440. "On 28 December 1944 the j.a.panese "On 28 December 1944 the j.a.panese kempeitai kempeitai" Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila The Battle for Manila, Bloomsbury 1995, p. 72. This entire pa.s.sage draws heavily on their work.

441. "Throngs of Filipinos" USAMHI Henne unpublished MS, op. cit., p. 41. "Throngs of Filipinos" USAMHI Henne unpublished MS, op. cit., p. 41.

442. "The fighting became a shoot-out" ibid., p. 42. "The fighting became a shoot-out" ibid., p. 42.

443. "Not many men were ever privileged" ibid., p. 46. "Not many men were ever privileged" ibid., p. 46.

444. "Our forces are rapidly clearing" USNA RG200 Box 2. "Our forces are rapidly clearing" USNA RG200 Box 2.

445. "MacArthur has visions" USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit. "MacArthur has visions" USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit.

446. "Leaving the near bank" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 107. "Leaving the near bank" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 107.

447. "The sky was a" USAMHI Maj.-Gen. R.S. Beightler: Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division. "The sky was a" USAMHI Maj.-Gen. R.S. Beightler: Report on the Activities of the 37th Infantry Division.

448. "Even then the j.a.panese" USNA RG337 Box 71/491. "Even then the j.a.panese" USNA RG337 Box 71/491.

449. "I'll never forget the bewildered look" USAMHI Palmer Papers. "I'll never forget the bewildered look" USAMHI Palmer Papers.

450. "Didn't you command HQ Company" USAMHI Eddleman Papers, op. cit. "Didn't you command HQ Company" USAMHI Eddleman Papers, op. cit.

451. "Such...are lonely, personal times" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 80. "Such...are lonely, personal times" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 80.

452. "I hope they don't get VD" ibid., p. 95. "I hope they don't get VD" ibid., p. 95.

453. "It was...so common in combat" ibid., p. 73. "It was...so common in combat" ibid., p. 73.

454. "Private Dahlum of the 3/148th" ibid., p. 66. "Private Dahlum of the 3/148th" ibid., p. 66.

455. "Suspecting that every closed door" ibid., p. 68. "Suspecting that every closed door" ibid., p. 68.

456. "They grabbed my two sisters" Evidence given at 1946 Yamas.h.i.ta trial, quoted Connaughton et al., op. cit., p. 243. "They grabbed my two sisters" Evidence given at 1946 Yamas.h.i.ta trial, quoted Connaughton et al., op. cit., p. 243.

457. "I had seen the head of an aunt" ibid., pp. 2045. "I had seen the head of an aunt" ibid., pp. 2045.

458. "When Filipinos are to be killed" "When Filipinos are to be killed" Report on the Sack of Manila Report on the Sack of Manila, U.S. Congressional Committee on Military Affairs 1945, pp. 1415.

459. "Oscar Griswold of XIV Corps" USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit. "Oscar Griswold of XIV Corps" USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit.

460. "Don't do that" Luis Esteban, "Don't do that" Luis Esteban, My War My War, unpublished MS, quoted Connaughton et al., op. cit., p. 150.

461. "will not be able to understand" USNA RG338/11061/41 MacArthur 2.9.44. "will not be able to understand" USNA RG338/11061/41 MacArthur 2.9.44.

462. "From then on, to put it crudely" USAMHI Beightler MS, op. cit. "From then on, to put it crudely" USAMHI Beightler MS, op. cit.

463. "American lives were undoubtedly far more valuable" Ross Smith, op. cit., p. 301. "American lives were undoubtedly far more valuable" Ross Smith, op. cit., p. 301.

464. "Those who had survived j.a.panese hate" "Those who had survived j.a.panese hate" A Question of Ident.i.ties: Selected Essays A Question of Ident.i.ties: Selected Essays, Manila 1973, p. 77.

465. "C-in-C refused my request" USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit. "C-in-C refused my request" USAMHI Griswold Papers, op. cit.

466. "The a.s.sault upon Intramuros was unique" ibid. "The a.s.sault upon Intramuros was unique" ibid.

467. "It was not a pleasant moment" "It was not a pleasant moment" Reminiscences Reminiscences, op. cit., p. 247.

468. "organised drunk" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit. "organised drunk" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit.

469. "I believe the BC [Big Chief] would fight against" USAMHI Eichelberger letters, op. cit. "I believe the BC [Big Chief] would fight against" USAMHI Eichelberger letters, op. cit.

470. "Of the forty-nine men who are left" Suteo diary, op. cit. "Of the forty-nine men who are left" Suteo diary, op. cit.

471. "After daybreak, removed arm" LHA interrogation reports, captured diary of SH 19.5.45. "After daybreak, removed arm" LHA interrogation reports, captured diary of SH 19.5.45.

472. "Practically every day" LHA interrogation reports. "Practically every day" LHA interrogation reports.

473. "They all talked big" Hiroo Onoda, "They all talked big" Hiroo Onoda, No Surrender No Surrender, Deutsch 1975, p. 57.

474. "all resigned to death" ibid., p. 69. "all resigned to death" ibid., p. 69.

475. "We tore off the wings" Quoted Harvey, op. cit., pp. 22122. "We tore off the wings" Quoted Harvey, op. cit., pp. 22122.

476. "absurd orders" USNA RG337 Box 59/238. "absurd orders" USNA RG337 Box 59/238.

477. "It is still something of a mystery" Morison, op. cit., Vol XII, p. 216. "It is still something of a mystery" Morison, op. cit., Vol XII, p. 216.

478. "There are unmistakable" Quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 717. "There are unmistakable" Quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 717.

479. "It was a long, slow and costly operation" USAMHI Gill Papers Box 1, oral history transcript tape 8. "It was a long, slow and costly operation" USAMHI Gill Papers Box 1, oral history transcript tape 8.

480. "We sometimes reported" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 161. "We sometimes reported" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 161.

481. "I looked around to see" USAMHI Lamagna Papers. "I looked around to see" USAMHI Lamagna Papers.

482. "They laughed and kept on" USAMHI, Col. Charles A. Henne, "They laughed and kept on" USAMHI, Col. Charles A. Henne, Reduction of the Shobu Group Reduction of the Shobu Group, unpublished MS 1989, p. 9.

483. "The price that the...trail cost" USAMHI Gill Papers Box 1, op. cit. "The price that the...trail cost" USAMHI Gill Papers Box 1, op. cit.

484. "It seemed the right thing to do" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 104. "It seemed the right thing to do" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 104.

485. "Col. Bruce Palmer" USAMHI Palmer Papers. "Col. Bruce Palmer" USAMHI Palmer Papers.

486. "With the torrents of rain" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 90. "With the torrents of rain" USAMHI Henne MS, op. cit., p. 90.

487. "On those occasions" Stanley L. Falk, "On those occasions" Stanley L. Falk, Decision at Leyte Decision at Leyte, Norton 1966, p. 21.

488. "South-West Pacific commitment" "South-West Pacific commitment" Army Army, June 1992, p. 61.

CHAPTER TEN * b.l.o.o.d.y MINIATURE: IWO JIMA.

489. "a waterless island of sulphur springs" USNA RG38 Box 119, Maj. Y. Horie. "a waterless island of sulphur springs" USNA RG38 Box 119, Maj. Y. Horie.

490. "We are now getting enemy" MCHC Joseph Raspalair Papers. "We are now getting enemy" MCHC Joseph Raspalair Papers.

491. "You can hardly see sea" AI Ohkoshi. "You can hardly see sea" AI Ohkoshi.

492. "I...thought of the helpless feeling" Patrick Caruso, "I...thought of the helpless feeling" Patrick Caruso, Nightmare on Iwo Nightmare on Iwo, Naval Inst.i.tute Press 2001, p. 17.

493. "clothing and helmet" Johnston, op. cit., p. 73. "clothing and helmet" Johnston, op. cit., p. 73.

494. "I wondered how our plastic surgeons" James Vedder, "I wondered how our plastic surgeons" James Vedder, Combat Surgeon Combat Surgeon, Presidio 1984, p. 37.

495. "This war will be decided" USNA Horie MS, op. cit. "This war will be decided" USNA Horie MS, op. cit.

496. "I saw my group leader" MCHC Rodriguez Papers. "I saw my group leader" MCHC Rodriguez Papers.

497. "'G.o.d, if you save my life" I'll go to church every Sunday' LC Jerry Copland interview. "'G.o.d, if you save my life" I'll go to church every Sunday' LC Jerry Copland interview.

498. "We had a gross misconception" Caruso, op. cit., p. 73. "We had a gross misconception" Caruso, op. cit., p. 73.

499. "we had not seen any of the enemy" MCHC Rodriguez Papers, op. cit. "we had not seen any of the enemy" MCHC Rodriguez Papers, op. cit.

500. "Low morale, fatigue" MCHC Sayers Papers. "Low morale, fatigue" MCHC Sayers Papers.

501. "Progress a hundred yards" MCHC a.r.s.enault MS. "Progress a hundred yards" MCHC a.r.s.enault MS.

502. "Pick some prominent landmark" MCHC Green MS. "Pick some prominent landmark" MCHC Green MS.

503. "At times, it appeared that the only sure way" Caruso, op. cit., p. 109. "At times, it appeared that the only sure way" Caruso, op. cit., p. 109.

504. "not only alive but leaving" MCHC unpublished MS, p. 302. "not only alive but leaving" MCHC unpublished MS, p. 302.

505. "I got hit in the b.a.l.l.s" MCHC Cudworth Papers. "I got hit in the b.a.l.l.s" MCHC Cudworth Papers.

506. "After seeing dead Marines on the island" ibid. "After seeing dead Marines on the island" ibid.

507. "He was a good bit older" AI Ohkoshi. "He was a good bit older" AI Ohkoshi.

508. "Once I get back home" Caruso, op. cit., p. 134. "Once I get back home" Caruso, op. cit., p. 134.

509. "other than feeling sorry for the guys" LC George interview. "other than feeling sorry for the guys" LC George interview.

510. "Sometimes we were so close" MCHC Watkins MS, p. 182. "Sometimes we were so close" MCHC Watkins MS, p. 182.

511. "In the time that one belly wound" ibid. "In the time that one belly wound" ibid.

512. "You don't need my watch" Caruso, op. cit., p. 31. "You don't need my watch" Caruso, op. cit., p. 31.

513. "He turned out to be my age" Bradlee, op. cit., pp. 78, 80. "He turned out to be my age" Bradlee, op. cit., pp. 78, 80.

514. "It was necessary for officers" MCHC Sayers report, op. cit. "It was necessary for officers" MCHC Sayers report, op. cit.

515. "We replacements were despised" MCHC Lane Papers. "We replacements were despised" MCHC Lane Papers.

516. "My mind traversed the spectrum" Caruso, op. cit., p. 162. "My mind traversed the spectrum" Caruso, op. cit., p. 162.

517. "You wanted to know how bad" MCHC Colegrove Papers. "You wanted to know how bad" MCHC Colegrove Papers.

518. "I was never once sore" MCHC Schless Papers, op. cit. "I was never once sore" MCHC Schless Papers, op. cit.

519. "The first guy I ever killed" LC Copeland interview. "The first guy I ever killed" LC Copeland interview.

520. "It makes me sick" Maj.-Gen. Joseph Swing, "It makes me sick" Maj.-Gen. Joseph Swing, Dear General: WWII Letters, Dear General: WWII Letters, 194445, 11th Airborne a.s.sociation 1963, letter of 8.3.45. 194445, 11th Airborne a.s.sociation 1963, letter of 8.3.45.

521. "Captain Kouichi Ito, an army officer" AI Ito. "Captain Kouichi Ito, an army officer" AI Ito.

522. "In ancient times" MCHC Raspilair Papers, op. cit. "In ancient times" MCHC Raspilair Papers, op. cit.

523. "There's your uncle" LC Copeland interview. "There's your uncle" LC Copeland interview.

CHAPTER ELEVEN * BLOCKADE: WAR UNDERWATER.

524. "The entire question of j.a.panese" USNA RG496 Box 809. "The entire question of j.a.panese" USNA RG496 Box 809.

525. "Seeing no one on board" USNA RG38 Box 3 ONI. "Seeing no one on board" USNA RG38 Box 3 ONI.

526. "Ronald Spector has remarked" Spector, "Ronald Spector has remarked" Spector, Eagle Against the Sun Eagle Against the Sun, Viking 1984, p. xvi.

527. "It was hard to flush" Artie Akers, unpublished MS, University of Tennessee. "It was hard to flush" Artie Akers, unpublished MS, University of Tennessee.

528. "We were essentially a steel bubble" Galantin, op. cit., p. 137. "We were essentially a steel bubble" Galantin, op. cit., p. 137.

529. "We had almost disdain for the threat" ibid., p. 96. "We had almost disdain for the threat" ibid., p. 96.

530. "for instance, Sam Dealey" Charles Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson, "for instance, Sam Dealey" Charles Lockwood and Hans Christian Adamson, Through h.e.l.l and Deep Water Through h.e.l.l and Deep Water, Greenburg 1956.

531. "Use the periscope as little as possible" NHC "Use the periscope as little as possible" NHC Current Doctrine Current Doctrine 1944. 1944.