John M. Cook, The Greeks in Ionia and the East The Greeks in Ionia and the East (1960) and G. L. Huxley, (1960) and G. L. Huxley, The Early Ionians The Early Ionians (1966) are full of detail; Graham Shipley, (1966) are full of detail; Graham Shipley, A History of Samos A History of Samos (1983) and C. Roebuck and H. Kyrieleis, in J. Boardman and C. E. Vaphopoulou-Richardson (eds.), (1983) and C. Roebuck and H. Kyrieleis, in J. Boardman and C. E. Vaphopoulou-Richardson (eds.), Chios Chios (1984), 818 and 187204, are excellent island studies; Ellen Greene (ed.), (1984), 818 and 187204, are excellent island studies; Ellen Greene (ed.), Re-reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches Re-reading Sappho: Contemporary Approaches (1996), especially chapters 7 and 8. Edward Hussey, (1996), especially chapters 7 and 8. Edward Hussey, The Presocratics The Presocratics (1996 edn.) is very clear; Jonathan Barnes, (1996 edn.) is very clear; Jonathan Barnes, Early Greek Philosophy Early Greek Philosophy (2001, revised edn.) and (2001, revised edn.) and The Presocratic Philosophers The Presocratic Philosophers (1999) are fuller; Alan M. Greaves, (1999) are fuller; Alan M. Greaves, Miletos: A History Miletos: A History (2002), not displacing the older and wilder Adelaide G. Dunham, (2002), not displacing the older and wilder Adelaide G. Dunham, The History of Miletus Down to the Anabasis of Alexander The History of Miletus Down to the Anabasis of Alexander (1919); R. M. Cook and Pierre Dupont, (1919); R. M. Cook and Pierre Dupont, East Greek Pottery East Greek Pottery (2002). Thomas Braun, 'Hecataeus' Knowledge of the Western Mediterranean', in Kathryn Lomas (ed.), (2002). Thomas Braun, 'Hecataeus' Knowledge of the Western Mediterranean', in Kathryn Lomas (ed.), Greek Ident.i.ty in the Western Mediterranean Greek Ident.i.ty in the Western Mediterranean (2004), 287348, a very important study; Robert Leighton, (2004), 287348, a very important study; Robert Leighton, Tarquinia: An Etruscan City Tarquinia: An Etruscan City (2004) with Sybille Haynes, (2004) with Sybille Haynes, Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History Etruscan Civilization: A Cultural History (2000), an excellent overview, and her well-based novel about Etruscan life, (2000), an excellent overview, and her well-based novel about Etruscan life, The Augur's Daughter The Augur's Daughter (1987). (1987).

CHAPTER 8. 8. TOWARDS DEMOCRACY TOWARDS DEMOCRACY.

I. Malkin, Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean Myth and Territory in the Spartan Mediterranean (1994); W. G. Forrest, (1994); W. G. Forrest, A History of Sparta A History of Sparta (1967), 6995, a cla.s.sic; Adrienne Mayor, (1967), 6995, a cla.s.sic; Adrienne Mayor, The First Fossil Hunters The First Fossil Hunters (2000), a brilliant study of 'bones'; Martin Ostwald, (2000), a brilliant study of 'bones'; Martin Ostwald, Autonomia: Its Genesis and Early History Autonomia: Its Genesis and Early History (1982), with which I have disagreed; R. J. Lane Fox and also O. Murray, in John T. A. Koumoulides, (1982), with which I have disagreed; R. J. Lane Fox and also O. Murray, in John T. A. Koumoulides, The Good Idea: Democracy and Ancient Greece The Good Idea: Democracy and Ancient Greece (1995) on Cleisthenes, and Orlando Patterson, (1995) on Cleisthenes, and Orlando Patterson, Freedom Freedom (1997) with which I disagree; W. G. Forrest, (1997) with which I disagree; W. G. Forrest, The Emergence of Greek Democracy The Emergence of Greek Democracy (1963) is the cla.s.sic studystill, with the very important essay by A. Andrewes, in (1963) is the cla.s.sic studystill, with the very important essay by A. Andrewes, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1977), 2418 and by H. T. Wade-Gery, (1977), 2418 and by H. T. Wade-Gery, Essays in Greek History Essays in Greek History (1958), 13554, a still-inspiring collection; D. M. Lewis, in (1958), 13554, a still-inspiring collection; D. M. Lewis, in Historia Historia (1963), 2240, is the cla.s.sic on the infrastructure; P. J. Rhodes (ed.), (1963), 2240, is the cla.s.sic on the infrastructure; P. J. Rhodes (ed.), Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy (2004) is a good selection of papers; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (2004) is a good selection of papers; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Athenian Democratic Origins Athenian Democratic Origins (2004), 180214, excellent on ostracism; Mogens H. Hansen, (2004), 180214, excellent on ostracism; Mogens H. Hansen, The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes The Athenian Democracy in the Age of Demosthenes (1991; revised edn., 1999), on inst.i.tutions; J. K. Davies, in Peter Derow and Robert Parker, (1991; revised edn., 1999), on inst.i.tutions; J. K. Davies, in Peter Derow and Robert Parker, Herodotus and His World Herodotus and His World (2003), 31936, on sixth-century state development; D. Mertens, in (2003), 31936, on sixth-century state development; D. Mertens, in Bolletino d'arte Bolletino d'arte (1982), 157, on Metapontum; Eric W. Robinson, (1982), 157, on Metapontum; Eric W. Robinson, The First Democracies The First Democracies (1997), for rival 'firsts' for which I do not accept the evidence. (1997), for rival 'firsts' for which I do not accept the evidence.

CHAPTER 9. 9. THE PERSIAN WARS THE PERSIAN WARS.

P. Briant, From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire, translated by Peter T. Daniels (2002), is a ma.s.sive survey, with strong interpretations; E. J. Bickermann, in Journal of Biblical Literature Journal of Biblical Literature (19456), 24975, is cla.s.sic on Cyrus and the Jews; O. Murray, in (19456), 24975, is cla.s.sic on Cyrus and the Jews; O. Murray, in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume IV (1988), 46190, J. L. Myres, in Palestine Exploration Quarterly Palestine Exploration Quarterly (1953), 822, a brilliant essay, and W. G. Forrest, in (1953), 822, a brilliant essay, and W. G. Forrest, in International History Review International History Review (1979), 31125, another: all discuss the Revolt in Asia Minor; A. R. Burn, (1979), 31125, another: all discuss the Revolt in Asia Minor; A. R. Burn, Persia and the Greeks: The Defence of the West Persia and the Greeks: The Defence of the West (1984, 2nd edn.) is best on the wars; Philip de Souza, (1984, 2nd edn.) is best on the wars; Philip de Souza, The Greek and Persian Wars, 499386 BC The Greek and Persian Wars, 499386 BC (2003) gives a simple overview; N. G. L. Hammond and J. P. Barron in (2003) gives a simple overview; N. G. L. Hammond and J. P. Barron in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume IV (1988), 46190 and 592622, are excellent on detail; D. B. Thompson, in The Aegean and the Near East: Studies Presented to Hatty Goldman The Aegean and the Near East: Studies Presented to Hatty Goldman (1956), 28191 is cla.s.sic on the Persian spoils in Athens; E. Hall, (1956), 28191 is cla.s.sic on the Persian spoils in Athens; E. Hall, Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy Inventing the Barbarian: Greek Self-Definition through Tragedy (1989) is valid for vase painting and drama at Athens only; Margaret C. Miller, (1989) is valid for vase painting and drama at Athens only; Margaret C. Miller, Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC Athens and Persia in the Fifth Century BC (1997) elaborates on the Persians' impact. (1997) elaborates on the Persians' impact.

CHAPTER 10. 10. THE WESTERN GREEKS THE WESTERN GREEKS.

E. A. Freeman, A History of Sicily A History of Sicily, volume II (1891), 49222, is still unsurpa.s.sed; Georges Vallet, in Pindare: Huit exposes Pindare: Huit exposes, Entretiens Fondation Hardt x.x.xI (1984), 285327, is also a tour de force, especially Pindar as 'temoin oculaire' of erupting Etna, Pindar in (male) love while others were at war at Marathon (page 312: 'oui, Pindare a aime ce jeune home sage et bon, ami des Muses': Thrasybulus of Agrigentum) and then Pindar confronted with unpredictable democracy (pages 31617), with the brilliant study by W. S. Barrett, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1973), 2335. On Pindar and the afterlife, Hugh Lloyd-Jones, ibid. (1984), 24583 is also excellent. J. G. Pedley, (1973), 2335. On Pindar and the afterlife, Hugh Lloyd-Jones, ibid. (1984), 24583 is also excellent. J. G. Pedley, Paestum: Greeks and Romans in Southern Italy Paestum: Greeks and Romans in Southern Italy (1990) is a fine survey of a fine site; J. J. Coulton, (1990) is a fine survey of a fine site; J. J. Coulton, Greek Architects at Work Greek Architects at Work (1977), 828 and 1414, on temple-building; M. W. Frederiksen, (1977), 828 and 1414, on temple-building; M. W. Frederiksen, Campania Campania (1984), 85133, on Greeks in Italy and Etruria; on early Rome, T. J. Cornell, (1984), 85133, on Greeks in Italy and Etruria; on early Rome, T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome The Beginnings of Rome (1995), chapters 311, although I certainly do not accept that 'Etruscan Rome' was a 'myth'; Christopher J. Smith, (1995), chapters 311, although I certainly do not accept that 'Etruscan Rome' was a 'myth'; Christopher J. Smith, Early Rome and Latium Early Rome and Latium (1996), for Rome's surrounds; A. Grandazzi, (1996), for Rome's surrounds; A. Grandazzi, The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History The Foundation of Rome: Myth and History (1997), for more of the former than the latter; Alan Watson, (1997), for more of the former than the latter; Alan Watson, Rome of the XII Tables: Persons and Property Rome of the XII Tables: Persons and Property (1975) is an enjoyable study, with A. W. Lintott, (1975) is an enjoyable study, with A. W. Lintott, The Const.i.tution of the Roman Republic The Const.i.tution of the Roman Republic (1999), 27146, a magisterial survey. For the Tables themselves, M. H. Crawford, (1999), 27146, a magisterial survey. For the Tables themselves, M. H. Crawford, Roman Statutes Roman Statutes, volume II (1996), 555722, a fine study.

CHAPTER 11. 11. CONQUEST AND EMPIRE CONQUEST AND EMPIRE.

P. J. Rhodes, The Athenian Empire The Athenian Empire (1985) gives an excellent survey; R. Meiggs, (1985) gives an excellent survey; R. Meiggs, The Athenian Empire The Athenian Empire (1975) is cla.s.sic, especially chapters 1123 and pages 413589; I confess to disbelieving in a 'Delian League', to rejecting the superfluous activities of Aristides, mythologized in Aristotle, (1975) is cla.s.sic, especially chapters 1123 and pages 413589; I confess to disbelieving in a 'Delian League', to rejecting the superfluous activities of Aristides, mythologized in Aristotle, Athenaion Politeia Athenaion Politeia 23.45, and therefore to accepting the lucid view of A. Giovannini and G. Gottlieb, in 23.45, and therefore to accepting the lucid view of A. Giovannini and G. Gottlieb, in Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften: Phil.-Hist. Kla.s.se Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften: Phil.-Hist. Kla.s.se (1980), 745 which torpedoes much modern debate. P. J. Stylianou, (1980), 745 which torpedoes much modern debate. P. J. Stylianou, The Age of the Kingdoms The Age of the Kingdoms (1989), 42858, is a good view from Cyprus outwards; W. G. Forrest, in (1989), 42858, is a good view from Cyprus outwards; W. G. Forrest, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1960), 23241, is a cla.s.sic, on the 'two groups' of Athenians. J. K. Davies, (1960), 23241, is a cla.s.sic, on the 'two groups' of Athenians. J. K. Davies, Democracy and Cla.s.sical Greece Democracy and Cla.s.sical Greece (1993, 2nd edn.), chapters 4, 5 and 6, is particularly clear. S. Brenne and P. Siewert, (1993, 2nd edn.), chapters 4, 5 and 6, is particularly clear. S. Brenne and P. Siewert, Ostrakismos-Testimonien Ostrakismos-Testimonien (2002 in progress) publishes the excellent new range of ostraka, while G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (2002 in progress) publishes the excellent new range of ostraka, while G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Athenian Democratic Origins Athenian Democratic Origins (2004), 180214, explains the inst.i.tution; M. Ostwald, (2004), 180214, explains the inst.i.tution; M. Ostwald, From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law (1986), 2883, on const.i.tutional change at Athens; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, in (1986), 2883, on const.i.tutional change at Athens; G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, in Historia Historia (19545), 140, is still the best study of the 'character' of the Empire, after decades of debate and criticism; D. M. Lewis, (19545), 140, is still the best study of the 'character' of the Empire, after decades of debate and criticism; D. M. Lewis, Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History Selected Papers in Greek and Near Eastern History (1997) 921, on the 'first' war; Jeffrey M. Hurwit, (1997) 921, on the 'first' war; Jeffrey M. Hurwit, The Athenian Acropolis The Athenian Acropolis (1999), 138245, on its changing face. E. A. Freeman, (1999), 138245, on its changing face. E. A. Freeman, The History of Sicily The History of Sicily, volume II (1891), 222429, is still unsurpa.s.sed on the West.

CHAPTER 12. 12. A CHANGING GREEK CULTURAL WORLD A CHANGING GREEK CULTURAL WORLD.

Deborah Boedeker and Kurt A. Raaflaub (eds.), Democracy, Empire and the Arts in Fifth Century Athens Democracy, Empire and the Arts in Fifth Century Athens (1998); T. B. L. Webster, (1998); T. B. L. Webster, Athenian Culture and Society Athenian Culture and Society (1973) is still valuable; Martin Robertson, (1973) is still valuable; Martin Robertson, A History of Greek Art A History of Greek Art, volume I (1972), 292362, and his The Art of Vase Painting in Cla.s.sical Athens The Art of Vase Painting in Cla.s.sical Athens (1992) are cla.s.sic on the cla.s.sical age; James Whitley, (1992) are cla.s.sic on the cla.s.sical age; James Whitley, The Archaeology of Ancient Greece The Archaeology of Ancient Greece (2001), 26994, finds 'defining the "cla.s.sical" an elusive task', by contrast. Terence Irwin, (2001), 26994, finds 'defining the "cla.s.sical" an elusive task', by contrast. Terence Irwin, Cla.s.sical Thought Cla.s.sical Thought (1989) is very clear and E. R. Dodds, (1989) is very clear and E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational The Greeks and the Irrational (1951), 179206, and (1951), 179206, and The Ancient Concept of Progress The Ancient Concept of Progress (1973), 125, are unarguably cla.s.sics, perhaps even for J. Whitley. R. Netz, (1973), 125, are unarguably cla.s.sics, perhaps even for J. Whitley. R. Netz, The Shaping of Deduction in Early Greek Mathematics The Shaping of Deduction in Early Greek Mathematics (1999) is very important. On Herodotus, John Gould, (1999) is very important. On Herodotus, John Gould, Herodotus Herodotus (1989) with Thomas Harrison, (1989) with Thomas Harrison, Divinity and History Divinity and History (2000), a helpful study, Rosalind Thomas, (2000), a helpful study, Rosalind Thomas, Herodotus in Context Herodotus in Context (2000) from whom I differ. R. L. Fowler, in (2000) from whom I differ. R. L. Fowler, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1996), 6287, inclines against a Herodotus who is 'first' on the historical scene. W. G. Forrest, in (1996), 6287, inclines against a Herodotus who is 'first' on the historical scene. W. G. Forrest, in Phoenix Phoenix (1984), 111, is very important on Herodotus' politics. W. K. Pritchett, (1984), 111, is very important on Herodotus' politics. W. K. Pritchett, The Liar School of Herodotus The Liar School of Herodotus (1993) is vigorous and pages 15059 address the chariot-group at Athens and Herodotus' visit, a reason why, perhaps too specifically, I put him in Athens in 438/7, before (on usual dating) the new Propylaea; the ancients think of a visit in 446/5, perhaps only as a synchronism with the Thirty Years Peace. Margaret C. Miller, in (1993) is vigorous and pages 15059 address the chariot-group at Athens and Herodotus' visit, a reason why, perhaps too specifically, I put him in Athens in 438/7, before (on usual dating) the new Propylaea; the ancients think of a visit in 446/5, perhaps only as a synchronism with the Thirty Years Peace. Margaret C. Miller, in American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Archaeology (1999), 22354, memorably discusses the scenes of cross-dressing. J. Gould, in (1999), 22354, memorably discusses the scenes of cross-dressing. J. Gould, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1980), 3855, is a basic study on Athenian women, with Roger Just, (1980), 3855, is a basic study on Athenian women, with Roger Just, Women in Ancient Law and Life Women in Ancient Law and Life (1987), essays in Ian McAusland and Peter Walcot, (1987), essays in Ian McAusland and Peter Walcot, Women in Antiquity Women in Antiquity (1996) and much else. R. Osborne, in (1996) and much else. R. Osborne, in Past and Present Past and Present (1997), 333, points to a change in the representation of women, albeit in our surviving evidence; I hesitate to link it to the citizenship law, on which G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (1997), 333, points to a change in the representation of women, albeit in our surviving evidence; I hesitate to link it to the citizenship law, on which G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Athenian Democratic Origins Athenian Democratic Origins (2004), 23353. On Sculpture, Andreas Scholl, (2004), 23353. On Sculpture, Andreas Scholl, Die korenhalle Des Erechtheion Die korenhalle Des Erechtheion (1998), with J. B. Connelly, in (1998), with J. B. Connelly, in American Journal of Archaeology American Journal of Archaeology (1996), 5380, is brilliantly controversial and not yet refuted by critics; Stefano d'Ayala Valva, in (1996), 5380, is brilliantly controversial and not yet refuted by critics; Stefano d'Ayala Valva, in Antike Kunst Antike Kunst (1996), 513, is very important, with W. Fuchs, Torsten Mattern, ed., (1996), 513, is very important, with W. Fuchs, Torsten Mattern, ed., Munus... fur Hans Wiegart Munus... fur Hans Wiegart (2000) 1112 identifying Erichthonios in the Frieze's procession. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, (2000) 1112 identifying Erichthonios in the Frieze's procession. A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, The Dramatic Festivals of Athens The Dramatic Festivals of Athens (1986, revised edn.), 26378, is still basic on the audience; on tragedy and 'political ideas', S. Goldhill, in Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield (eds.), (1986, revised edn.), 26378, is still basic on the audience; on tragedy and 'political ideas', S. Goldhill, in Christopher Rowe and Malcolm Schofield (eds.), Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Political Thought (2000), 6088, for a clear survey, but see Jasper Griffin, in (2000), 6088, for a clear survey, but see Jasper Griffin, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1998), 3961. I wrote this chapter before the publication of P. J. Rhodes, in (1998), 3961. I wrote this chapter before the publication of P. J. Rhodes, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (2003), 10419, which is very important. Eric Segal (ed.), (2003), 10419, which is very important. Eric Segal (ed.), Oxford Readings in Aristophanes Oxford Readings in Aristophanes (1996) and Malcolm Heath, (1996) and Malcolm Heath, Political Comedy in Aristophanes Political Comedy in Aristophanes (1987) provoke thought; W. G. Forrest, in (1987) provoke thought; W. G. Forrest, in Klio Klio (1970), 10716, is important for the context, surely, of (1970), 10716, is important for the context, surely, of Knights Knights; Nan Dunbar, Aristophanes' Birds Aristophanes' Birds (1994) is a brilliant commentary. (1994) is a brilliant commentary.

CHAPTER 13. 13. PERICLES AND ATHENS PERICLES AND ATHENS.

Plutarch's Life of Pericles Life of Pericles is edited by Frank J. Frost (1980); Anthony J. Podlecki, is edited by Frank J. Frost (1980); Anthony J. Podlecki, Perikles and His Circle Perikles and His Circle (1998) and (1998) and An Age of Glory: Athens in the Time of Pericles An Age of Glory: Athens in the Time of Pericles (1975); A. W. Gomme, (1975); A. W. Gomme, Historical Commentary on Thucydides Historical Commentary on Thucydides, volumes 1 and 2, for n.o.ble observations on Thucydides, 1.14044, 2.3546 and 2.6064. Jeffrey M. Hurwit, The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles The Acropolis in the Age of Pericles (2004). (2004).

CHAPTER 14. 14. THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR THE PELOPONNESIAN WAR.

D. M. Lewis, in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume V (1992), 370432, and A. Andrewes, ibid. (1992), 43398, are now the best surveys; V. D. Hanson, Why the West Has Won: Carnage and Culture from Salamis to Vietnam Why the West Has Won: Carnage and Culture from Salamis to Vietnam (2000) is enjoyably controversial; H. van Wees, (2000) is enjoyably controversial; H. van Wees, Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities Greek Warfare: Myths and Realities (2004), especially chapters 12 onwards. On Thucydides, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (2004), especially chapters 12 onwards. On Thucydides, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, Origins of the Peloponnesian War Origins of the Peloponnesian War (1972), 534, is a cla.s.sic, as is the rest of the book; Tim Rood, (1972), 534, is a cla.s.sic, as is the rest of the book; Tim Rood, Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation Thucydides: Narrative and Explanation (1998) is important; A. Andrewes and K. J. Dover, (1998) is important; A. Andrewes and K. J. Dover, Commentary on Thucydides Commentary on Thucydides, volumes IV and V (1981), are also fundamental, although we disagree about Thucydides 8.97.2. The latest commentary in progress is S. Hornblower, A Commentary on Thucydides A Commentary on Thucydides (19916, so far). On a Spartan's brutality, Sherry Lee Ba.s.sett, in (19916, so far). On a Spartan's brutality, Sherry Lee Ba.s.sett, in Ancient History Bulletin Ancient History Bulletin (2001), 113; compare S. Hornblower, in Hans van Wees, (2001), 113; compare S. Hornblower, in Hans van Wees, War and Violence in Ancient Greece War and Violence in Ancient Greece (2000), 5782, on their canes, and Clifford Hindley, in (2000), 5782, on their canes, and Clifford Hindley, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1994), 34766, on their s.e.x-lives. For a memorable view of the war's impact, Gilbert Murray, in (1994), 34766, on their s.e.x-lives. For a memorable view of the war's impact, Gilbert Murray, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1944), 19; for one which is more factually based, Barry Strauss, (1944), 19; for one which is more factually based, Barry Strauss, Athens after the Peloponnesian War: Cla.s.s, Faction and Policy, 403386 BC Athens after the Peloponnesian War: Cla.s.s, Faction and Policy, 403386 BC (1987). (1987).

CHAPTER 15. 15. SOCRATES SOCRATES.

C. C. W. Taylor, Socrates Socrates (1998) is an excellent short guide; Gregory Vlastos, (1998) is an excellent short guide; Gregory Vlastos, Socrates Socrates (1991) is a fuller, vigorous study; R. C. T. Parker, (1991) is a fuller, vigorous study; R. C. T. Parker, Athenian Religion: A History Athenian Religion: A History (1996), 152218, is very important, with E. R. Dodds, (1996), 152218, is very important, with E. R. Dodds, The Greeks and the Irrational The Greeks and the Irrational (1951), 179206, a cla.s.sic. W. G. Forrest, in (1951), 179206, a cla.s.sic. W. G. Forrest, in Yale Cla.s.sical Studies Yale Cla.s.sical Studies (1975), 3752, is still the outstanding study of the 'generation gap', though composed in 1968 whose (1975), 3752, is still the outstanding study of the 'generation gap', though composed in 1968 whose evenements evenements are audible in it; M. Ostwald, are audible in it; M. Ostwald, From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law From Popular Sovereignty to the Sovereignty of Law (1986), 53750, studies the personnel very interestingly. Paula Gottlieb, in (1986), 53750, studies the personnel very interestingly. Paula Gottlieb, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1992), 2789, is important on irony; Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, (1992), 2789, is important on irony; Thomas C. Brickhouse and Nicholas D. Smith, The Trial and Execution of Socrates The Trial and Execution of Socrates (2002) collects sources and discussions, including the pungent one by I. F. Stone, (2002) collects sources and discussions, including the pungent one by I. F. Stone, The Trial of Socrates The Trial of Socrates (1997); James A. Coliasco, (1997); James A. Coliasco, Socrates against the Athenians Socrates against the Athenians (2001) and Malcolm Schofield, in T. P. Wiseman (ed.), (2001) and Malcolm Schofield, in T. P. Wiseman (ed.), Cla.s.sics in Progress Cla.s.sics in Progress (2002), 26384, on Socrates and the lot. Paul Zanker, (2002), 26384, on Socrates and the lot. Paul Zanker, The Mask of Socrates The Mask of Socrates (1995, English translation) is a fine study of the later portraitures. (1995, English translation) is a fine study of the later portraitures.

CHAPTER 16. 16. FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM AND JUSTICE FIGHTING FOR FREEDOM AND JUSTICE.

S. Hornblower, The Greek World, 479323 BC The Greek World, 479323 BC (2002, 3rd edn.), 21060, is an excellent guide through the complex events; J. K. Davies, (2002, 3rd edn.), 21060, is an excellent guide through the complex events; J. K. Davies, Democracy and Cla.s.sical Greece Democracy and Cla.s.sical Greece (1993, 2nd edn.), 134260, is an interpretative survey; N. G. L. Hammond, (1993, 2nd edn.), 134260, is an interpretative survey; N. G. L. Hammond, A History of Greece to 322 BC A History of Greece to 322 BC (1967), 466520, and especially pages 6635 on army-numbers in the main states; P. Carlier, (1967), 466520, and especially pages 6635 on army-numbers in the main states; P. Carlier, Le IVeme siecle avant J.-C.: Approaches historiographiques Le IVeme siecle avant J.-C.: Approaches historiographiques (1996). J. Roy, in Roger Brock and Stephen Hodkinson (eds.), (1996). J. Roy, in Roger Brock and Stephen Hodkinson (eds.), Alternative to Athens Alternative to Athens (2000), 30826, is important on Arcadia, with Frank W. Walbank, (2000), 30826, is important on Arcadia, with Frank W. Walbank, Selected Papers Selected Papers (1985), chapters 1 and 2, on Greek nationality and Greek 'federalism'; Alexander f.u.ks, (1985), chapters 1 and 2, on Greek nationality and Greek 'federalism'; Alexander f.u.ks, Social Conflict in Ancient Greece Social Conflict in Ancient Greece (1984), with A. W. Lintott, (1984), with A. W. Lintott, Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Cla.s.sical City Violence, Civil Strife and Revolution in the Cla.s.sical City (1982), chapters 6 and 7; M. N. Tod, (1982), chapters 6 and 7; M. N. Tod, International Arbitration among the Greeks International Arbitration among the Greeks (1913) is still valuable. (1913) is still valuable.

CHAPTER 17. 17. WOMEN AND CHILDREN WOMEN AND CHILDREN.

Jenifer Neils and John H. Oakley, Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Cla.s.sical Past Coming of Age in Ancient Greece: Images of Childhood from the Cla.s.sical Past (2003), with excellent ill.u.s.trations; Mark Golden, (2003), with excellent ill.u.s.trations; Mark Golden, Children and Childhood in Cla.s.sical Athens Children and Childhood in Cla.s.sical Athens (1990); Mark Golden, in (1990); Mark Golden, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1988), 15262, on whether the ancients cared when children died. On abortion, K. Kapparis, (1988), 15262, on whether the ancients cared when children died. On abortion, K. Kapparis, Abortion in the Ancient World Abortion in the Ancient World (2002); D. Ogden, (2002); D. Ogden, Greek b.a.s.t.a.r.dy Greek b.a.s.t.a.r.dy (1996); J.-M. Hannick, 'Droit de cite et mariages mixtes', in (1996); J.-M. Hannick, 'Droit de cite et mariages mixtes', in L'Antiquite cla.s.sique L'Antiquite cla.s.sique (1976), 13348; Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen A. Fant, (1976), 13348; Mary R. Lefkowitz and Maureen A. Fant, Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook Women's Life in Greece and Rome: A Sourcebook (1992); Ellen D. Reeder, (1992); Ellen D. Reeder, Pandora: Women in Cla.s.sical Greece Pandora: Women in Cla.s.sical Greece (1995); Helen King, (1995); Helen King, Hippocrates' Woman: Reading the Female Body in Ancient Greece Hippocrates' Woman: Reading the Female Body in Ancient Greece (1998) is excellent on medical fantasies; James Davidson, (1998) is excellent on medical fantasies; James Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes Courtesans and Fishcakes (1998), 73212, on prost.i.tution and s.e.x; Sian Lewis, (1998), 73212, on prost.i.tution and s.e.x; Sian Lewis, The Athenian The Athenian Woman Woman (2002), very good on the iconography; Pierre Brule, (2002), very good on the iconography; Pierre Brule, Women of Ancient Greece Women of Ancient Greece (2003, English translation), a thoughtful study; Debra Hamel, (2003, English translation), a thoughtful study; Debra Hamel, Trying Neaira Trying Neaira (2003) is an excellent, clear read. On education, H. I. Marrou, (2003) is an excellent, clear read. On education, H. I. Marrou, Histoire de L'education dans L'antiquite Histoire de L'education dans L'antiquite (1965, revised edn.) is cla.s.sic. Matthew Dillon, (1965, revised edn.) is cla.s.sic. Matthew Dillon, Girls and Women in Cla.s.sical Greek Religion Girls and Women in Cla.s.sical Greek Religion (2002), with the excellent study of R. G. Osborne, in (2002), with the excellent study of R. G. Osborne, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1993), 392405. On King Philip's family, Kate Mortensen, in (1993), 392405. On King Philip's family, Kate Mortensen, in Ancient History Bulletin Ancient History Bulletin (1992), 15671. (1992), 15671.

CHAPTER 18. 18. PHILIP OF MACEDON PHILIP OF MACEDON.

The evidence for Philip and his predecessors is admirably a.s.sembled by N. G. L. Hammond and G. T. Griffith, A History of Macedonia A History of Macedonia, volume II (1979), 113722, with very lengthy discourse. There are short biographies by G. L. c.a.w.kwell, Philip of Macedon Philip of Macedon (1978) and a remarkable construct by N. G. L. Hammond, (1978) and a remarkable construct by N. G. L. Hammond, Philip of Macedon Philip of Macedon (1994), a eulogy; on Macedonian Greek, M. B. Hatzopoulos, in (1994), a eulogy; on Macedonian Greek, M. B. Hatzopoulos, in Atti XI Congresso Intern.a.z.ionale di Epigrafia Greca e Latina Atti XI Congresso Intern.a.z.ionale di Epigrafia Greca e Latina, volume I (1999), 25773, and Supplementum Epigraphic.u.m Graec.u.m XLIX (1999) numbers 6567; Rene Ginouves, Macedonia from Philip II to the Roman Conquest Macedonia from Philip II to the Roman Conquest (1993) gives a good idea of finds in Macedon, up to that date; M. B. Hatzopoulos and Louisa D. Loukopoulos (eds.), (1993) gives a good idea of finds in Macedon, up to that date; M. B. Hatzopoulos and Louisa D. Loukopoulos (eds.), Philip of Macedon Philip of Macedon (1981) includes good essays by G. T. Griffith on Philip as a general and M. Andronicos (the hero of this subject) on the Royal Tombs at Aigai; M. Andronicos, (1981) includes good essays by G. T. Griffith on Philip as a general and M. Andronicos (the hero of this subject) on the Royal Tombs at Aigai; M. Andronicos, Vergina: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City Vergina: The Royal Tombs and the Ancient City (1989) and (1989) and Vergina II: The Tomb of Persephone Vergina II: The Tomb of Persephone (1994) are stunning, with A. N. J. W. Prag, J. H. Musgrave and R. A. H. Neave, in (1994) are stunning, with A. N. J. W. Prag, J. H. Musgrave and R. A. H. Neave, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1984), 6078; attempts to attribute Tomb II to Philip III continue on unconvincing grounds and are increasingly behind the evidence now available on site; O. Palagia, in E. J. Baynham and A. B. Bosworth, (1984), 6078; attempts to attribute Tomb II to Philip III continue on unconvincing grounds and are increasingly behind the evidence now available on site; O. Palagia, in E. J. Baynham and A. B. Bosworth, Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (2000), 189200, is a recent example. (2000), 189200, is a recent example.

CHAPTER 19. 19. THE TWO PHILOSOPHERS THE TWO PHILOSOPHERS.

The bibliography is vast here: two good very short introductions are R. M. Hare, Plato Plato (1982) and Jonathan Barnes, (1982) and Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle Aristotle (1982); Bernard Williams, (1982); Bernard Williams, Plato: The Invention of Philosophy Plato: The Invention of Philosophy (1998) is veryclear; Julia Annas, (1998) is veryclear; Julia Annas, An Introduction to Plato's Republic An Introduction to Plato's Republic (1981), T. H. Irwin, (1981), T. H. Irwin, Plato's Ethics Plato's Ethics (1995) and R. B. Rutherford, (1995) and R. B. Rutherford, The Art of Plato The Art of Plato (1995) are a good trio, on accessible topics; Gail Fine (ed.), (1995) are a good trio, on accessible topics; Gail Fine (ed.), Plato 1 and 2 Plato 1 and 2 (1999) gives an excellent selection of studies, with a fine introduction and bibliographies; R. Kraut (ed.), (1999) gives an excellent selection of studies, with a fine introduction and bibliographies; R. Kraut (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Plato The Cambridge Companion to Plato (1992) is also excellent; David Sedley, in T. Calvo and L. Brisson (eds.), (1992) is also excellent; David Sedley, in T. Calvo and L. Brisson (eds.), Interpreting the Timaeus and Critias Interpreting the Timaeus and Critias (1997), 32739, on 'likeness to G.o.d', with the superb study by A. J. Festugiere, (1997), 32739, on 'likeness to G.o.d', with the superb study by A. J. Festugiere, La Revelation de L'Hermes Trismegiste La Revelation de L'Hermes Trismegiste, volumes IIV (194954), a profound cla.s.sic. P. A. Brunt, Studies in Greek History and Thought Studies in Greek History and Thought (1993), 242344, is magisterial on the laws, the letters and Plato's pupils. Julia Annas and Robin Waterfield (eds.), (1993), 242344, is magisterial on the laws, the letters and Plato's pupils. Julia Annas and Robin Waterfield (eds.), Plato's Statesman Plato's Statesman (1995); M. M. Markle, in (1995); M. M. Markle, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1976), 8099, on Speusippus. On Aristotle, W. D. Ross, (1976), 8099, on Speusippus. On Aristotle, W. D. Ross, Aristotle Aristotle (1923) is slightly easier than J. L. Ackrill, (1923) is slightly easier than J. L. Ackrill, Aristotle the Philosopher Aristotle the Philosopher (1981), an excellent study; J. O. Urmson, (1981), an excellent study; J. O. Urmson, Aristotle's Ethics Aristotle's Ethics (1988) is clear; Jonathan Barnes (ed.), (1988) is clear; Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (1995); on women, Robert Mayhew, (1995); on women, Robert Mayhew, The Female in Aristotle's Biology The Female in Aristotle's Biology (2004) is a good, short rethink; on democracy, A. W. Lintott, in (2004) is a good, short rethink; on democracy, A. W. Lintott, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1992), 11428, is excellent. (1992), 11428, is excellent.

CHAPTER 20. 20. FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIANS FOURTH-CENTURY ATHENIANS.

A. H. M. Jones, Athenian Democracy Athenian Democracy (1957), chapters 12, is still a starting point. On slavery, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, (1957), chapters 12, is still a starting point. On slavery, G. E. M. de Sainte Croix, The Cla.s.s Struggle in the Ancient Greek World The Cla.s.s Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (1981), 112204: on religion, R. C. T. Parker, (1981), 112204: on religion, R. C. T. Parker, Athenian Religion: A History Athenian Religion: A History (1996) 21855; on citizenship, D. Ogden, (1996) 21855; on citizenship, D. Ogden, Greek b.a.s.t.a.r.dy Greek b.a.s.t.a.r.dy (1996), 16688; on Apollodorus, R. J. Bonner, (1996), 16688; on Apollodorus, R. J. Bonner, Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens Lawyers and Litigants in Ancient Athens (1927) and J. Trevett, (1927) and J. Trevett, Apollodorus Son of Pasion Apollodorus Son of Pasion (1992); on Aeschines, R. J. Lane Fox, in S. Hornblower, and R. G. Osborne (eds.), (1992); on Aeschines, R. J. Lane Fox, in S. Hornblower, and R. G. Osborne (eds.), Ritual, Finance and Politics Ritual, Finance and Politics (1994), 13555; on drinking, James Davidson, (1994), 13555; on drinking, James Davidson, Courtesans and Fishcakes Courtesans and Fishcakes (1998), 3673; on c.o.c.kfights, Nan Dunbar, (1998), 3673; on c.o.c.kfights, Nan Dunbar, Aristophanes' Birds Aristophanes' Birds (1995) 158; on the Tanagras, the excellent Louvre catalogue, (1995) 158; on the Tanagras, the excellent Louvre catalogue, 'Tanagras' 'Tanagras' (2003); on the art, Martin Robertson, (2003); on the art, Martin Robertson, History of Greek Art History of Greek Art, volume 1 (1972), 363444; on theatre, Pat Easterling, in A. H. Sommerstein, S. Halliwell et al et al. (eds.), Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis Tragedy, Comedy and the Polis (1993), 55969, and Gregory W. Dobrov (ed.), (1993), 55969, and Gregory W. Dobrov (ed.), Beyond Aristophanes Beyond Aristophanes (1995), especially pages 146; on Menander, T. B. L. Webster, (1995), especially pages 146; on Menander, T. B. L. Webster, An Introduction to Menander An Introduction to Menander (1990); on lawmaking, P. J. Rhodes, in (1990); on lawmaking, P. J. Rhodes, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1985), 5560; also P. J. Rhodes, in (1985), 5560; also P. J. Rhodes, in Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies Journal of h.e.l.lenic Studies (1986), 132144, and M. M. Markle III, in (1986), 132144, and M. M. Markle III, in Ancient Society Ancient Society (1990), 14966, on partic.i.p.ation; on taxes, P. J. Rhodes, in (1990), 14966, on partic.i.p.ation; on taxes, P. J. Rhodes, in American Journal of Ancient History American Journal of Ancient History (1982), 1; on display, D. M. MacDowell (ed.), (1982), 1; on display, D. M. MacDowell (ed.), Demosthenes against Meidias Demosthenes against Meidias (1990); on silver-mines, R. J. Hopper, in (1990); on silver-mines, R. J. Hopper, in Annual of British School in Athens Annual of British School in Athens (1968), 293326; Paul Millett, (1968), 293326; Paul Millett, Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens Lending and Borrowing in Ancient Athens (1991), though I do not share the Finleyde Sainte Croix notion of maritime loans as 'insurance'; R. G. Osborne, in (1991), though I do not share the Finleyde Sainte Croix notion of maritime loans as 'insurance'; R. G. Osborne, in Chiron Chiron (1988), 279323, is important on lending and also in John Rich and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, (1988), 279323, is important on lending and also in John Rich and Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, City and Country in the Ancient City and Country in the Ancient World World (1991), 11946, on the decidedly non-subsistence economy of the rich in Attica; Jack Cargill, (1991), 11946, on the decidedly non-subsistence economy of the rich in Attica; Jack Cargill, The Second Athenian League The Second Athenian League (1981) is an English treatment; on sycophants, D. Harvey, in P. Cartledge (1981) is an English treatment; on sycophants, D. Harvey, in P. Cartledge et al et al. (eds.), Nomos Nomos (1990), 10322; on feuds, P. J. Rhodes, in P. Cartledge (1990), 10322; on feuds, P. J. Rhodes, in P. Cartledge et al et al. (eds.), Kosmos Kosmos (1998), 14467. Walter Eder (ed.), (1998), 14467. Walter Eder (ed.), Athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr. Athenische Demokratie im 4. Jahrhundert v. Chr.... (1995) has several good essays; on the navy, G. L. c.a.w.kwell, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1984), 33445, is important. On Demosthenes, A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, (1984), 33445, is important. On Demosthenes, A. W. Pickard-Cambridge, Demosthenes Demosthenes (1914) is still the best English 'life'; J. C. Trevett, in (1914) is still the best English 'life'; J. C. Trevett, in Historia Historia (1999), 184202, is important on his foreign policy. (1999), 184202, is important on his foreign policy.

CHAPTER 21. 21. ALEXANDER THE GREAT ALEXANDER THE GREAT.

Ulrich Wilcken, Alexander the Great Alexander the Great (1932) is the best short study; R. Lane Fox, (1932) is the best short study; R. Lane Fox, Alexander the Great Alexander the Great (1973) and A. B. Bosworth, (1973) and A. B. Bosworth, Conquest and Empire Conquest and Empire (1988) are biographical and thematic respectively; A. B. Bosworth's lifelong (1988) are biographical and thematic respectively; A. B. Bosworth's lifelong Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander Historical Commentary on Arrian's History of Alexander (1980) is a fundamental resource; P. A. Brunt, (1980) is a fundamental resource; P. A. Brunt, Arrian Arrian, volumes III (197683; Loeb Library) is a translation with excellent notes and studies, a major contribution; J. R. Hamilton, Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary Plutarch, Alexander: A Commentary (1969) is a guide to the problems in the best short 'life' of Alexander; J. E. Atkinson, (1969) is a guide to the problems in the best short 'life' of Alexander; J. E. Atkinson, A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus' Historiae Alexandri Magni A Commentary on Q. Curtius Rufus' Historiae Alexandri Magni (1980) is valuable. J. Roisman (ed.), (1980) is valuable. J. Roisman (ed.), Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great Brill's Companion to Alexander the Great (2003) is the most recent range of articles. Recent significant contributions, each provoking thought and dissent, are Georges Le Rider, (2003) is the most recent range of articles. Recent significant contributions, each provoking thought and dissent, are Georges Le Rider, Alexander le grand: Monnaies, finance et politique Alexander le grand: Monnaies, finance et politique (2003), Pierre Briant, (2003), Pierre Briant, Histoire de l'empire perse Histoire de l'empire perse (1996), 713892, and P. M. Fraser, (1996), 713892, and P. M. Fraser, Cities of Alexander the Great Cities of Alexander the Great (1996), a masterpiece of related scholarship, but on its main topic, compare N. G. L. Hammond, in (1996), a masterpiece of related scholarship, but on its main topic, compare N. G. L. Hammond, in Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies (1998), 24369, for much that it left out, not always rightly. (1998), 24369, for much that it left out, not always rightly.

CHAPTER 22. 22. ALEXANDER'S EARLY SUCCESSORS ALEXANDER'S EARLY SUCCESSORS The best presentation is still Edouard Will, Histoire politique du monde h.e.l.lenistique Histoire politique du monde h.e.l.lenistique, volume I (1979, 2nd edn.), 1120; F. Schachermeyr, Alexander in Babylon Alexander in Babylon (1970) repays careful thought; biographies of the Successors include R. Billows, (1970) repays careful thought; biographies of the Successors include R. Billows, Antigonus the One-Eyed and the h.e.l.lenistic State Antigonus the One-Eyed and the h.e.l.lenistic State (1997), John D. Grainger, (1997), John D. Grainger, Seleukos Nikator Seleukos Nikator (1990) and especially Helen Lund, (1990) and especially Helen Lund, Lysimachus Lysimachus (1992); Pierre Briant, (1992); Pierre Briant, Rois, tributs et paysans Rois, tributs et paysans (1982), 1394, on Eumenes; A. B. Bosworth, (1982), 1394, on Eumenes; A. B. Bosworth, The Legacy of Alexander The Legacy of Alexander (2002), a valuable collection; A. B. Bosworth and E. J. Baynham, (2002), a valuable collection; A. B. Bosworth and E. J. Baynham, Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction Alexander the Great in Fact and Fiction (2000), 20741, is thought-provoking on Alexander's so-called 'Will'; E. Badian, in (2000), 20741, is thought-provoking on Alexander's so-called 'Will'; E. Badian, in Harvard Studies in Cla.s.sical Philology Harvard Studies in Cla.s.sical Philology (1967), 183204, on the 'Plans' and in W. Will and J. Heinrichs (eds.), (1967), 183204, on the 'Plans' and in W. Will and J. Heinrichs (eds.), Zu Alexander dem Grossen: Festschrift Gerhard Wirth Zu Alexander dem Grossen: Festschrift Gerhard Wirth, volume I (1987), 60525, on his 'ring'; Elizabeth D. Carney, Women and Monarchy in Macedonia Women and Monarchy in Macedonia (2000); Daniel Ogden, (2000); Daniel Ogden, Polygamy, Prost.i.tutes and Death Polygamy, Prost.i.tutes and Death (1999) and Jim Roy, in Lin Foxhall and John Salmon (eds.), (1999) and Jim Roy, in Lin Foxhall and John Salmon (eds.), When Men Were Men When Men Were Men (1998), 11135, with differing views on polygamy. E. J. Bickerman, (1998), 11135, with differing views on polygamy. E. J. Bickerman, Religions and Politics in the h.e.l.lenistic and Roman Periods Religions and Politics in the h.e.l.lenistic and Roman Periods (1985), 489522, is a cla.s.sic, on the Seleucids and the Achaemenids. (1985), 489522, is a cla.s.sic, on the Seleucids and the Achaemenids.

CHAPTER 23. 23. LIFE IN THE BIG CITIES LIFE IN THE BIG CITIES.

P. M. Fraser, Ptolemaic Alexandria Ptolemaic Alexandria, volumes 13 (1972) is the fundamental study; Christian Jacob and Francois de Polignac, Alexandria: The Third Century BC Alexandria: The Third Century BC (2000, English translation) is more slight; J.-Y. Empereur, (2000, English translation) is more slight; J.-Y. Empereur, Alexandria Rediscovered Alexandria Rediscovered (1998) and (1998) and Alexandria: Past, Present and Future Alexandria: Past, Present and Future (2002) include very recent discoveries, as does the different project of Franck G.o.ddio, (2002) include very recent discoveries, as does the different project of Franck G.o.ddio, Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters Alexandria: The Submerged Royal Quarters (1998) and (1998) and Alexandria: The Submerged Canopic Region Alexandria: The Submerged Canopic Region (2004); Judith McKenzie, in (2004); Judith McKenzie, in Journal of Roman Archaeology Journal of Roman Archaeology (2003), 3563, is an excellent survey of the evidence; P. Leriche, in J.-L. Huot, (2003), 3563, is an excellent survey of the evidence; P. Leriche, in J.-L. Huot, La Ville neuve: Une idee de l'antiquite La Ville neuve: Une idee de l'antiquite (1994), 10925, is an important survey; Gunther Holbl, (1994), 10925, is an important survey; Gunther Holbl, A History of the Ptolemaic Empire A History of the Ptolemaic Empire (2001) makes the royal family accessible in English. Paul Bernard, Olivier Guillaume, Henri Paul Francfort, Pierre Leriche and others present aspects of the, sadly interrupted, excavations of Ai Khanum in Afghanistan in (2001) makes the royal family accessible in English. Paul Bernard, Olivier Guillaume, Henri Paul Francfort, Pierre Leriche and others present aspects of the, sadly interrupted, excavations of Ai Khanum in Afghanistan in Fouilles d'Ai Khanum Fouilles d'Ai Khanum (1973 onwards); E. E. Rice, (1973 onwards); E. E. Rice, The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus The Grand Procession of Ptolemy Philadelphus (1983); O. Murray, 'h.e.l.lenistic Royal Symposia', in P. Bilde (ed.), (1983); O. Murray, 'h.e.l.lenistic Royal Symposia', in P. Bilde (ed.), Aspects of h.e.l.lenistic Kingship Aspects of h.e.l.lenistic Kingship (1996), 1527, is important; G. E. R. Lloyd, (1996), 1527, is important; G. E. R. Lloyd, Greek Science after Aristotle Greek Science after Aristotle (1973) is still a good overview; H. von Staden, (1973) is still a good overview; H. von Staden, Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria Herophilus: The Art of Medicine in Early Alexandria (1989) is a major advance, with V. Nutton, (1989) is a major advance, with V. Nutton, Ancient Medicine Ancient Medicine (2004) on Erasistratus; Lionel Ca.s.son, (2004) on Erasistratus; Lionel Ca.s.son, Libraries in the Ancient World Libraries in the Ancient World (2001) is an excellent short survey. G. O. Hutchinson, (2001) is an excellent short survey. G. O. Hutchinson, h.e.l.lenistic Poetry h.e.l.lenistic Poetry (1988) is acute and appreciative; R. L. Hunter and M. Fantuzzi, (1988) is acute and appreciative; R. L. Hunter and M. Fantuzzi, Tradition and Innovation in h.e.l.lenistic Poetry Tradition and Innovation in h.e.l.lenistic Poetry (2004) are up-to-date guides. Collections by Paul Cartledge, P. Garnsey and E. Gruen (eds.), (2004) are up-to-date guides. Collections by Paul Cartledge, P. Garnsey and E. Gruen (eds.), h.e.l.lenistic Constructs h.e.l.lenistic Constructs... (1997) and Peter Green (ed.), h.e.l.lenistic History and Culture h.e.l.lenistic History and Culture (1993) show what is going on in English publications. W. W. Tarn, with G. T. Griffith, (1993) show what is going on in English publications. W. W. Tarn, with G. T. Griffith, h.e.l.lenistic Civilization h.e.l.lenistic Civilization (1952, 3rd edn.) is unsurpa.s.sed as a vigorous read. (1952, 3rd edn.) is unsurpa.s.sed as a vigorous read.

CHAPTER 24. 24. THE NEW WORLD THE NEW WORLD.

L. Robert, 'De Delphes a l'Oxus', in Comptes-Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres Comptes-Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (1968), 41657, is a 'cla.s.sic'; Barry W. Cunliffe, (1968), 41657, is a 'cla.s.sic'; Barry W. Cunliffe, The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek The Extraordinary Voyage of Pytheas the Greek (2002) is a readable account but concludes, as I do not, that Pytheas went to Iceland; I. Pimouguet-Pedarres and F. Delrieux, (2002) is a readable account but concludes, as I do not, that Pytheas went to Iceland; I. Pimouguet-Pedarres and F. Delrieux, L'Anatolie, la Syrie, l'egypte L'Anatolie, la Syrie, l'egypte... (2003) collects excellent articles, comments and bibliography, which I presuppose; Claire Preaux, Le Monde h.e.l.lenistique: La grece et l'orient Le Monde h.e.l.lenistique: La grece et l'orient, volumes 12 (1978), is an outstanding survey, with invaluable bibliographies; E. J. Bickermann, The Jews in the Greek Age The Jews in the Greek Age (1988) is a cla.s.sic, even among his works. On spreading Greek, D. J. Thompson, in A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf (eds.), (1988) is a cla.s.sic, even among his works. On spreading Greek, D. J. Thompson, in A. K. Bowman and G. Woolf (eds.), Literacy and Power Literacy and Power (1994), 6783, is very important. C. Habicht, (1994), 6783, is very important. C. Habicht, Athens from Alexander to Antony Athens from Alexander to Antony (1997) opens up a fragmented subject, with his important (1997) opens up a fragmented subject, with his important h.e.l.lenistic Athens and Her Philosophers h.e.l.lenistic Athens and Her Philosophers (1988, English translation). E. R. Bevan, (1988, English translation). E. R. Bevan, Stoics and Sceptics Stoics and Sceptics (1913) is still worth reading, as is A. J. Festugiere, (1913) is still worth reading, as is A. J. Festugiere, Epicurus and His G.o.ds Epicurus and His G.o.ds (1969, English translation); A. A. Long, (1969, English translation); A. A. Long, h.e.l.lenistic Philosophy h.e.l.lenistic Philosophy (1986, 2nd edn.); W. Capelle, 'Der Garten des Theophrast', in Wolfgang Muller (ed.), (1986, 2nd edn.); W. Capelle, 'Der Garten des Theophrast', in Wolfgang Muller (ed.), Festschrift fur Felix Zucker Festschrift fur Felix Zucker (1954), 4782, is more sympathetic than J. E. Raven, (1954), 4782, is more sympathetic than J. E. Raven, Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece Plants and Plant Lore in Ancient Greece (2000); on Zenon, Claude Orrieux, (2000); on Zenon, Claude Orrieux, Les Papyrus de Zenon Les Papyrus de Zenon... (1983) and Zenon de Caunos, Parepidemos Zenon de Caunos, Parepidemos (1985) are excellent studies, with X. Durand, (1985) are excellent studies, with X. Durand, Des grecs en Palestine au III siecle: Le dossier syrien de Zenon de Caunos Des grecs en Palestine au III siecle: Le dossier syrien de Zenon de Caunos (1997). On a great geographer, P. M. Fraser, 'Eratosthenes of Cyrene', in (1997). On a great geographer, P. M. Fraser, 'Eratosthenes of Cyrene', in Proceedings of the British Academy Proceedings of the British Academy (1970), 176207; on ethnography, Albrecht Dihle, 'Zur h.e.l.lenistischen Ethnographie', in (1970), 176207; on ethnography, Albrecht Dihle, 'Zur h.e.l.lenistischen Ethnographie', in Grecs et Barbares Grecs et Barbares, Entretiens Fondation Hardt VIII (1965), 20539, is excellent; so is A. Momigliano, Alien Wisdom: The Limits of h.e.l.lenization Alien Wisdom: The Limits of h.e.l.lenization (1975). On Hecataeus, O. Murray, in (1975). On Hecataeus, O. Murray, in Journal of Egyptian Studies Journal of Egyptian Studies (1970), 141, and J. Dillery, in (1970), 141, and J. Dillery, in Historia Historia (1998), 25575. On India, Pascal Charvet and Fabrizia Baldissera, (1998), 25575. On India, Pascal Charvet and Fabrizia Baldissera, Arrien: Le voyage en Inde d'Alexandre le grand Arrien: Le voyage en Inde d'Alexandre le grand (2002) has an excellent bibliography; K. Karttunen, (2002) has an excellent bibliography; K. Karttunen, India in Early Greek Literature India in Early Greek Literature (1989); W. W. Tarn, (1989); W. W. Tarn, The Greeks in Bactria and India The Greeks in Bactria and India (1951, 2nd edn.) is a superb read whose ingenuities deserve, and require, a lifetime of correction. P. Brule, 'Enquete demographique sur la famille grecque antique', in (1951, 2nd edn.) is a superb read whose ingenuities deserve, and require, a lifetime of correction. P. Brule, 'Enquete demographique sur la famille grecque antique', in Revue des etudes Anciennes Revue des etudes Anciennes (1990), 23358, repays careful thought; on other lines, R. van Bremen, in Andrew Erskine (ed.), (1990), 23358, repays careful thought; on other lines, R. van Bremen, in Andrew Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the h.e.l.lenistic World A Companion to the h.e.l.lenistic World (2003), 31330, part of an excellent collection. (2003), 31330, part of an excellent collection.

CHAPTER 25. 25. ROME REACHES OUT ROME REACHES OUT.

T. J. Cornell, The Beginnings of Rome The Beginnings of Rome (1995), chapters 715, takes a thoughtfully positive line on the evidence; Andrew Erskine, (1995), chapters 715, takes a thoughtfully positive line on the evidence; Andrew Erskine, Troy between Greece and Rome Troy between Greece and Rome (2001) is verywell written; A. W. Lintott, (2001) is verywell written; A. W. Lintott, The Const.i.tution of the Roman Republic The Const.i.tution of the Roman Republic (1999) is an excellent guide through a great jungle; Fergus Millar, (1999) is an excellent guide through a great jungle; Fergus Millar, The Roman Republic in Political Thought The Roman Republic in Political Thought (2002) is a fine complement; M. W. Frederiksen, (2002) is a fine complement; M. W. Frederiksen, Campania Campania (1984), chapters 8, 9, 10 are very important on Rome's expansion. Kurt A. Raaflaub (ed.), (1984), chapters 8, 9, 10 are very important on Rome's expansion. Kurt A. Raaflaub (ed.), Social Struggles in Archaic Rome Social Struggles in Archaic Rome (1986); on the army reforms, David Potter, in Harriet I. Flower (ed.), (1986); on the army reforms, David Potter, in Harriet I. Flower (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic The Cambridge Companion to the Roman Republic (2004), 6688, is very important; N. Purcell, in David Braund and Christopher Gill (eds.), (2004), 6688, is very important; N. Purcell, in David Braund and Christopher Gill (eds.), Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome Myth, History and Culture in Republican Rome (2003), 1240, on foreign contacts; Tim Cornell, ibid. (2003), 7397, on Coriola.n.u.s; J. H. C. Williams, (2003), 1240, on foreign contacts; Tim Cornell, ibid. (2003), 7397, on Coriola.n.u.s; J. H. C. Williams, Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy Beyond the Rubicon: Romans and Gauls in Republican Italy (2001), on the Gallic question; Hanneke Wilson, (2001), on the Gallic question; Hanneke Wilson, Wine and Words Wine and Words (2003), 5573, on women and wine; N. Purcell, in (2003), 5573, on women and wine; N. Purcell, in Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume VI (1994), 381403 on South Italy and T. J. Cornell, ibid. volume VIII.2 (1989), 351419; on Tarentum, G. C. Brauer Jun., Taras: Its History and Coinage Taras: Its History and Coinage (1983) with P. Wuilleumier, (1983) with P. Wuilleumier, Tarente, des origines a la conquete romaine Tarente, des origines a la conquete romaine (1939), a cla.s.sic, J. Heurgon, (1939), a cla.s.sic, J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome to 264 BC The Rise of Rome to 264 BC (1973, English translation) is still excellent. (1973, English translation) is still excellent.

CHAPTER 26. 26. THE PEACE OF THE G.o.dS THE PEACE OF THE G.o.dS.

Translated texts and discussions are now available in M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome Religions of Rome, volumes 12 (1998), giving an accessible history and excellent bibliographies; R. M. Ogilvie, The Romans and Their G.o.ds The Romans and Their G.o.ds (1969) is still valuable and John Scheid, (1969) is still valuable and John Scheid, An Introduction to Roman Religion An Introduction to Roman Religion (2003, English translation) is excellent; Clifford Ando (ed.), (2003, English translation) is excellent; Clifford Ando (ed.), Roman Religion Roman Religion (2003) is a good selection of important articles; W. Warde Fowler, (2003) is a good selection of important articles; W. Warde Fowler, The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic The Roman Festivals of the Period of the Republic (1899) is still important; T. P. Wiseman, in Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon, (1899) is still important; T. P. Wiseman, in Bettina Bergmann and Christine Kondoleon, The Art of Ancient Spectacle The Art of Ancient Spectacle (1999), 195204, discusses the Floralia; T. P. Wiseman, (1999), 195204, discusses the Floralia; T. P. Wiseman, The Myths of Rome The Myths of Rome (2004) is a great synthesis. Edward Bispham and Christopher Smith (eds.), (2004) is a great synthesis. Edward Bispham and Christopher Smith (eds.), Religion in Archaic and Republican Rome and Italy Religion in Archaic and Republican Rome and Italy (2000) includes papers on Italy outside Rome, which I have compressed, or had to omit. J. A. North, (2000) includes papers on Italy outside Rome, which I have compressed, or had to omit. J. A. North, Roman Religion Roman Religion (2000) is a 'New Survey' which takes the subject forward through the centuries, with good bibliographies too. (2000) is a 'New Survey' which takes the subject forward through the centuries, with good bibliographies too.

CHAPTER 27. 27. LIBERATION IN THE SOUTH LIBERATION IN THE SOUTH.

J. Heurgon, The Rise of Rome to 284 BC The Rise of Rome to 284 BC (1973, English translation) is an excellent survey; Pierre Leveque, (1973, English translation) is an excellent survey; Pierre Leveque, Pyrrhos Pyrrhos (1957) is the cla.s.sic starting point; Jane Hornblower, (1957) is the cla.s.sic starting point; Jane Hornblower, Hieronymus of Cardia Hieronymus of Cardia (1981) is excellent on one major historian, and A. Momigliano, (1981) is excellent on one major historian, and A. Momigliano, Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography Essays in Ancient and Modern Historiography (1977) is a cla.s.sic on Timaeus; David Asheri, in (1977) is a cla.s.sic on Timaeus; David Asheri, in Scripta Cla.s.sica Israelica Scripta Cla.s.sica Israelica (1991), 5289, on Timaeus' synchronisms; J. F. Lazenby, (1991), 5289, on Timaeus' synchronisms; J. F. Lazenby, The First Punic War The First Punic War (1996) is a military history and Y. Le Bohec, (1996) is a military history and Y. Le Bohec, Histoire militaire des guerres puniques Histoire militaire des guerres puniques (2003) is another; Werner Huss, (2003) is another; Werner Huss, Karthago Karthago (1995) is fundamental for Carthage. (1995) is fundamental for Carthage.

CHAPTER 28. 28. HANNIBAL AND ROME HANNIBAL AND ROME.

S. Lancel, Hannibal, 247182 BC Hannibal, 247182 BC (1998, English translation) is the best up-to-date general study; Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), (1998, English translation) is the best up-to-date general study; Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (1996) is a very good selection of essays. The sources pose problems, recently reviewed by Briggs L. Twyman, in (1996) is a very good selection of essays. The sources pose problems, recently reviewed by Briggs L. Twyman, in Athenaeum Athenaeum (1987), 67, and R. T. Ridley, 'Livy and the Hannibalic War', in C. Bruun (ed.), (1987), 67, and R. T. Ridley, 'Livy and the Hannibalic War', in C. Bruun (ed.), The Roman Middle Republic: Politics, Religion and Historiography The Roman Middle Republic: Politics, Religion and Historiography (2000, Acta Inst.i.tuti Romani Finlandiae, 23), 1340; on coins, E. S. G. Robinson, in (2000, Acta Inst.i.tuti Romani Finlandiae, 23), 1340; on coins, E. S. G. Robinson, in Numismatic Chronicle Numismatic Chronicle (1964), 3764. On warfare, Philip Sabin, 'The Roman Face of Battle', in (1964), 3764. On warfare, Philip Sabin, 'The Roman Face of Battle', in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (2000), 117 and once again, H. H. Scullard, (2000), 117 and once again, H. H. Scullard, The Elephant in the Greco-Roman World The Elephant in the Greco-Roman World (1974), 14677. Gregory Daly, (1974), 14677. Gregory Daly, Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War Cannae: The Experience of Battle in the Second Punic War (2002) is vivid. On the war's impact in Italy, Andrew Erskine, in (2002) is vivid. On the war's impact in Italy, Andrew Erskine, in Hermes Hermes (1993), 5862; W. V. Harris, (1993), 5862; W. V. Harris, Rome in Etruria and Umbria Rome in Etruria and Umbria (1971), 13143, and the very different views of two magnificent works, A. J. Toynbee, (1971), 13143, and the very different views of two magnificent works, A. J. Toynbee, Hannibal's Legacy Hannibal's Legacy, volumes III (1965) and P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower, 225 BCAD 14 Italian Manpower, 225 BCAD 14 (1987, 2nd edn.), 26988. Here, myviews are closer to those of T. J. Cornell, 'Hannibal's Legacy: The Effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy', in Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), (1987, 2nd edn.), 26988. Here, myviews are closer to those of T. J. Cornell, 'Hannibal's Legacy: The Effects of the Hannibalic War on Italy', in Tim Cornell, Boris Rankov and Philip Sabin (eds.), The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal The Second Punic War: A Reappraisal (1996), 97117. (1996), 97117.

CHAPTER 29. 29. DIPLOMACY AND DOMINANCE DIPLOMACY AND DOMINANCE.

Peter Derow, in Andrew Erskine (ed.), A Companion to the h.e.l.lenistic World A Companion to the h.e.l.lenistic World (2003), 5170, is an excellent overview, based on years of reconsideration; W. V. Harris, (2003), 5170, is an excellent overview, based on years of reconsideration; W. V. Harris, War and Imperialism in Republican Rome War and Imperialism in Republican Rome (1979), 68130 and 20044; J. S. Richardson, (1979), 68130 and 20044; J. S. Richardson, Hispaniae: Spain and the Developments of Roman Imperialism, 21882 BC Hispaniae: Spain and the Developments of Roman Imperialism, 21882 BC (1986) and (1986) and The Romans in Spain The Romans in Spain (1996). On particular episodes, P. S. Derow, 'Polybius, Rome and the East', in (1996). On particular episodes, P. S. Derow, 'Polybius, Rome and the East', in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1979), 115; A. Meadows, 'Greek and Roman Diplomacy on the Eve of the Second Macedonian War', in (1979), 115; A. Meadows, 'Greek and Roman Diplomacy on the Eve of the Second Macedonian War', in Historia Historia (1993), 4060; J. J. Walsh, 'Flamininus and the Propaganda of Liberation', in (1993), 4060; J. J. Walsh, 'Flamininus and the Propaganda of Liberation', in Historia Historia (1996), 34463; F. W. Walbank, 'The Causes of the Third Macedonian War: Recent Views', in (1996), 34463; F. W. Walbank, 'The Causes of the Third Macedonian War: Recent Views', in Ancient Macedonia II Ancient Macedonia II... (Thessaloniki, Inst.i.tute for Balkan Studies, 1977), 8194; N. Purcell, 'On the Sacking of Carthage and Corinth', in D. Innes, H. Hine and C. Pelling (eds.), Ethics and Rhetoric: Cla.s.sical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy-fifth Birthday Ethics and Rhetoric: Cla.s.sical Essays for Donald Russell on His Seventy-fifth Birthday (1995), 13348. On dealings with kings, John T. Ma, (1995), 13348. On dealings with kings, John T. Ma, Antiochus III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor Antiochus III and the Cities of Western Asia Minor (1999) and E. Badian, in J. Harmatta (ed.), (1999) and E. Badian, in J. Harmatta (ed.), Proceedings of the VIIth Congress of the International Federation of the Societies of Cla.s.sical Studies Proceedings of the VIIth Congress of the International Federation of the Societies of Cla.s.sical Studies (1984), 397. On Roman motivation, John Rich, 'Fear, Greed and Glory', in J. Rich and G. Shipley (eds.), (1984), 397. On Roman motivation, John Rich, 'Fear, Greed and Glory', in J. Rich and G. Shipley (eds.), War and Society in the Roman World War and Society in the Roman World (1993), 3868, A Ziolkowski, 'Urbs Direpta, or How the Romans Sacked Cities', ibid. (1993), 6991. On third-century Greece, Graham Shipley, (1993), 3868, A Ziolkowski, 'Urbs Direpta, or How the Romans Sacked Cities', ibid. (1993), 6991. On third-century Gree