6. Tacitus, Annals Annals 4.4.2, and Suetonius, 4.4.2, and Suetonius, Life of Tiberius Life of Tiberius 30, where M. W. Frederiksen pointed out to me the force of 'etiam' ('even'). 30, where M. W. Frederiksen pointed out to me the force of 'etiam' ('even').

7. Statius, Silvae Silvae 5.1.945. 5.1.945.

8. H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 2558, with the fine study of M. P. Speidel, in Ancient Society Ancient Society (1991), 27782, and his (1991), 27782, and his Riding for Caesar Riding for Caesar (1994), 46. (1994), 46.

9. Tacitus, Annals Annals 1.17, and J. F. Gilliam, in 1.17, and J. F. Gilliam, in Bonner Jahrbucher Bonner Jahrbucher (1967), 23343, especially 238. (1967), 23343, especially 238.

10. Suetonius, Life of Tiberius Life of Tiberius 16. 16.

11. R. W. Davies, in Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt Aufstieg und Niedergang der Romischen Welt, volume II.i (1974), 30134, an excellent survey.

12. Tacitus, Agricola Agricola 5.12, with Brian Campbell, in 5.12, with Brian Campbell, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1975), 1819. (1975), 1819.

13. Historia Augusta Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 10.45.

14. H. C. Youtie, in J. Bingen, G. Cambier and G. Nachtergael (eds.), Le Monde grec... : Hommages a Claire Preaux Le Monde grec... : Hommages a Claire Preaux (1975), 723, a brilliant study. (1975), 723, a brilliant study.

CHAPTER 43. 43. THE NEW AGE THE NEW AGE.

1. Horace, Carmen Saeculare Carmen Saeculare 5051, with 56; M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, 5051, with 56; M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price, Religions of Rome Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 2016, and volume II (1998), 14044.

2. Ibid. 140.

3. R. K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (1988), number 15, line 10. (1988), number 15, line 10.

4. Ibid., number 36, page 66, lines 15 ff.

5. M. T. Griffin, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1997), 252, lines 11520. (1997), 252, lines 11520.

6. Tacitus, Annals Annals 14.43. 14.43.

7. G. W. Bowersock, in Kurt A. Raaflaub and Mark Toher (eds.), Between Republic and Empire Between Republic and Empire (1990), 38094. (1990), 38094.

8. Fergus Millar, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1988), 4851; W. Eck, in F. Millar and E. Segal (eds.), (1988), 4851; W. Eck, in F. Millar and E. Segal (eds.), Caesar Augustus Caesar Augustus (1984), 12967. (1984), 12967.

9. Suetonius, Life of Augustus Life of Augustus 31.5. 31.5.

10. P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic The Fall of the Roman Republic (1988), 350. (1988), 350.

11. R. K. Sherk, Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus Rome and the Greek East to the Death of Augustus (1984), number 133. (1984), number 133.

12. Tacitus, Annals Annals 1.75.12; D. C. Feeney, in Anton Powell (ed.), 1.75.12; D. C. Feeney, in Anton Powell (ed.), Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus Roman Poetry and Propaganda in the Age of Augustus (1992), 1. (1992), 1.

CHAPTER 44. 44. THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS THE JULIO-CLAUDIANS.

1. H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5026; I owe this to C. E. Stevens. It was not adduced by R. Syme; J. Scheid, Les Freres Arvales Les Freres Arvales (1975), 87, does cite it, and R. Syme, (1975), 87, does cite it, and R. Syme, The Augustan Aristocracy The Augustan Aristocracy (1986), 415, then dismisses it, quite unconvincingly. (1986), 415, then dismisses it, quite unconvincingly.

2. Velleius, 2.124.2; Suetonius, Life of Tiberius Life of Tiberius 30. 30.

3. Tacitus, Annals Annals 1.7. 1.7.

4. Suetonius, Life of Claudius Life of Claudius 3.2. 3.2.

5. Pliny, Natural History Natural History 3.119. 3.119.

6. M. T. Griffin, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1997), 252, lines 115 ff. (1997), 252, lines 115 ff.

7. Tacitus, Annals Annals 11.1.1. 11.1.1.

8. Suetonius, Life of Nero Life of Nero 6.2 and Dio, 61.2.3. 6.2 and Dio, 61.2.3.

9. Tacitus, Histories Histories 1.72. 1.72.

10. N. Purcell, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1985), 14. (1985), 14.

11. Tacitus, Annals Annals 3.53.5 and 2.33.1 (silks). 3.53.5 and 2.33.1 (silks).

12. Tacitus, Annals Annals 16.18. 16.18.

13. Ibid. 11.3.

CHAPTER 45. 45. RULING THE PROVINCES RULING THE PROVINCES.

1. C. Nicolet, s.p.a.ce, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire s.p.a.ce, Geography and Politics in the Early Roman Empire (1991). (1991).

2. Oxyrhynchus Papyrus Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2131; 2131;Papyrus Yale 61; Naphtali Lewis, 61; Naphtali Lewis, Life in Egypt under Roman Rule Life in Egypt under Roman Rule (1983), 190. (1983), 190.

3. B. M. Levick, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1979), 120. (1979), 120.

4. E. Schuerer, A History of the Jewish People A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399427; R. J. Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version The Unauthorized Version (1991), 2734. (1991), 2734.

5. L. Robert, Laodicee du Lycos Laodicee du Lycos, volume I (1969), 274, a fine study.

6. G. C. Boon, Antiquaries Journal Antiquaries Journal (1958), 23740; Richard Gordon, in Mary Beard and John North (eds.), (1958), 23740; Richard Gordon, in Mary Beard and John North (eds.), Pagan Priests Pagan Priests (1990), 217. (1990), 217.

7. J. L. Lightfoot (ed.), Lucian: On the Syrian G.o.ddess Lucian: On the Syrian G.o.ddess (2003), 200207. (2003), 200207.

CHAPTER 46. 46. EFFECTS OF EMPIRE EFFECTS OF EMPIRE.

1. Tacitus, Agricola Agricola 21.1. 21.1.

2. Ibid. 21.2.

3. Susan Walker (ed.), Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt Ancient Faces: Mummy Portraits from Roman Egypt (2000, rev. edn.). (2000, rev. edn.).

4. Tacitus, Annals Annals 14.31. 14.31.

5. A. T. Fear, Rome and Baetica Rome and Baetica (1996), 13169. (1996), 13169.

6. I incline to M. Stern, in M. Avi-Yonah and Z. Baras (eds.), Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period Society and Religion in the Second Temple Period (1977), 263301; note also M. Smith, in (1977), 263301; note also M. Smith, in Harvard Theological Review Harvard Theological Review (1971), 119; 'Zealots' occur first in Josephus, (1971), 119; 'Zealots' occur first in Josephus, The Jewish War The Jewish War 4.161; for other views, Martin Goodman, 4.161; for other views, Martin Goodman, The Ruling Cla.s.s of Judaea The Ruling Cla.s.s of Judaea (1987), 936, 21921. (1987), 936, 21921.

7. The city 'Agrippina' is in E. Schuerer, A History of the Jewish People A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 461, note 20; Acts of the Apostles 24.25.

CHAPTER 47. 47. CHRISTIANITY AND ROMAN RULE CHRISTIANITY AND ROMAN RULE.

1. E. Schuerer, A History of the Jewish People A History of the Jewish People, volume I (1973, rev. edn. by F. G. B. Millar and G. Vermes), 399427; R. J. Lane Fox, The Unauthorized Version The Unauthorized Version (1991), 2734. (1991), 2734.

2. N. Kokkinos, in J. Vardman and E. M. Yamauchi (eds.), Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Studies in Honor of Jack Finegan Chronos, Kairos, Christos: Studies in Honor of Jack Finegan (1989), 133, is still the important study. (1989), 133, is still the important study.

3. John 18.31, and the cardinal study by E. J. Bickerman, in his Studies in Jewish and Christian History Studies in Jewish and Christian History, volume III (1986), 82 with Lane Fox, Unauthorized Version Unauthorized Version (1991), 283310. (1991), 283310.

4. Josephus, The Jewish War The Jewish War 6.300309; E. Rivkin, 6.300309; E. Rivkin, What Crucified Jesus? What Crucified Jesus? (1986). (1986).

5. Luke 13.15.

6. Acts of the Apostles 11.26 with the still-penetrating study of Elias J. Bickerman, in Harvard Theological Review Harvard Theological Review (1949), 10924. (1949), 10924.

7. Acts of the Apostles 18.17; on Paul and Pisidian Antioch, W. Ramsay, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1926), 201. (1926), 201.

8. Romans 13.15.

9. 1 Corinthians 7.21; Ephesians 6.5.

10. Matthew 19.12.

CHAPTER 48. 48. SURVIVING FOUR EMPERORS SURVIVING FOUR EMPERORS.

1. M. I. Rostovtzeff, The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, volume I (1957, rev. edn. by P. M. Fraser), 86.

2. T. E. J. Wiedemann, in Alan K. Bowman et al et al. (eds.), Cambridge Ancient History Cambridge Ancient History, volume X (1996), 2567; Pliny, Natural History Natural History 20.100. 20.100.

3. Rhiannon Ash, in Omnibus Omnibus, 45 (2003), 1113.

4. A. Henrichs, in Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik Zeitschrift fur Papyrologie und Epigraphik, 3 (1968), 5180, and Barbara Levick, Vespasian Vespasian (1999), 227, note 9. (1999), 227, note 9.

5. Translated in Robert K. Sherk, The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian The Roman Empire: Augustus to Hadrian (1988), 823, with the important study of P. A. Brunt, in (1988), 823, with the important study of P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1977), 95116, with which I disagree. (1977), 95116, with which I disagree.

CHAPTER 49. 49. THE NEW DYNASTY THE NEW DYNASTY.

1. Suetonius, Life of Vespasian Life of Vespasian 22. 22.

2. R. Darwall-Smith, Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome Emperors and Architecture: A Study of Flavian Rome (1996), 5568, an excellent discussion. (1996), 5568, an excellent discussion.

3. Barbara Levick, Vespasian Vespasian (1999), 194; Quintilian, (1999), 194; Quintilian, Inst.i.tutes Inst.i.tutes 4.1.19. 4.1.19.

4. Suetonius, Life of t.i.tus Life of t.i.tus 10.2. 10.2.

5. Quintilian, Inst.i.tutes Inst.i.tutes 1.1.12. 1.1.12.

6. Pliny, Panegyric Panegyric 82.13. 82.13.

7. Dio, 67.9.15.

8. Statius, Silvae Silvae 4.2.301. 4.2.301.

9. Pliny, Letters Letters 4.22.56. 4.22.56.

CHAPTER 50. 50. THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII THE LAST DAYS OF POMPEII.

1. Kenneth S. Painter, The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii The Insula of the Menander at Pompeii, volume IV: The Silver Treasure The Silver Treasure (2001). (2001).

2. Liisa Savunen, in Richard Hawley and Barbara Levick (eds.), Women in Antiquity: New a.s.sessments Women in Antiquity: New a.s.sessments (1995), 194206, for the evidence, at least. (1995), 194206, for the evidence, at least.

3. H. Dessau (ed.), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5145.

4. R. C. Carrington, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1931), 11030, an excellent study: 'Pompeii and its vicinity was no garden city or suburb, but the scene of an intense industrial activity' (130). (1931), 11030, an excellent study: 'Pompeii and its vicinity was no garden city or suburb, but the scene of an intense industrial activity' (130).

5. Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, IV.2993t.