532. "This man seemed to know" Akers MS, op. cit. "This man seemed to know" Akers MS, op. cit.

533. "It was an impersonal war" Galantin, op. cit., p. 106. "It was an impersonal war" Galantin, op. cit., p. 106.

534. "Three hits observed" Theodore Roscoe, "Three hits observed" Theodore Roscoe, U.S. Submarine Operations in World War II U.S. Submarine Operations in World War II, Naval Inst.i.tute Press 1949, p. 441.

535. "Vice-Admiral Charles Lockwood" Charles Lockwood, "Vice-Admiral Charles Lockwood" Charles Lockwood, Sink 'Em All Sink 'Em All, Dutton 1951, p. 124.

536. "Heads ached" Galantin, op. cit., p. 243. "Heads ached" Galantin, op. cit., p. 243.

537. "Many will tell you that depth-charging" Walter Jaffee, "Many will tell you that depth-charging" Walter Jaffee, Steel Shark in the Pacific Steel Shark in the Pacific, Glencannon 2001, p. 125.

538. "By the fall of 1944" Galantin, op. cit., p. 203. "By the fall of 1944" Galantin, op. cit., p. 203.

539. "It had become an aviator's" ibid., p. 226. "It had become an aviator's" ibid., p. 226.

CHAPTER TWELVE * BURNING A NATION: LEMAY.

I am indebted for much factual material in this chapter to two sources: Tami Davis Biddle's "Curtis Emerson LeMay and the Ascent of American Strategic Air Power," published in Realizing the Dream of Flight Realizing the Dream of Flight, ed. Virginia Dawson and Mark Bowles, NASA, Washington, D.C. 2005; and Ralph Arnold: "Improvised Destruction: Arnold, LeMay and the Firebombing of j.a.pan," published in War in History War in History, October 2006, Vol. 13.

540. "The best psychological warfare" Gerald Hanley, "The best psychological warfare" Gerald Hanley, Spectator Spectator, 29.9.44.

541. "the use of incendiaries" Chennault, "the use of incendiaries" Chennault, Way of a Fighter Way of a Fighter, Putnam 1948, p. 97.

542. "As we piled out" Carter McGregor, "As we piled out" Carter McGregor, The Kagu-Tchuchi Bomb Group The Kagu-Tchuchi Bomb Group 40 40BG, Wichita Falls Texas, Nortex 1981, p. 49.

543. "had as many bugs" C. E. LeMay and Kantor, "had as many bugs" C. E. LeMay and Kantor, Mission with LeMay Mission with LeMay, p. 124.

544. "but they continue with these futile operations" Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 197. "but they continue with these futile operations" Pownall diaries, op. cit., p. 197.

545. "They are very poor" LC LeMay Papers Box 11. "They are very poor" LC LeMay Papers Box 11.

546. "the B-29 outfits are being filled" ibid., letter to Maj.-Gen. Fred Anderson 18.11.44. "the B-29 outfits are being filled" ibid., letter to Maj.-Gen. Fred Anderson 18.11.44.

547. "The B-29 project is important to me" ibid. "The B-29 project is important to me" ibid.

548. "Sir, it could ignite gas fumes" AI Leon Cobaugh. "Sir, it could ignite gas fumes" AI Leon Cobaugh.

549. "I had hoped to find brown-skinned" Brown, "I had hoped to find brown-skinned" Brown, A B- A B-29 Pilot's Memories Pilot's Memories.

550. "Leather began to get mouldy" Samuelson diary, B-29 website www.http:B-29.org. "Leather began to get mouldy" Samuelson diary, B-29 website www.http:B-29.org.

551. "Everyone was on edge the rest of the day" ibid. 288 "3 Dec: The boys are" ibid. "Everyone was on edge the rest of the day" ibid. 288 "3 Dec: The boys are" ibid.

552. "When the clouds broke, Mt. Fujiyama" ibid. "When the clouds broke, Mt. Fujiyama" ibid.

553. "We're all of us poor soldiers" Quoted Kenneth P. Werrell, "We're all of us poor soldiers" Quoted Kenneth P. Werrell, Blankets of Fire Blankets of Fire, Smithsonian 1996, p. 206.

554. "I had a nice talk with Wray and Cutter" Samuelson diary, op. cit., B-29 website. "I had a nice talk with Wray and Cutter" Samuelson diary, op. cit., B-29 website.

555. "I became aware of the sky" Ben Robertson, "I became aware of the sky" Ben Robertson, The Beginning of the End The Beginning of the End, privately published 2004, p. 112.

556. "In our situation, it was pretty much" ibid., p. 102. "In our situation, it was pretty much" ibid., p. 102.

557. "Maybe the road ahead" ibid., CL to Norstad 31.1.45. "Maybe the road ahead" ibid., CL to Norstad 31.1.45.

558. "Morale was terrible...Nothing worked" B-29 website. "Morale was terrible...Nothing worked" B-29 website.

559. "General LeMay has taken over" Quoted Werrell, op. cit., p. 140. "General LeMay has taken over" Quoted Werrell, op. cit., p. 140.

560. "As early as September 1944" William W. Ralph, op. cit., p. 503. "As early as September 1944" William W. Ralph, op. cit., p. 503.

561. "It is air power that this Country" Lt.-Gen. Barney Giles to Kenney 27.9.44, quoted Ralph, op. cit., p. 505. "It is air power that this Country" Lt.-Gen. Barney Giles to Kenney 27.9.44, quoted Ralph, op. cit., p. 505.

562. "To date the Twentieth" USAAF Maxwell AFB Research file 760.3171. "To date the Twentieth" USAAF Maxwell AFB Research file 760.3171.

563. "Whereas the adoption of nonvisual" Conrad C. Crane, "Whereas the adoption of nonvisual" Conrad C. Crane, Bombs, Cities and Civilians Bombs, Cities and Civilians, Kansas University Press 1993, p. 76.

564. "A sort of cold fear gripped the crews" 497BG History, p. 19. "A sort of cold fear gripped the crews" 497BG History, p. 19.

565. "There were a lot of unhappy campers" B-29 website. "There were a lot of unhappy campers" B-29 website.

566. "We might lose over three hundred aircraft" LeMay and Kantor, op. cit., p. 1. "We might lose over three hundred aircraft" LeMay and Kantor, op. cit., p. 1.

567. "The whole city of Tokyo" B-29 website. "The whole city of Tokyo" B-29 website.

568. "Arnold a.s.sured him mendaciously" Ralph, op. cit., p. 519. "Arnold a.s.sured him mendaciously" Ralph, op. cit., p. 519.

569. "blasted large cracks in the myth" "blasted large cracks in the myth" Christian Century Christian Century, issue of 21.3.45.

570. "through intensified bombing" "through intensified bombing" Newsweek Newsweek, 2.7.45.

571. "Most of my mail consisted of" Shigemitsu memoirs, op. cit., p. 346. "Most of my mail consisted of" Shigemitsu memoirs, op. cit., p. 346.

572. "the most frightful experience" ibid., p. 324. "the most frightful experience" ibid., p. 324.

573. "elements of the population" USNA RG457 Box 24 SRH074081. "elements of the population" USNA RG457 Box 24 SRH074081.

574. "After the war" AI Ando. "After the war" AI Ando.

575. "An unforgettable mission" B-29 website. "An unforgettable mission" B-29 website.

576. "Frequent bombings, particularly night attacks, have made a major impact" RUSSIAN ARKHIV 18. VELIKAYA OTECHESTVENNAYA No.7 (1), Moscow 1997, no. 294, p. 297; from the Review of Military Operations of the USAAF Against j.a.pan Compiled by the Intelligence Department of USSR Main Naval Headquarters ( June 1944March 1945). Source: "Frequent bombings, particularly night attacks, have made a major impact" RUSSIAN ARKHIV 18. VELIKAYA OTECHESTVENNAYA No.7 (1), Moscow 1997, no. 294, p. 297; from the Review of Military Operations of the USAAF Against j.a.pan Compiled by the Intelligence Department of USSR Main Naval Headquarters ( June 1944March 1945). Source: TsVMAF. TsVMAF. 2 2 Op. Op. 1 1 D. D.1019. L. L.3049, 31320.

577. "It was easy to see that the Nip pilots" Samuelson diary, op. cit., B-29 website. "It was easy to see that the Nip pilots" Samuelson diary, op. cit., B-29 website.

578. "Mess kits were banged" True personal narrative, loaned to the author. "Mess kits were banged" True personal narrative, loaned to the author.

579. "Personally I have no quarrel" Norstad to LeMay 17.4.45. "Personally I have no quarrel" Norstad to LeMay 17.4.45.

580. "Never before or since" MAFB 760-551: USAAF special post-war report on fire-raising. "Never before or since" MAFB 760-551: USAAF special post-war report on fire-raising.

581. "We were going after military targets" LeMay and Kantor, op. cit., p. 384. "We were going after military targets" LeMay and Kantor, op. cit., p. 384.

582. "I don't think we thought much" AI True, loc. cit. "I don't think we thought much" AI True, loc. cit.

583. "It is much easier" IWM Speer Collection Box 5369 SHAEF G230.5.45. "It is much easier" IWM Speer Collection Box 5369 SHAEF G230.5.45.

584. "this use of psychological warfare" Conrad C. Crane, "Leadership, Technology and the Ethics of Total War: Curtis LeMay and the Firebombing of j.a.pan," in Christopher Kolenda (ed.), "this use of psychological warfare" Conrad C. Crane, "Leadership, Technology and the Ethics of Total War: Curtis LeMay and the Firebombing of j.a.pan," in Christopher Kolenda (ed.), Leadership: The Warrior's Art Leadership: The Warrior's Art, Army War College Foundation Press, Carlisle, Pa. 2001, pp. 20524.

585. "I imagine if one knew Napoleon" USAMHI Eichelberger Papers, op. cit. "I imagine if one knew Napoleon" USAMHI Eichelberger Papers, op. cit.

586. "Fear of losing control" Craven and Cate, op. cit., p. 531. "Fear of losing control" Craven and Cate, op. cit., p. 531.

587. "one of the most ruthless" Hoover Inst.i.tution, Fellers Collection Box 3. "one of the most ruthless" Hoover Inst.i.tution, Fellers Collection Box 3.

588. "The course and conduct" Crane, "The course and conduct" Crane, Bombs, Cities and Civilians Bombs, Cities and Civilians, op. cit., p. 173.

589. "Highlight of the entire" Maxwell AFB 7601 Post-War Narrative. "Highlight of the entire" Maxwell AFB 7601 Post-War Narrative.

590. "n.o.body involved in the decision" Freedman and Dockrill, "Hiroshima: A Strategy of Shock," "n.o.body involved in the decision" Freedman and Dockrill, "Hiroshima: A Strategy of Shock," From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima From Pearl Harbor to Hiroshima, Macmillan 1993, p. 196.

591. "Nothing new about death" Quoted Werrell, op. cit., p. 140. "Nothing new about death" Quoted Werrell, op. cit., p. 140.

CHAPTER THIRTEEN * THE ROAD PAST MANDALAY.

592. "It might be one of our chaps" Fraser, op. cit., p. 37. "It might be one of our chaps" Fraser, op. cit., p. 37.

593. "He confused 9 Section" ibid., p. xii. "He confused 9 Section" ibid., p. xii.

594. "There was a wonderful" "There was a wonderful" Northamptonshire Regimental Journal Northamptonshire Regimental Journal, Nov. 1952, p. 17.

595. "He is neither pro-j.a.p" LHA Gracey Papers. "He is neither pro-j.a.p" LHA Gracey Papers.

596. "Very few of us" Hill, op. cit., p. 110. "Very few of us" Hill, op. cit., p. 110.

597. "None of them surrendered" ibid. "None of them surrendered" ibid.

598. "One of our chaps" IWM 95/33/1 Daniels MS, p. 243. "One of our chaps" IWM 95/33/1 Daniels MS, p. 243.

599. "that it was counterattacked" Woodburn Kirby, Vol. V, op. cit., p. 257. "that it was counterattacked" Woodburn Kirby, Vol. V, op. cit., p. 257.

600. "Despite recent bad behaviour" BNA WO203/1259 23.2.45. "Despite recent bad behaviour" BNA WO203/1259 23.2.45.

601. "The South Lancs' CO" AI Horsford. "The South Lancs' CO" AI Horsford.

602. "With maddening sluggishness" Woodburn Kirby, Vol. V, op. cit., p. 265. "With maddening sluggishness" Woodburn Kirby, Vol. V, op. cit., p. 265.

603. "The tanks took a pasting" AI McAllister. "The tanks took a pasting" AI McAllister.

604. "The j.a.panese still had the reputation" ibid. "The j.a.panese still had the reputation" ibid.

605. "j.a.p suicide squads dug in" BNA WO203/1259. "j.a.p suicide squads dug in" BNA WO203/1259.

606. "Meiktila was a place" AI Inoue. "Meiktila was a place" AI Inoue.

607. "Here before us" Hill, op. cit., p. 112. "Here before us" Hill, op. cit., p. 112.

608. "house-to-house" BNA WO203/5315. "house-to-house" BNA WO203/5315.

609. "We just overran them" AI Horsford. "We just overran them" AI Horsford.

610. "It's no good, "It's no good, sahib sahib!" Sandle, op. cit., pp. 6768.

611. "We felt it was going to be over" AI J. C-H. "We felt it was going to be over" AI J. C-H.

612. "I'm afraid I enjoyed the campaign" AI McAllister. "I'm afraid I enjoyed the campaign" AI McAllister.

613. "It was always a disappointment" Slim, op. cit., p. 351. "It was always a disappointment" Slim, op. cit., p. 351.

614. "Among the stream of vehicles" Abe, "Among the stream of vehicles" Abe, On the Staff of Thirty-Third Army On the Staff of Thirty-Third Army, Fuji Shobo 1953.

615. "Leading troops now only 72 miles" BNA WO203/1259. "Leading troops now only 72 miles" BNA WO203/1259.

616. "Men are the most precious thing" Maj. P. G. Malins of Royal Indian Army Service Corps personal narrative 1981, Gracey Papers LHA. "Men are the most precious thing" Maj. P. G. Malins of Royal Indian Army Service Corps personal narrative 1981, Gracey Papers LHA.

617. "I turned to see" Fraser, op. cit., p. 83. "I turned to see" Fraser, op. cit., p. 83.

618. "If thoo wez a j.a.p, an' saw this lot coomin'" ibid., p. 93. "If thoo wez a j.a.p, an' saw this lot coomin'" ibid., p. 93.

619. "The scale of loss on both sides" Michael Hickey, "The scale of loss on both sides" Michael Hickey, The Unforgettable Army The Unforgettable Army, Spellmount 1998.

620. "I began to realise how much" Hill, op. cit., p. 137. "I began to realise how much" Hill, op. cit., p. 137.

621. "The most incredible thing" Lethbridge Papers LHA. "The most incredible thing" Lethbridge Papers LHA.

622. "d.i.c.ky [Mountbatten], reinforced by" Quoted Martin Gilbert, "d.i.c.ky [Mountbatten], reinforced by" Quoted Martin Gilbert, Winston S. Churchill Winston S. Churchill, Vol. 7, p. 1283.