On the Congresses with which Lincoln had to deal, there are two exemplary studies by Allan G. Bogue: The Congressman's Civil War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), on the House of Representatives, and The Earnest Men: Republicans of the Civil War Senate (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1981). For an account of the severe criticism to which the President was subjected, T. Harry Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1941), remains invaluable.

295 "4th of July": Otto Eisenschiml, Why the Civil War? (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1958), p. 114; Wayne Andrews, ed., The Autobiography of Carl Schurz (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1961), p. 172.

295 "and vice versa": Nicolay and Hay, 4:79.

296 "be duly executed": CW, 4:332.

296 defend their country: William M. d.i.c.kson to AL, Apr. 15, 1861; Richard M. Blatchford and Moses H. Grinnell to AL, Apr. 15, 1861-both in Lincoln MSS, LC; Frank Moore, ed., The Rebellion Record: A Diary of American Events (New York: G. P. Putnam, 1862), 1:25 (Diary).

296 "the Federal Capital": Robert W. Johannsen, ed., The Letters of Stephen A. Douglas (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1961), p. 509.

296 "preparation for war": Damon Wells, Stephen Douglas: The Last Years, 18571861 (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1971), p. 287.

297 "of the Government": William B. Hesseltine, Lincoln and the War Governors (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1948), p. 146.

297 "and brave hearts": David C. Mearns, ed., The Lincoln Papers (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday & Co., 1948), 2:559.

297 "aureole of glory": "Your Affectionate Son" to "Dear Mother," Fort Monroe, Va., May 25, 1861, MS used through the courtesy of Mrs. Jane Langton, Lincoln, Ma.s.s.

297 "from North Carolina": Nicolay and Hay, 4:90.

297 "inhuman and diabolical": Ibid.

297 "no troops here": William J. Evitts, A Matter of Allegiances: Maryland from 1850 to 1861 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1974), p. 178, shows that this telegram was sent before the attack on the Sixth Ma.s.sachusetts Regiment.

298 than through, Baltimore: Nicolay and Hay, 4:127.

298 "and that severely": CW, 4:341342.

298 "don't they come!": Nicolay and Hay, 4:152.

299 "only Northern realities": Hay, Diary, p. 11.

299 "of habeas corpus": Neely, The Fate of Liberty, p. 7, gives the original text of this subsequently distorted order.

299 "government of laws": Randall, Const.i.tutional Problems Under Lincoln, pp. 120121.

300 avoided a confrontation: E. Merton Coulter, The Civil War and Readjustment in Kentucky (Gloucester, Ma.s.s.: Peter Smith, 1966), remains authoritative.

300 "not molest her": Segal, Conversations, p. 116.

300 Internecine war resulted: Walter B. Stevens, "Lincoln and Missouri," Missouri Historical Review 10 (Jan. 1916): 63199.

301 for West Virginia: For a summary of the complicated process of part.i.tioning Virginia, see J. G. Randall and David Herbert Donald, The Civil War and Reconstruction (Lexington, Ma.s.s.: D. C. Heath & Co., 1969), pp. 236242.

301 "of the government": Lincoln summarized these extraconst.i.tutional actions in a message to Congress on May 26, 1862. CW, 5:240242.

301 "calm and collected": Nicolay and Hay, 4:108.