301 "and a.s.siduous cooperation": Frederick W. Seward, Seward at Washington as Senator and Secretary of State, 18461861 (New York: Derby & Miller, 1891), p. 590.

302 to prosecute it: The complete message is in CW, 4:421441.

303 "as we can": Segal, Conversations, pp. 113114. For evidence that Lincoln quite clearly understood the difference between closing the ports and declaring a blockade, see Browning, Diary, 1:489.

303 "forced upon him": CW, 4:440.

303 "competency of Congress": CW, 4:429.

303 among legal experts: Some of the more important controversial literature on these topics appears in Frank Freidel, ed., Union Pamphlets of the Civil War (2 vols.; Cambridge, Ma.s.s.: Harvard University Press, 1967). See esp. the essays by Horace Binney and Edward Ingersoll.

304 "one be violated": CW, 4:430.

304 of his administration: Neely, The Fate of Liberty, offers a masterful examination of these problems.

304 "own domestic foes": CW, 4:426.

304 "race of life": CW, 4:438.

305 and "irrepressible applause": New York Times, July 7, 1861.

305 "ways and means": James Ford Rhodes, History of the United States from the Compromise of 1850 (New York: Macmillan Co., 1906), 3:441.

305 of Andrew Jackson: New York Weekly Tribune, July 10, 1861; New York World, July 9, 1861.

305 "of the Const.i.tution": The American Annual Cyclopaedia and Register of Important Events of the Year 1861 (New York: D. Appleton & Co., 1871), p. 234.

306 his subsequent campaigns: For an excellent evaluation of these plans, see Nevins, War for the Union, 1:150154.

306 "in his fall": CW, 4:385. See also Ruth Painter Randall, Colonel Elmer Ellsworth (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1960).

306 "war by piecemeal": Nicolay and Hay, 4:323.

307 bed that night: Ibid., 4:352355.

307 "preserve the Union": Edward McPherson, The Political History of the United States During the Great Rebellion (3rd ed.; Washington, D.C.: Solomons & Chapman, 1876), p. 286.

308 "you have been": Segal, Conversations, p. 126.

308 "would do it": Ibid., p. 129.

309 in the White House: For an excellent history of the White House in Lincoln's time, with many ill.u.s.trations, see William Seale, The President's House: A History (Washington, D.C.: White House Historical a.s.sociation, 1986), chaps. 1517.

309 on the north side: In describing living arrangements in the White House, I have had the inestimable good fortune of receiving privately conducted tours by four distinguished subsequent occupants: President and Mrs. John F. Kennedy in Feb. 1962, and President and Mrs. George Bush in Jan. 1990.

310 on the arm: For a charming account of the Lincoln children in the White House, see Ruth Painter Randall, Lincoln's Sons (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1955), and for White House pets, see Mrs. Randall's Lincoln's Animal Friends (Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1958).

310 the two windows: William O. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times (New York: Charles L. Webster & Co., 1890), pp. 2324. Cf. the drawing C. K. Stellwagen made of Lincoln's office in Oct. 1864, in White House Historical a.s.sociation, The White House: An Historic Guide (Washington, D.C.: White House Historical a.s.sociation, 1963), p. 128.