623. "They looked like beggars" AI Sugano. "They looked like beggars" AI Sugano.

624. "Petrol is as precious as blood" AI Inoue. "Petrol is as precious as blood" AI Inoue.

625. "The old unquestioning confidence" R. Hunt and J. Harrison (eds.), "The old unquestioning confidence" R. Hunt and J. Harrison (eds.), The District Officer in India, The District Officer in India, 193047, London 1980, p. 175. 193047, London 1980, p. 175.

626. "in their leisure time they will talk" BNA WO203/1194. "in their leisure time they will talk" BNA WO203/1194.

627. "Exactly what purposes it served" Aldiss, op. cit., p. 180. "Exactly what purposes it served" Aldiss, op. cit., p. 180.

628. "I realised that I had longed" ibid., p. 187. "I realised that I had longed" ibid., p. 187.

CHAPTER FOURTEEN * * AUSTRALIANS: "BLUDGING" AND "MOPPING UP" AUSTRALIANS: "BLUDGING" AND "MOPPING UP"

629. "They said they were all too tired" G. R. Matthews diaries AWM PR87/79. "They said they were all too tired" G. R. Matthews diaries AWM PR87/79.

630. "deterioration in the morale" Australian Archives Victoria: MP72/1, File 193/1/657. "deterioration in the morale" Australian Archives Victoria: MP72/1, File 193/1/657.

631. "Many...laborers refused to work" Stauffer, "Many...laborers refused to work" Stauffer, The U.S. Army in WWII The U.S. Army in WWII, p. 51.

632. "was directly obstructing the war effort" ibid., p. 115. "was directly obstructing the war effort" ibid., p. 115.

633. "apathy amongst large sections" Lacey to Curtin 14.1.43, cited Thorne, "apathy amongst large sections" Lacey to Curtin 14.1.43, cited Thorne, Allies Allies, p. 304.

634. "The Department may be surprised" ibid., p. 237. "The Department may be surprised" ibid., p. 237.

635. "pulling right out of the war" "pulling right out of the war" Sydney Morning Herald Sydney Morning Herald, 8.9.44.

636. "civil war or very near it" Sydney "civil war or very near it" Sydney Daily Telegraph Daily Telegraph, 30.10.44.

637. "The Australian government tried" Paul Hasluck, "The Australian government tried" Paul Hasluck, The Government and the People, The Government and the People, 194245, Australian War Memorial, Canberra 1970, p. 630. 194245, Australian War Memorial, Canberra 1970, p. 630.

638. "The mainspring of Curtin's leadership" ibid., p. 436. "The mainspring of Curtin's leadership" ibid., p. 436.

639. "The enemy garrisons which" To Marshall 9.8.44, quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 464. "The enemy garrisons which" To Marshall 9.8.44, quoted Clayton James, op. cit., p. 464.

640. "American public opinion" "American public opinion" Melbourne Herald Melbourne Herald, 10.1.45.

641. "a rather unpleasant" Tedder letter to wife 10.5.41, Tedder Papers. "a rather unpleasant" Tedder letter to wife 10.5.41, Tedder Papers.

642. "not an impressive" Alanbrooke diaries, op. cit., p. 544. "not an impressive" Alanbrooke diaries, op. cit., p. 544.

643. "On his head descended" Gavin Long, "On his head descended" Gavin Long, The Final Campaigns The Final Campaigns, AWM, p. 586.

644. "The best that can be said" D. M. Horner, "The best that can be said" D. M. Horner, Blamey: The Commander-in-Chief Blamey: The Commander-in-Chief, Allen & Unwin 1998, pa.s.sim.

645. "We are all just about had" Diary AWM PR89/190. "We are all just about had" Diary AWM PR89/190.

646. "A feeling of terrible sadness" "A feeling of terrible sadness" War in the Shadows: Bougainville, War in the Shadows: Bougainville, 194445, AWM 1996, p. 86. 194445, AWM 1996, p. 86.

647. "The political and grand strategic" Johnston, op. cit., p. 95. "The political and grand strategic" Johnston, op. cit., p. 95.

648. "capable of anything" AWM 3DRL 3825 John Butler letter to wife from New Guinea. "capable of anything" AWM 3DRL 3825 John Butler letter to wife from New Guinea.

649. "When you get into action" Quoted Johnston, op. cit., p. 81. 343 "75 of us refused to go into action" ibid., p. 236. "When you get into action" Quoted Johnston, op. cit., p. 81. 343 "75 of us refused to go into action" ibid., p. 236.

650. "I happen to entertain" Commonwealth Debates Vol. 181, p. 1126. "I happen to entertain" Commonwealth Debates Vol. 181, p. 1126.

651. "In both Australian and j.a.panese history" Long, op. cit., p. 386. "In both Australian and j.a.panese history" Long, op. cit., p. 386.

CHAPTER FIFTEEN * CAPTIVITY AND SLAVERY.

652. "American PWs appeared to be" LHA POW reports microfilm 588. "American PWs appeared to be" LHA POW reports microfilm 588.

653. "There was evidence" BNA 16.1.45 WO203/5609. "There was evidence" BNA 16.1.45 WO203/5609.

654. "Their liberators were stunned" BNA WO203/5620. "Their liberators were stunned" BNA WO203/5620.

655. "I dared not look into their eyes" Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, "I dared not look into their eyes" Christopher Bayly and Tim Harper, Forgotten Armies Forgotten Armies, Penguin 2004, pp. 4067.

656. "In the beginning" AI Idlett. "In the beginning" AI Idlett.

657. "The Burma railway was a very difficult" AI Renichi Sugano. "The Burma railway was a very difficult" AI Renichi Sugano.

658. "men of the arrogant nation" Hino's 1942 book "men of the arrogant nation" Hino's 1942 book Batan Hanto Kojoki Batan Hanto Kojoki, cited Haruko Taya Cook, Voices from the Front: j.a.panese War Literature, Voices from the Front: j.a.panese War Literature, 193745, unpublished MA thesis, University of California, Berkeley 1984, pp. 5960, quoted Dower, 193745, unpublished MA thesis, University of California, Berkeley 1984, pp. 5960, quoted Dower, j.a.pan in War and Peace j.a.pan in War and Peace.

659. "There is no doubt that many men just" Romney Papers, op. cit., IWM. "There is no doubt that many men just" Romney Papers, op. cit., IWM.

660. "The most junior soldier felt" Stephen Abbott, "The most junior soldier felt" Stephen Abbott, And My War Is Done And My War Is Done, Pentland 1991, p. 37.

661. "I saw discipline go down" AI Rosen. "I saw discipline go down" AI Rosen.

662. "Major D-was about as useful" IWM Young MS 75/124/1. "Major D-was about as useful" IWM Young MS 75/124/1.

663. "the white j.a.p" Hank Nelson, "the white j.a.p" Hank Nelson, Australians Under Nippon Australians Under Nippon, ABC 1985, p. 60.

664. "I know you've been terribly ill" Abbott, op. cit., p. 51. "I know you've been terribly ill" Abbott, op. cit., p. 51.

665. "seems to accept everything" IWM Romney Papers, op. cit. "seems to accept everything" IWM Romney Papers, op. cit.

666. "Flying Officer Erroll Shearn" IWM Shearn Papers 92/36/1. "Flying Officer Erroll Shearn" IWM Shearn Papers 92/36/1.

667. "You are signing away" Coubrough, "You are signing away" Coubrough, Memoirs of a Perpetual Second Lieutenant Memoirs of a Perpetual Second Lieutenant, Wilton 1995, p. 90.

668. "During the early months" BNA WO203/3105. "During the early months" BNA WO203/3105.

669. "The grandiose picture he draws" IWM Shearn MS IWM 92/36/1. "The grandiose picture he draws" IWM Shearn MS IWM 92/36/1.

670. "The Dutch doctors I met" IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1. "The Dutch doctors I met" IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1.

671. "There was no love lost" AI Idlett. "There was no love lost" AI Idlett.

672. "There was a weeding-out" AI Paul Reuter. "There was a weeding-out" AI Paul Reuter.

673. "My life was a nonent.i.ty" AI Andrew Cunningham. "My life was a nonent.i.ty" AI Andrew Cunningham.

674. "wanted to survive" AI Idlett, loc. cit. "wanted to survive" AI Idlett, loc. cit.

675. "I knew some that would not eat rice" ibid. "I knew some that would not eat rice" ibid.

676. "Australian Snow Peat saw" Nelson, op. cit., p. 42. "Australian Snow Peat saw" Nelson, op. cit., p. 42.

677. "I was prepared to eat anything" AI Ashwell. "I was prepared to eat anything" AI Ashwell.

678. "I've missed the sunshine after rain" LHA Morris Papers, op. cit. "I've missed the sunshine after rain" LHA Morris Papers, op. cit.

679. "Some men swore" AI Mel Rosen, loc. cit. "Some men swore" AI Mel Rosen, loc. cit.

680. "Guess my mother thinks" Monahan and Neidel-Greenlee, op. cit., pp. 102, 129. "Guess my mother thinks" Monahan and Neidel-Greenlee, op. cit., pp. 102, 129.

681. "We were so hungry that" ibid., p. 136. "We were so hungry that" ibid., p. 136.

682. "It was becoming very apparent" Hartendorp, op. cit., p. 311. "It was becoming very apparent" Hartendorp, op. cit., p. 311.

683. "My Dear Philip" IWM Sparrow Papers 88/63/1. "My Dear Philip" IWM Sparrow Papers 88/63/1.

684. "G.o.ddammit! That was" Coubrough, op. cit., pp. 9293. "G.o.ddammit! That was" Coubrough, op. cit., pp. 9293.

685. "not a bit like Butlin's" IWM Evans Papers 82/24/1. "not a bit like Butlin's" IWM Evans Papers 82/24/1.

686. "In sapper Edward Whincup's" IWM Whincup Papers 91/81/1. "In sapper Edward Whincup's" IWM Whincup Papers 91/81/1.

687. "With one exception" Coubrough, op. cit., p. 121. "With one exception" Coubrough, op. cit., p. 121.

688. "1/2 pint rice pap" IWM Denis Leigh 1947, thesis on neurological disorders in POWs 77/172/1. "1/2 pint rice pap" IWM Denis Leigh 1947, thesis on neurological disorders in POWs 77/172/1.

689. "Somehow we keep going" IWM Thompson Papers 87/58/1. "Somehow we keep going" IWM Thompson Papers 87/58/1.

690. "the british always" Stibbe, op. cit., p. 124. "the british always" Stibbe, op. cit., p. 124.

691. "Some people would steal" AI Reuter. "Some people would steal" AI Reuter.

692. "Sapper Edward Whincup" IWM Whincup Papers 91/81/1. "Sapper Edward Whincup" IWM Whincup Papers 91/81/1.

693. "No one has any sympathy" IWM Romney Papers, op. cit. "No one has any sympathy" IWM Romney Papers, op. cit.

694. "We became hardened" P. G. Stibbe, "We became hardened" P. G. Stibbe, Return via Rangoon Return via Rangoon, Wolsey 1947, p. 162.

695. "You don't know the meaning of frustration" AI Rosen. "You don't know the meaning of frustration" AI Rosen.

696. "that the j.a.panese, contemptuous of us" Coubrough, op. cit., p. 99. "that the j.a.panese, contemptuous of us" Coubrough, op. cit., p. 99.

697. "It was pointless to maintain" ibid., p. 147. "It was pointless to maintain" ibid., p. 147.

698. "a necessary exercise" IWM 93/8/1 Jackson, "Misadventure," privately published MS. "a necessary exercise" IWM 93/8/1 Jackson, "Misadventure," privately published MS.

699. "The ordinary j.a.panese" Stibbe, op. cit., pp. 55, 196. "The ordinary j.a.panese" Stibbe, op. cit., pp. 55, 196.

700. "'Mr. M' scythed gra.s.s" IWM, David Nicoll, "'Mr. M' scythed gra.s.s" IWM, David Nicoll, Young Shanghailander Young Shanghailander, 92/14/1.

701. "I cooked it slowly" Nini Hannaford-Rambonnet, "I cooked it slowly" Nini Hannaford-Rambonnet, Stand to Attention, Bow, Stand Up Stand to Attention, Bow, Stand Up, Batavia Publishing 2005, p. 33.

702. "no one was raped" IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1. "no one was raped" IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1.

703. "That's what I wanted" IWM Dryburgh Papers 82/19/1. "That's what I wanted" IWM Dryburgh Papers 82/19/1.

704. "Not until your hair is grey" Hannaford-Rambonnet, op. cit. "Not until your hair is grey" Hannaford-Rambonnet, op. cit.

705. "If you wish to live you must" Abbott, op. cit., p. 179. "If you wish to live you must" Abbott, op. cit., p. 179.

706. "He was a really kind-hearted j.a.panese" IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1. "He was a really kind-hearted j.a.panese" IWM Lyon MS 90/10/1.

707. "How do you like winning" IWM Shearn MS 92/36/1. "How do you like winning" IWM Shearn MS 92/36/1.

708. "Are you contented" Abbott, op. cit., p. 58. "Are you contented" Abbott, op. cit., p. 58.

709. "a terrible tragedy" ibid., p. 66. "a terrible tragedy" ibid., p. 66.

710. "I had beriberi" AI Idlett. "I had beriberi" AI Idlett.

711. "I told myself after the war" AI Kikuchi. "I told myself after the war" AI Kikuchi.

712. "At the end of the war" John Glusman, "At the end of the war" John Glusman, Conduct Under Fire Conduct Under Fire, Viking 2005, p. 410.

713. "There was no debate among the doctors" "There was no debate among the doctors" Baltimore Sun Baltimore Sun, 20.5.95.

CHAPTER SIXTEEN * OKINAWA.