8. Cicero, Ad Attic.u.m Ad Attic.u.m 14.11.2 ('mihi totus deditus': in Shackleton-Bailey's view, Loeb Library, volume IV, 164 note 2, 'Atticus would know better than to take this at face value'. I wonder). Compare 14.12.2 ('perhonorifice'). 14.11.2 ('mihi totus deditus': in Shackleton-Bailey's view, Loeb Library, volume IV, 164 note 2, 'Atticus would know better than to take this at face value'. I wonder). Compare 14.12.2 ('perhonorifice').

9. Cicero, Ad Attic.u.m Ad Attic.u.m 15.4.2. 15.4.2.

10. Suetonius, Life of Caesar Life of Caesar 88 and Pliny, 88 and Pliny, Natural History Natural History 2.94 with S. Weinstock, 2.94 with S. Weinstock, Divus Julius Divus Julius (1971), 37071. (1971), 37071.

11. Cicero, Ad Familiares Ad Familiares 11.3, a very fine letter. 11.3, a very fine letter.

12. Cicero, De Officiis De Officiis 3.83; compare 2.239 and especially 2.84. 3.83; compare 2.239 and especially 2.84.

13. Cicero, Ad Familiares Ad Familiares 10.20.2. 10.20.2.

14. Cicero, Ad Attic.u.m Ad Attic.u.m 16.15.3; compare 16.14.1, but also 16.11.6, a cla.s.sic. 16.15.3; compare 16.14.1, but also 16.11.6, a cla.s.sic.

15. Cicero, Philippic Philippic 5.50, another cla.s.sic. 5.50, another cla.s.sic.

16. Cicero, Ad Familiares Ad Familiares 10.28.3; 10.28.3; Philippic Philippic 5.50. 5.50.

17. Cicero, Ad Familiares Ad Familiares 11.14 and 12.30.2. 11.14 and 12.30.2.

18. R. Syme, The Roman Revolution The Roman Revolution (1939), 190, note 6. (1939), 190, note 6.

19. Kathryn Welch, in Anton Powell and Kathryn Welch (eds.), s.e.xtus Pompeius s.e.xtus Pompeius (2002), 130. (2002), 130.

20. Cicero, Ad Familiares Ad Familiares 11.20.1. 11.20.1.

21. Plutarch, Life of Cicero Life of Cicero 478 for his last hours; on Fulvia, Dio, 47.8.45. 478 for his last hours; on Fulvia, Dio, 47.8.45.

CHAPTER 38. 38. ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA ANTONY AND CLEOPATRA.

1. Nicholas Horsfall, in Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies Bulletin of the Inst.i.tute of Cla.s.sical Studies (1983), 8598; E. K. Wifstrand, (1983), 8598; E. K. Wifstrand, The So-called Laudatio Turiae The So-called Laudatio Turiae (1976). (1976).

2. R. G. M. Nisbet, in his Collected Papers on Latin Literature Collected Papers on Latin Literature (1995), 390413, a brilliant study of 'the Survivors'. (1995), 390413, a brilliant study of 'the Survivors'.

3. R. Syme, in Historia Historia (1958), 17288. (1958), 17288.

4. Joyce Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome Aphrodisias and Rome (1982), 438, with numbers 6, 10 and 12. (1982), 438, with numbers 6, 10 and 12.

5. Plutarch, Life of Antony Life of Antony 23.23. 23.23.

6. Ibid. 26, and Socrates of Rhodes, FGH 192 F1 (Jacoby).

7. Martial, Epigrams Epigrams 11.20; the pearl story, Pliny, 11.20; the pearl story, Pliny, Natural History Natural History 9.12021 and Macrobius, 9.12021 and Macrobius, Saturnalia Saturnalia 3.17.15. 3.17.15.

8. P. M. Fraser, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1957), 714. (1957), 714.

9. Plutarch, Life of Antony Life of Antony 23.58 with C. B. R. Pelling, 23.58 with C. B. R. Pelling, Commentary Commentary (1988), 205. (1988), 205.

10. K. Scott, in Cla.s.sical Philology Cla.s.sical Philology (1929), 13341, on 'On Drunkenness'; Suetonius, (1929), 13341, on 'On Drunkenness'; Suetonius, Life of Augustus Life of Augustus 69.2, on s.e.x; on Sarmentus, Plutarch, 69.2, on s.e.x; on Sarmentus, Plutarch, Life of Antony Life of Antony 59.4 with Craig A. Williams, 59.4 with Craig A. Williams, Roman h.o.m.os.e.xuality Roman h.o.m.os.e.xuality (1999), 275. (1999), 275.

11. T. P. Wiseman, in Cla.s.sical Quarterly Cla.s.sical Quarterly (1982), 4756, and his (1982), 4756, and his Roman Studies Roman Studies (1987), 172. (1987), 172.

12. A. N. Sherwin-White, Roman Foreign Policy in the East Roman Foreign Policy in the East (1984), 30721. (1984), 30721.

13. Plutarch, Life of Antony Life of Antony 36.35 and Dio, 49.32, with Pelling, 36.35 and Dio, 49.32, with Pelling, Commentary Commentary, 21720.

14. J. Linderski, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1984), 7480. (1984), 7480.

15. Plutarch, Life of Antony Life of Antony 71.4; on Timon, Strabo, 17.794 and Plutarch, 71.4; on Timon, Strabo, 17.794 and Plutarch, Life of Antony Life of Antony 69.67 and 70. 69.67 and 70.

16. Ibid. 76.578.4.

17. Macrobius, Saturnalia Saturnalia 2.4.289, brought to notice by F. Millar, 2.4.289, brought to notice by F. Millar, The Emperor in the Roman World The Emperor in the Roman World (1977), 135. (1977), 135.

18. On the poets' earlier att.i.tudes, note Virgil, Eclogue Eclogue 9, with M. Winter-bottom, in 9, with M. Winter-bottom, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1976), 558; Horace, (1976), 558; Horace, Epodes Epodes 6 and 16 with the remarkable study by Nisbet, 6 and 16 with the remarkable study by Nisbet, Collected Papers Collected Papers, 16181, and Propertius 1.21 with Gordon Williams, Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry Tradition and Originality in Roman Poetry (1968), 17281. (1968), 17281.

19. Jasper Griffin, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1977), 1726. (1977), 1726.

CHAPTER 39. 39. THE MAKING OF THE EMPEROR THE MAKING OF THE EMPEROR.

1. Velleius, 2.88; Livy, Periochae Periochae CCXIII; Dio, 54.15.4. CCXIII; Dio, 54.15.4.

2. I differ on this from P. A. Brunt, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1983), 612. (1983), 612.

3. Joyce Reynolds, Aphrodisias and Rome Aphrodisias and Rome (1982), 104, number 13. (1982), 104, number 13.

4. J. Rich and J. Williams, Numismatic Chronicle Numismatic Chronicle (1999), 169214. (1999), 169214.

5. Livy, 4.20.7 with R. M. Ogilvie, Commentary on Livy Books 15 Commentary on Livy Books 15 (1965), (1965), ad loc ad loc.

6. S. Weinstock, Divus Julius Divus Julius (1971), 22843, a fine study. (1971), 22843, a fine study.

7. B. M. Levick, in Greece and Rome Greece and Rome (1975), 15663, especially the important note 10. (1975), 15663, especially the important note 10.

8. I opt for a trial in 22 BC, because it seems to occur when Marcellus is dead and therefore not called to give evidence; on Castricius the informer, D. Stockton, in Historia Historia (1965), 27. (1965), 27.

9. Virgil, Aeneid Aeneid 6.8513. 6.8513.

CHAPTER 40. 40. MORALS AND SOCIETY MORALS AND SOCIETY.

1. Historia Augusta Historia Augusta, Life of Hadrian 11.67.

2. Nepos, Atticus Atticus 20.3. 20.3.

3. Horace, Odes Odes 3.24.2530. 3.24.2530.

4. The suggestion of E. Badian, in Philologus Philologus (1985), 8298. (1985), 8298.

5. Horace, Epodes Epodes 4; Dio, 48.34.5 and 48.43.3. 4; Dio, 48.34.5 and 48.43.3.

6. R. Syme, The Roman Revolution The Roman Revolution (1939), 361; Florus, 2.6.6 on 'munic.i.p.alia prodigia', of which there are many. (1939), 361; Florus, 2.6.6 on 'munic.i.p.alia prodigia', of which there are many.

7. Augustus, Res Gestae Res Gestae 8.5. 8.5.

8. Pliny, Letters Letters 1.8.11. 1.8.11.

9. Epitome de Caesaribus Epitome de Caesaribus, 14.8.

10. P. A. Brunt, Italian Manpower Italian Manpower (1971), with Gaius, (1971), with Gaius, Inst.i.tutes Inst.i.tutes 2.286. 2.286.

11. Horace, Odes Odes 4.5.22. 4.5.22.

12. Craig A. Williams, Roman h.o.m.os.e.xuality Roman h.o.m.os.e.xuality (1999), 275, note 115; S. Treggiari, (1999), 275, note 115; S. Treggiari, Roman Freedmen During the Late Republic Roman Freedmen During the Late Republic (1969), 2712. (1969), 2712.

13. Cicero, De Legibus De Legibus 3.302. 3.302.

14. S. Treggiari, in Ancient History Bulletin Ancient History Bulletin (1994), 8698, for this connection. (1994), 8698, for this connection.

15. Tacitus, Annals Annals 2.85, with Pliny, 2.85, with Pliny, Natural History Natural History 7.39, and R. Syme, 7.39, and R. Syme, Roman Papers Roman Papers, volume II (1979), 80524, esp. 811 and R. Syme, Augustan Aristocracy Augustan Aristocracy (1986), 74. (1986), 74.

16. Dio, 77.16.4 with F. Millar, A Study of Ca.s.sius Dio A Study of Ca.s.sius Dio (1964), 2047. (1964), 2047.

17. S. Riccabono, Fontes Iuris Romani Fontes Iuris Romani..., volume III, numbers 2 and 4.

18. K. Sara Myers, in Journal of Roman Studies Journal of Roman Studies (1996), 120. (1996), 120.

19. Macrobius, Saturnalia Saturnalia 2.5.9. 2.5.9.

CHAPTER 41. 41. SPECTATOR SPORTS SPECTATOR SPORTS.

1. L. Robert, Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres Comptes Rendus de L'Academie des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres (1970), 611. (1970), 611.

2. Pliny, Natural History Natural History 8.170; on the heated pool, Dio, 55.7.6. 8.170; on the heated pool, Dio, 55.7.6.

3. Pliny, Natural History Natural History 36.121. 36.121.

4. Ibid. 9.168 on Sergius Orata; Martial, Epigrams Epigrams 7.34. 7.34.

5. Tacitus, Annals Annals 14.21. 14.21.

6. H. Dessau (ed), Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5287, with David S. Potter, in D. S. Potter and D. J. Mattingly (eds.), Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire Life, Death and Entertainment in the Roman Empire (1998), 296, on Diocles. (1998), 296, on Diocles.

7. In 252 BC; Pliny, Natural History Natural History 8.6.17. 8.6.17.

8. Augustus, Res Gestae Res Gestae 22 and 23. 22 and 23.

9. L. Robert, Les Gladiateurs dans l'orient grec Les Gladiateurs dans l'orient grec (1940), 248: 'ce n'est pas le seul trait original de la fiere et virile republique de Rhodes.' (1940), 248: 'ce n'est pas le seul trait original de la fiere et virile republique de Rhodes.'

10. Livy, 39.22.2; 41.27.6; 44.18.8.

11. Plutarch, Moralia Moralia 1099B; 1099B; Martyrdom of Perpetua Martyrdom of Perpetua 17.23, with G. Ville, 17.23, with G. Ville, La Gladiature dans l'occident des origines a la mort de Domitian La Gladiature dans l'occident des origines a la mort de Domitian (1981), 363. (1981), 363.

12. Martyrdom of Perpetua Martyrdom of Perpetua 20.2. 20.2.

13. Martial, On Spectacles On Spectacles 6, in Loeb Library edition of Martial, 6, in Loeb Library edition of Martial, Epigrams Epigrams 1 (1993), notes and translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey. 1 (1993), notes and translation by D. R. Shackleton Bailey.

14. Celadus, in Dessau, Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae Inscriptiones Latinae Selectae, 5142A and B, with Robert, Les Gladiateurs Les Gladiateurs, 302 on his name; 5142C, on 'puparum nocturnarum'.

15. M. Cebeillac-Gervasoni and F. Zevi, in Melanges de l'ecole Francaise a Rome Melanges de l'ecole Francaise a Rome (1976), 612. (1976), 612.

16. Dio, 67.8.4.

17. Dio, 74.5.5.

CHAPTER 42. 42. THE ROMAN ARMY THE ROMAN ARMY.

1. Suetonius, Life of Augustus Life of Augustus 49. 49.

2. Hyginus, in Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum Corpus Agrimensorum Romanorum, ed. C. Thulin, volume I (1913), 1656; O. A. W. Dilke, The Roman Land Surveyors The Roman Land Surveyors (1971), 11314. (1971), 11314.

3. Strabo, 3.4.20.

4. M. Beard, J. North and S. R. F. Price (eds.), Religions of Rome Religions of Rome, volume I (1998), 3248, and volume II (1998), 716.

5. Suetonius, Life of Nero Life of Nero 44.1; I disagree with P. A. Brunt, in 44.1; I disagree with P. A. Brunt, in Scripta Cla.s.sica Israelica Scripta Cla.s.sica Israelica (1974), 80; a 'levy' ( (1974), 80; a 'levy' (dilectus) is either of auxiliaries or of volunteers (Tacitus, Histories Histories 3.58, is a good example). 3.58, is a good example).