310 "formality of signature": On Nicolay and the administration of the President's office, see Helen Nicolay, Lincoln's Secretary: A Biography of John G. Nicolay (New York: Longmans, Green & Co., 1949), and Edward D. Neill, Abraham Lincoln and His Mailbag, ed. Theodore C. Blegen (St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society, 1964). The quotation is from the latter, on p. 12.

311 "'only has two'": Ward Hill Lamon, Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 18471865, ed. Dorothy Lamon Teillard (Washington, D.C.: 1911), pp. 8283.

311 "extend seven feet": D. M. Jenks to AL, June 10, 1862, Lincoln MSS, LC.

311 to describe her: Randall, Mary Lincoln, offers a highly favorable portrait of Mrs. Lincoln. Baker, Mary Todd Lincoln, is more critical. For Mrs. Lincoln's wartime letters, which are few and not very revealing, see Turner, Mary Todd Lincoln.

312 "was agreeably disappointed": William Howard Russell, My Diary North and South (Boston: T. O. H. P. Burnham, 1863), pp. 4142.

312 "at your feet": Randall, Mary Lincoln, pp. 259262.

312 a wagonload: Stoddard, Inside the White House, pp. 6263.

313 the salary herself Randall, Mary Lincoln, pp. 254256. Browning received a detailed account of Mrs. Lincoln's financial misconduct from W. H. Stackpole, a White House messenger. Browning, Diary, Mar. 3, 1862, MS, ISHL. His report-which, of course, is not firsthand-was considered too explosive for inclusion in his published Diary. It was charges like these that led David Davis many years later to charge that Mary Lincoln "was a natural born thief; that stealing was a sort of insanity with her." Browning, Diary, July 3, 1873, MS, ISHL. In evaluating this comment it must be remembered that it was made long after the event and that Davis heartily detested Mrs. Lincoln.

313 his own pocket: Benjamin Brown French, Witness to the Young Republic, ed. Donald B. Cole and John J. McDonough (Hanover, N.H.: University Press of New England, 1989), p. 382.

313 "unnatural civil war": Jean H. Baker, Affairs of Party: The Political Culture of Northern Democrats in the Mid-Nineteenth Century (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 1983), pp. 148153.

313 "majority in rebellion": CW, 5:494.

313 cultivated War Democrats: Christopher Dell, Lincoln and the War Democrats: The Grand Erosion of Conservative Tradition (Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh d.i.c.kinson University Press, 1975), chaps. 46, offers a full discussion.

314 of public opinion: Williams, Lincoln and the Radicals, pp. 3334.

314 "may desert myself": Adam Gurowski, Diary, from March 4, 1861, to November 12, 1862 (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1862), pp. 8990.

315 modify his proclamation: CW, 4:506.

315 "Negro into it": Nevins, Fremont: Pathmarker of the West, pp. 516519. The last sentence is in italics in this source.

315 of the Confiscation Act: CW, 4:518.

316 "is dealing with": CW, 4:513.

316 "has another chance": Nevins, War for the Union, 1:376.

316 "to the Union": Joshua F. Speed to AL, Sept. 3 and 7, 1861; Robert Anderson to AL, Sept. 13, 1861-all in Lincoln MSS, LC.

316 "never seen surpa.s.sed": Coulter, Civil War and Readjustment, p. 112.

316 "and the North West": O. H. Browning to AL, Sept. 11, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

316 in the Northwest: Timothy Davis to W. H. Seward, Sept. 11, 1861, Seward MSS, UR.

316 "than your order": L. B. Moon to AL, Sept. 16, 1861, Lincoln MSS, LC.

317 "destroyed his country": Horace White to David Davis, Sept. 14, 1861, Davis MSS, ISHL.