic Sculpture, volumes IIII (19902002) are all excellent guides. J. G. Pedley, Greek Art and Archaeology Greek Art and Archaeology (2002, 3rd edn.) is another, with J. Boardman's very many books especially his (2002, 3rd edn.) is another, with J. Boardman's very many books especially his The Diffusion of Cla.s.sical Art in Antiquity The Diffusion of Cla.s.sical Art in Antiquity (1994). There are now two outstandingly good archaeological guidebooks in English, expert but accessible: Amanda Claridge, (1994). There are now two outstandingly good archaeological guidebooks in English, expert but accessible: Amanda Claridge, Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide Rome: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (1998) and Antony Spawforth and Christopher Mee, (1998) and Antony Spawforth and Christopher Mee, Greece: An Oxford Archaeological Guide Greece: An Oxford Archaeological Guide (2001) which is outstandingly helpful, a major guide to visible Greek 'material culture'. (2001) which is outstandingly helpful, a major guide to visible Greek 'material culture'.

Several publishers now run series on the periods or key themes of ancient history. The Cambridge University Press 'key themes' are accessible and compact, of which Keith Bradley, Slavery and Society at Rome Slavery and Society at Rome (1994), Peter Garnsey, (1994), Peter Garnsey, Food and Society in Cla.s.sical Antiquity Food and Society in Cla.s.sical Antiquity (1999) and Jean Andreau, (1999) and Jean Andreau, Banking and Business in the Roman World Banking and Business in the Roman World (1999) are particularly helpful on themes I compress here. Routledge publish an excellent series which fills out what I condense: Robin Osborne, (1999) are particularly helpful on themes I compress here. Routledge publish an excellent series which fills out what I condense: Robin Osborne, Greece in the Making, 1200479 BC Greece in the Making, 1200479 BC (1996); Simon Hornblower, (1996); Simon Hornblower, The Greek World after Alexander, 32330 BC The Greek World after Alexander, 32330 BC (2000); T. J. Cornell, (2000); T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome, c.1000264 BC The Beginnings of Rome, c.1000264 BC (1995); Martin Goodman, (1995); Martin Goodman, The Roman World, 44 BCAD 180 The Roman World, 44 BCAD 180 (1997). Fontana have published an excellent series of shorter interpretative studies which are also highly recommended: Oswyn Murray, (1997). Fontana have published an excellent series of shorter interpretative studies which are also highly recommended: Oswyn Murray, Early Greece Early Greece (1993); J. K. Davies, (1993); J. K. Davies, Democracy and Cla.s.sical Greece Democracy and Cla.s.sical Greece (1993); F. W. Walbank, (1993); F. W. Walbank, The h.e.l.lenistic World The h.e.l.lenistic World (1992 edn.); Michael Crawford, (1992 edn.); Michael Crawford, The Roman Republic The Roman Republic (1978); Colin Wells, (1978); Colin Wells, The Roman Empire The Roman Empire (1992). They are the best short introductions to these periods. Blackwells have begun a bigger series of 'Companions', of which Andrew Erskine (ed.), (1992). They are the best short introductions to these periods. Blackwells have begun a bigger series of 'Companions', of which Andrew Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the h.e.l.lenistic World A Companion to the h.e.l.lenistic World (2003) is exceptionally good, with other promising volumes to follow. P. J. Rhodes, (2003) is exceptionally good, with other promising volumes to follow. P. J. Rhodes, A History of the Cla.s.sical Greek World, 478323 BC A History of the Cla.s.sical Greek World, 478323 BC (2005) will be the basic survey of this complex period. (2005) will be the basic survey of this complex period.

After a Fontana volume, then a Routledge one and a 'Companion', I recommend strongly the collections of important articles from Edinburgh University Press, of which P. J. Rhodes (ed.), Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy (2004), Michael Whitby (ed.), (2004), Michael Whitby (ed.), Sparta Sparta (2001), Walter Scheidel and Sitta von Reden (eds.), (2001), Walter Scheidel and Sitta von Reden (eds.), The Ancient Economy The Ancient Economy (2002), Mark Golden and Peter Toohey (eds.), (2002), Mark Golden and Peter Toohey (eds.), s.e.x and Difference in Greece and Rome s.e.x and Difference in Greece and Rome (2003) and Clifford Ando (ed.), (2003) and Clifford Ando (ed.), Roman Religion Roman Religion (2003) are particularly relevant and well chosen. (2003) are particularly relevant and well chosen.

Older volumes retain their exceptional value, of which I recommend especially L. H. Jeffery, The Archaic States of Greece The Archaic States of Greece (1976), E. R. Dodds, (1976), E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational The Greeks and the Irrational (1951); A. Andrewes, (1951); A. Andrewes, The Greeks The Greeks (1967); W. G. Forrest, (1967); W. G. Forrest, The Emergence of Greek Democracy The Emergence of Greek Democracy (1963); W. W. Tarn and G. T. Griffith, (1963); W. W. Tarn and G. T. Griffith, h.e.l.lenistic Civilization h.e.l.lenistic Civilization (1952); E. J. Bickerman, (1952); E. J. Bickerman, The Jews in the Greek Age The Jews in the Greek Age (1988), a masterpiece, P. A. Brunt, (1988), a masterpiece, P. A. Brunt, Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic Social Conflicts in the Roman Republic (1971) and J. P. V. D. Balsdon, (1971) and J. P. V. D. Balsdon, Life and Leisure at Rome Life and Leisure at Rome (1969), still not surpa.s.sed. (1969), still not surpa.s.sed.

On my three main themes, I should mention on freedom Kurt Raaflaub, The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece The Discovery of Freedom in Ancient Greece (2004), from which I have sometimes carefully diverged, and P. A. Brunt, (2004), from which I have sometimes carefully diverged, and P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic The Fall of the Roman Republic (1988), 281350, with C. Wirszubski, (1988), 281350, with C. Wirszubski, Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late Republic and Early Princ.i.p.ate Libertas as a Political Idea at Rome during the Late Republic and Early Princ.i.p.ate (1950), importantly reviewed by A. Momigliano in (1950), importantly reviewed by A. Momigliano in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1951), 14453. Paul S. Rahe, (1951), 14453. Paul S. Rahe, Republics Ancient and Modern Republics Ancient and Modern, volume I (1994), is important and challenging. The changing administration of justice is a topic of such increasing complexity that I am aware I have often compressed it. D. M. MacDowell, Spartan Law Spartan Law (1986) and (1986) and The Law in Cla.s.sical Athens The Law in Cla.s.sical Athens (1978) are accessible, with the old, but not unprofitable, survey of R. J. Bonner and G. Smith, (1978) are accessible, with the old, but not unprofitable, survey of R. J. Bonner and G. Smith, The Administration of Justice from Homer to Aristotle The Administration of Justice from Homer to Aristotle, volumes III (19308). For Rome, John A. Crook, Law and Life of Rome Law and Life of Rome (1967) retains its value, with Alan Watson, (1967) retains its value, with Alan Watson, Rome of the XII Tables Rome of the XII Tables (1975) on the earlier period, and the good survey-chapters by Duncan Cloud and John Crook in (1975) on the earlier period, and the good survey-chapters by Duncan Cloud and John Crook in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume IX (1994), 498563 and Bruce W. Frier, ibid., volume X (1996), 95979.

On luxury, A. Dalby, Empire of Pleasures Empire of Pleasures (2000) lists much that was local, as do D. Braund and J. Wilkins, (eds.), (2000) lists much that was local, as do D. Braund and J. Wilkins, (eds.), Athenaeus and His World Athenaeus and His World (2000), with L. Foxhall, in N. Fisher and H. van Wees, (2000), with L. Foxhall, in N. Fisher and H. van Wees, Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence Archaic Greece: New Approaches and New Evidence (1998), 295309, James Davidson, (1998), 295309, James Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes Courtesans and Fishcakes (1998), J. Tondriau, in (1998), J. Tondriau, in Revue des etudes Anciennes Revue des etudes Anciennes (1948), 4952, on the Ptolemies, and A. Pa.s.serini, in (1948), 4952, on the Ptolemies, and A. Pa.s.serini, in Studi italiani di filologia cla.s.sica Studi italiani di filologia cla.s.sica (1934), 3556. R. Bernhardt, (1934), 3556. R. Bernhardt, Luxuskritik und Aufwandsbeschrankungen in der Griechischen Welt Luxuskritik und Aufwandsbeschrankungen in der Griechischen Welt (2003) is important. For Rome, the bibliography to Chapter 30, 'Luxury and Licence', gives good starting points. (2003) is important. For Rome, the bibliography to Chapter 30, 'Luxury and Licence', gives good starting points.

Of course, the ancient sources, including inscriptions, remain fundamental throughout, of which the main authors are all translated in the Penguin Cla.s.sics series or, with facing original texts, in the Loeb Library series whose two volumes on Arrian by P. A. Brunt and those on Cicero's Letters and Martial's Epigrams by D. R. Shackleton Baileyare major scholarly commentaries in their own right.

HADRIAN AND THE CLa.s.sICAL WORLD.

Elizabeth Speller, Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey through the Roman Empire Following Hadrian: A Second-Century Journey through the Roman Empire (2002) is a good account, while Anthony R. Birley, (2002) is a good account, while Anthony R. Birley, Hadrian: The Restless Emperor Hadrian: The Restless Emperor (1997) is an excellent factual study; Mary T. Boatwright, (1997) is an excellent factual study; Mary T. Boatwright, Hadrian and the Italian Cities Hadrian and the Italian Cities (1989), (1989), Hadrian and the City of Rome Hadrian and the City of Rome (1987) and (1987) and Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire (2000) are indispensable sources too. R. Syme's many studies are also an important resource, now available in his (2000) are indispensable sources too. R. Syme's many studies are also an important resource, now available in his Roman Papers Roman Papers II.61728; III.130315 and 143646; IV.94114 and 295324; V.54678; VI.10314, 15781, 34657, 398408. W. L. MacDonald and John A. Pinto, II.61728; III.130315 and 143646; IV.94114 and 295324; V.54678; VI.10314, 15781, 34657, 398408. W. L. MacDonald and John A. Pinto, Hadrian's Villa and Its Legacy Hadrian's Villa and Its Legacy (1995) is particularlystrong on the architecture; David Breeze and Brian Dobson, (1995) is particularlystrong on the architecture; David Breeze and Brian Dobson, Hadrian's Wall Hadrian's Wall (2000, 4th edn.), for Britain; A. J. Spaw-forth and S. Walker, in (2000, 4th edn.), for Britain; A. J. Spaw-forth and S. Walker, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1985), 78104, is still a brilliant study of Hadrian and Athens; J. M. C. Toynbee, (1985), 78104, is still a brilliant study of Hadrian and Athens; J. M. C. Toynbee, The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art The Hadrianic School: A Chapter in the History of Greek Art (1934) is unsurpa.s.sed, still. On the term 'cla.s.sic', see now P. R. Hardie, 'Cla.s.sicism' in (1934) is unsurpa.s.sed, still. On the term 'cla.s.sic', see now P. R. Hardie, 'Cla.s.sicism' in Oxford Cla.s.sical Dictionary Oxford Cla.s.sical Dictionary (1996, 3rd edn.), 336, to which add Tonio Holscher, (1996, 3rd edn.), 336, to which add Tonio Holscher, The Language of Images in Roman Art The Language of Images in Roman Art (2004, English translation). R. Lambert, (2004, English translation). R. Lambert, Beloved and G.o.d: The Story of Antinous and Hadrian Beloved and G.o.d: The Story of Antinous and Hadrian (1984) is worth serious engagement. L. Robert, in (1984) is worth serious engagement. L. Robert, in Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1978), 43752, is brilliant on Hadrian the Hunter in Asia Minor. (1978), 43752, is brilliant on Hadrian the Hunter in Asia Minor.

CHAPTER 1. 1. HOMERIC EPIC HOMERIC EPIC.

Jasper Griffin, Homer on Life and Death Homer on Life and Death (1980) is a cla.s.sic; Jasper Griffin, (1980) is a cla.s.sic; Jasper Griffin, Homer: The Odyssey Homer: The Odyssey (1987), a good short guide. J. B. Hainsworth, (1987), a good short guide. J. B. Hainsworth, The Idea of Epic The Idea of Epic (1991), on composition. Douglas L. Cairns, (1991), on composition. Douglas L. Cairns, Oxford Readings in Homer's Iliad Oxford Readings in Homer's Iliad (2001), a good selection of essays; Robert Fowler (ed.), (2001), a good selection of essays; Robert Fowler (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Homer The Cambridge Companion to Homer (2004), the latest of many such. The best commentaries are the three-volume (2004), the latest of many such. The best commentaries are the three-volume A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey A Commentary on Homer's Odyssey, translated and republished by the Clarendon Press, Oxford (198593) and the six-volume The Iliad: A Commentary The Iliad: A Commentary, under the general editorship of G. S. Kirk, from Cambridge (198593). J.-P. Crielaard (ed.), Homeric Questions Homeric Questions (1995), 20189, on eighth-century dating. Barbara Graziosi, (1995), 20189, on eighth-century dating. Barbara Graziosi, Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic Inventing Homer: The Early Reception of Epic (2002), on the 'biography' of Homer. On the trial scene in (2002), on the 'biography' of Homer. On the trial scene in Iliad Iliad 18, H. J. Wolff, in 18, H. J. Wolff, in Traditio Traditio (1946), 3187, is still a starting point. (1946), 3187, is still a starting point.

CHAPTER 2. 2. THE GREEKS' SETTLEMENTS THE GREEKS' SETTLEMENTS On the polis polis, M. H. Hansen, in Historia Historia (2003), 25782, summarizes his group's researches since 1993; John Boardman, (2003), 25782, summarizes his group's researches since 1993; John Boardman, The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade The Greeks Overseas: Their Early Colonies and Trade (4th edn., 1999) is fundamental; R. Osborne, (4th edn., 1999) is fundamental; R. Osborne, Greece in the Making, 1200479 BC Greece in the Making, 1200479 BC (1996), 19136, and especially I. Lemos, (1996), 19136, and especially I. Lemos, The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC The Protogeometric Aegean: The Archaeology of the Late Eleventh and Tenth Centuries BC (2002), for the 'dark' ages. M. Popham, in Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and F. de Angelis (eds.), (2002), for the 'dark' ages. M. Popham, in Gocha R. Tsetskhladze and F. de Angelis (eds.), The Archaeology of Greek Colonization The Archaeology of Greek Colonization (1994), 1134, summarizes work at Lefkandi in Euboea; M. A. Aubet, (1994), 1134, summarizes work at Lefkandi in Euboea; M. A. Aubet, The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade The Phoenicians and the West: Politics, Colonies and Trade (1996 edn.). On Greekness, see especially R. Fowler, 'Genealogical Thinking: Hesiod's Catalogue and the Creation of the h.e.l.lenes', in (1996 edn.). On Greekness, see especially R. Fowler, 'Genealogical Thinking: Hesiod's Catalogue and the Creation of the h.e.l.lenes', in Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society Proceedings of the Cambridge Philological Society, 44 (1998), 120. G. R. Tsetskhladze and A. M. Snodgra.s.s (eds.), Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea Greek Settlements in the Eastern Mediterranean and the Black Sea (2002). Otar Lordkipanidze, (2002). Otar Lordkipanidze, Phasis: The River and City in Colchis Phasis: The River and City in Colchis (2000). L. Robert, in (2000). L. Robert, in Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1978), 5358, is brilliant on wine-growing at Koumi in Euboea; Gunter Kopcke, in Erica Ehrenberg (ed.), (1978), 5358, is brilliant on wine-growing at Koumi in Euboea; Gunter Kopcke, in Erica Ehrenberg (ed.), Leaving No Stones Unturned Leaving No Stones Unturned... (2002), 10918, on the pottery fragments found in Galilee; D. Ridgway, The First Western Greeks The First Western Greeks (1992), on work at Ischia; W. Burkert, (1992), on work at Ischia; W. Burkert, The Orientalizing Revolution The Orientalizing Revolution (1992) provokes thought; Irad Malkin, in Peter Derow and Robert Parker (eds.), (1992) provokes thought; Irad Malkin, in Peter Derow and Robert Parker (eds.), Herodotus and His World Herodotus and His World (2003), 15370, opposes, as I do, the incorrect notion that settlements were unofficial in every case, and that all written evidence for their nature and organization should be regarded as later folk tale or adjusted 'legend'. On Acragas, Sybaris and everything Western, T. J. Dunbabin, (2003), 15370, opposes, as I do, the incorrect notion that settlements were unofficial in every case, and that all written evidence for their nature and organization should be regarded as later folk tale or adjusted 'legend'. On Acragas, Sybaris and everything Western, T. J. Dunbabin, The Western Greeks The Western Greeks (1948), especially pages 7583 and 30525. (1948), especially pages 7583 and 30525.

CHAPTER 3. 3. ARISTOCRATS ARISTOCRATS.

Jacob Burckhardt, The Greeks and Greek Civilization The Greeks and Greek Civilization, abridged and translated by Sheila Stern (1998), 160213, a cla.s.sic study, though best read in German as the translation is abbreviated. Walter Donlan, The Aristocratic Ideal in Ancient Greece The Aristocratic Ideal in Ancient Greece (1980) is a good modern survey, now updated with his selected papers (1999) in a reissue. Robert Parker, (1980) is a good modern survey, now updated with his selected papers (1999) in a reissue. Robert Parker, Athenian Religion: A History Athenian Religion: A History (1996), chapters 23, 5 and pages 284327 show the detail and problems of (1996), chapters 23, 5 and pages 284327 show the detail and problems of gen gen in our best-known city-state; F. Bourriot, in our best-known city-state; F. Bourriot, Recherches sur la nature du genos Recherches sur la nature du genos (1976) is not a definitive treatment by any means. R. Lane Fox, in R. Brock and S. Hodkinson (eds.), (1976) is not a definitive treatment by any means. R. Lane Fox, in R. Brock and S. Hodkinson (eds.), Alternatives to Athens Alternatives to Athens (2000), 3551, on Theognis' arch-aristocratic outlook; I have to say I am quite unconvinced, as Theognis would be, by H. van Wees, ibid., pages 5267, and the attempt to recla.s.sify him as a mafioso, one among many; Theognis, lines 1838 are eugenic, as Xenophon, in (2000), 3551, on Theognis' arch-aristocratic outlook; I have to say I am quite unconvinced, as Theognis would be, by H. van Wees, ibid., pages 5267, and the attempt to recla.s.sify him as a mafioso, one among many; Theognis, lines 1838 are eugenic, as Xenophon, in Stobaeus Florilegium Stobaeus Florilegium 88.14 was aware, though arguing for a new interpretation. The 'aristocracy' cannot be taken out of early Greek ('eupatrid') history. Nigel Spivey, 88.14 was aware, though arguing for a new interpretation. The 'aristocracy' cannot be taken out of early Greek ('eupatrid') history. Nigel Spivey, The Ancient Olympics The Ancient Olympics (2004) is now an excellent guide to athletic matters; O. Murray (ed.), (2004) is now an excellent guide to athletic matters; O. Murray (ed.), Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposium Sympotica: A Symposium on the Symposium (1990), on the parties; on hunting, R. Lane Fox, in J. B. Salmon and Graham Shipley (eds.), (1990), on the parties; on hunting, R. Lane Fox, in J. B. Salmon and Graham Shipley (eds.), Human Human Landscapes in Cla.s.sical Antiquity Landscapes in Cla.s.sical Antiquity (1996) 11953; K. J. Dover, (1996) 11953; K. J. Dover, Greek h.o.m.os.e.xuality Greek h.o.m.os.e.xuality (1978), 49135, is basic, but with the important critique by James Davidson, in (1978), 49135, is basic, but with the important critique by James Davidson, in Past and Present Past and Present (2001), 351. Sitta von Reden, (2001), 351. Sitta von Reden, Exchange in Ancient Greece Exchange in Ancient Greece (1995), 178, on gifts; Paul Cartledge, in Peter Garnsey, Keith Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker (eds.), (1995), 178, on gifts; Paul Cartledge, in Peter Garnsey, Keith Hopkins and C. R. Whittaker (eds.), Trade in the Ancient Economy Trade in the Ancient Economy (1983), 115, on trade and politics; Philip de Souza, in Nick Fisher and Hans van Wees, (1983), 115, on trade and politics; Philip de Souza, in Nick Fisher and Hans van Wees, Archaic Greece Archaic Greece (1998), 27194, discusses, less optimistically, the problems of early naval warfare. (1998), 27194, discusses, less optimistically, the problems of early naval warfare.

CHAPTER 4. 4. THE IMMORTAL G.o.dS THE IMMORTAL G.o.dS.

Mary Lefkowitz, Greek G.o.ds, Human Lives: What We Can Learn from the Myths Greek G.o.ds, Human Lives: What We Can Learn from the Myths (2003) also sees the lasting force of this aspect of Greeks' imagination; Jan N. Bremmer, (2003) also sees the lasting force of this aspect of Greeks' imagination; Jan N. Bremmer, The Rise and Fall of the Afterlife The Rise and Fall of the Afterlife (2002), with N. J. Richardson, in P. E. Easterling and J. V. Muir (eds.), (2002), with N. J. Richardson, in P. E. Easterling and J. V. Muir (eds.), Greek Religion and Society Greek Religion and Society (1985), 5066. Simon Price, (1985), 5066. Simon Price, Religions of the Ancient Greeks Religions of the Ancient Greeks (1999); W. Burkert, (1999); W. Burkert, Greek Religion: Archaic and Cla.s.sical Greek Religion: Archaic and Cla.s.sical (1985) is the cla.s.sic handbook; A. D. Nock, (1985) is the cla.s.sic handbook; A. D. Nock, Essays on Religion and the Ancient World Essays on Religion and the Ancient World, ed. Z. Stewart, volumes I and II (1972) are cla.s.sics; so is R. C. T. Parker, Athenian Religion: A History Athenian Religion: A History (1996), with his 'G.o.ds Cruel and Kind' in C. Pelling (ed.), (1996), with his 'G.o.ds Cruel and Kind' in C. Pelling (ed.), Greek Tragedy and the Historian Greek Tragedy and the Historian (1997), 14360. W. H. D. Rouse, (1997), 14360. W. H. D. Rouse, Greek Votive Offerings Greek Votive Offerings (1902). F. Graf, 'Dionysian and Orphic Eschatology: New Texts and Old Questions', in T. H. Carpenter and C. A. Faraone (eds.), (1902). F. Graf, 'Dionysian and Orphic Eschatology: New Texts and Old Questions', in T. H. Carpenter and C. A. Faraone (eds.), Masks of Dionysos Masks of Dionysos (1993), 23958, marks a new start. J. Gould, (1993), 23958, marks a new start. J. Gould, Myth, Ritual, Memory and Exchange Myth, Ritual, Memory and Exchange (2001), 26982, and E. Csapo, in (2001), 26982, and E. Csapo, in Phoenix Phoenix (1997), 25395, are both good on Dionysus; R. Lane Fox, (1997), 25395, are both good on Dionysus; R. Lane Fox, Pagans and Christians Pagans and Christians (1986), 10267, on the presence of the G.o.ds; H. W. Parke, (1986), 10267, on the presence of the G.o.ds; H. W. Parke, Greek Oracles Greek Oracles (1967), (1967), The Oracles of Zeus The Oracles of Zeus (1967) and (1967) and The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor The Oracles of Apollo in Asia Minor (1983), with Robert Parker, in P. Cartledge and F. D. Harvey, (1983), with Robert Parker, in P. Cartledge and F. D. Harvey, Crux: Essays Presented to G. E. M. de Sainte Croix Crux: Essays Presented to G. E. M. de Sainte Croix (1985), 298326. (1985), 298326.

CHAPTER 5. 5. TYRANTS AND LAWGIVERS TYRANTS AND LAWGIVERS.

A. Andrewes, The Greek Tyrants The Greek Tyrants (1974 edn.); H. W. Pleket, 'The Archaic Tyrannis', in (1974 edn.); H. W. Pleket, 'The Archaic Tyrannis', in Talanta I Talanta I (1969), 1961; J. B. Salmon, 'Political Hoplites', in (1969), 1961; J. B. Salmon, 'Political Hoplites', in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1977), 84101; J. T. Salmon, (1977), 84101; J. T. Salmon, Wealthy Corinth Wealthy Corinth (1984), 186230, and Graham Shipley, (1984), 186230, and Graham Shipley, A History of Samos A History of Samos (1987), 69102, for two good surveys of major tyrannies; Hermann J. Kienast, 'Topography and Architecture of the Archaic Heraion at Samos', in Maria Stamatopoulou and Marina Yeroulanou (eds.), (1987), 69102, for two good surveys of major tyrannies; Hermann J. Kienast, 'Topography and Architecture of the Archaic Heraion at Samos', in Maria Stamatopoulou and Marina Yeroulanou (eds.), Excavating Cla.s.sical Culture Excavating Cla.s.sical Culture (2002), 31126, is important. On Solon, A. Andrewes, in (2002), 31126, is important. On Solon, A. Andrewes, in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume III.3 (1982), 37591 and P. J. Rhodes, A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia A Commentary on the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia (1993 edn.), 11878, are superior to studies written since, most of which they refute; O. Murray, in Paul Cartledge, Paul Millett and Stephen Todd (eds.), (1993 edn.), 11878, are superior to studies written since, most of which they refute; O. Murray, in Paul Cartledge, Paul Millett and Stephen Todd (eds.), Nomos: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society Nomos: Essays in Athenian Law, Politics and Society (1990), 139146, adds value; A. Zimmern, (1990), 139146, adds value; A. Zimmern, The Greek Commonwealth The Greek Commonwealth (1911), 12538, on 'fair play', with the cla.s.sic study of W. G. Forrest, (1911), 12538, on 'fair play', with the cla.s.sic study of W. G. Forrest, Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique Bulletin de Correspondance h.e.l.lenique (1956), 3352, whose long-shots I still want to believe; R. F. Willetts, (1956), 3352, whose long-shots I still want to believe; R. F. Willetts, The Law Code of Gortyn The Law Code of Gortyn (1967) translates the great text on which I side with Edmond Levy, 'La Coherence du code de Gortyne', in Edmond Levy (ed.), (1967) translates the great text on which I side with Edmond Levy, 'La Coherence du code de Gortyne', in Edmond Levy (ed.), La Codification des lois dans l'antiquite La Codification des lois dans l'antiquite (2000), 185214; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (2000), 185214; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Athenian Democratic Origins Athenian Democratic Origins (2004) is magnificently right about the propertycla.s.ses (pages 572), wrong on the 'zeugite' (page 50) and vigorouslywrong, but wary, about ' (2004) is magnificently right about the propertycla.s.ses (pages 572), wrong on the 'zeugite' (page 50) and vigorouslywrong, but wary, about 'hektemoroi' ('sixth-part payers') as essentially debtors (pages 10927). The entire collection is a cla.s.sic.

CHAPTER 6. 6. SPARTA SPARTA.

W. G. Forrest, A History of Sparta A History of Sparta (1994 edn.); M. Whitby (ed.), (1994 edn.); M. Whitby (ed.), Sparta Sparta (2002); Paul Cartledge, (2002); Paul Cartledge, The Spartans: An Epic History The Spartans: An Epic History (2002) and (2002) and Spartan Reflections Spartan Reflections (2001); Anton Powell and Stephen Hodkinson (eds.), (2001); Anton Powell and Stephen Hodkinson (eds.), Sparta beyond the Mirage Sparta beyond the Mirage (2002); Anton Powell (ed.), (2002); Anton Powell (ed.), Cla.s.sical Sparta: Techniques behind Her Success Cla.s.sical Sparta: Techniques behind Her Success (1989) is a fine collection, especially the essays on laughter, on drink and the promotion of harmony and a very penetrating study of Spartan religion by Robert Parker. Alcman's bewitching, and partially intelligible, (1989) is a fine collection, especially the essays on laughter, on drink and the promotion of harmony and a very penetrating study of Spartan religion by Robert Parker. Alcman's bewitching, and partially intelligible, Partheneion Partheneion is most recently discussed by G. O. Hutchinson, is most recently discussed by G. O. Hutchinson, Greek Lyric Poetry Greek Lyric Poetry (2001); G. Devereux, in (2001); G. Devereux, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1965), 17684, is excellent on the horses; Daniel Ogden, in (1965), 17684, is excellent on the horses; Daniel Ogden, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1994), 8591, is an excellent guide to the Great Rhetra's problems; Nino Luraghi and Susan Alc.o.c.k (eds.), (1994), 8591, is an excellent guide to the Great Rhetra's problems; Nino Luraghi and Susan Alc.o.c.k (eds.), Helots and Their Masters Helots and Their Masters (2003), on an ill-attested subject; Robin Osborne, 'The Spartan Exception?', in Marja C. Vink (ed.), (2003), on an ill-attested subject; Robin Osborne, 'The Spartan Exception?', in Marja C. Vink (ed.), Debating Dark Ages Debating Dark Ages (19967), 1923, for a clear summary of archaeological evidence. (19967), 1923, for a clear summary of archaeological evidence.

CHAPTER 7. 7. THE EASTERN GREEKS THE EASTERN GREEKS.