3. Opinion, "The National Defense," Opinion, "The National Defense," New York Times, New York Times, September 12, 2001. September 12, 2001.

4. Authorization for Use of Military Force (Public Law 107-40), 107th Cong., 1st sess., September 18, 2001, sec. 2(a). Authorization for Use of Military Force (Public Law 107-40), 107th Cong., 1st sess., September 18, 2001, sec. 2(a).

5. Rumsfeld, speech, "Cabinet Meeting Prayer on the National Day of Prayer and Remembrance," September 14, 2001. Rumsfeld, speech, "Cabinet Meeting Prayer on the National Day of Prayer and Remembrance," September 14, 2001.

6. Rumsfeld, "Vocabulary," September 23, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Vocabulary," September 23, 2001.

7. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Global War on Terror," June 18, 2004; Abizaid to Rumsfeld and Myers, "Response to 18 June Paper," July 16, 2004; Rumsfeld to Steve Hadley, cc: Eric Edelman, "Nature of the Long Struggle," August 4, 2006. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Global War on Terror," June 18, 2004; Abizaid to Rumsfeld and Myers, "Response to 18 June Paper," July 16, 2004; Rumsfeld to Steve Hadley, cc: Eric Edelman, "Nature of the Long Struggle," August 4, 2006.

8. Tom Regan, "The 'Rebranding' of the War on Terror," Tom Regan, "The 'Rebranding' of the War on Terror," Christian Science Monitor, Christian Science Monitor, July 28, 2005; Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, "U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War," July 28, 2005; Eric Schmitt and Thom Shanker, "U.S. Officials Retool Slogan for Terror War," New York Times, New York Times, July 26, 2005; Matthew Davis, "New Name for 'War on Terror,'" BBC News, July 27, 2005. July 26, 2005; Matthew Davis, "New Name for 'War on Terror,'" BBC News, July 27, 2005.

9. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Coalitions," September 22, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Coalitions," September 22, 2001.

10. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.

11. Department of State, Proliferation Security Initiative, launched May 31, 2003. Department of State, Proliferation Security Initiative, launched May 31, 2003.

12. Department of Defense, Department of Defense, Campaign Against Terrorism: Strategic Guidance for the US Department of Defense, Campaign Against Terrorism: Strategic Guidance for the US Department of Defense, October 2, 2001. October 2, 2001.

13. "Dark Winter-Bioterrorism Exercise," developed and produced by Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense, Center for Strategic and International Studies, ANSER Inst.i.tute for Homeland Security, and Memorial Inst.i.tute for the Prevention of Terrorism, conducted June 2223, 2001, Andrews Air Force Base; Sheryl Gay s...o...b..rg, "Some Experts Say U.S. Is Vulnerable to a Germ Attack," "Dark Winter-Bioterrorism Exercise," developed and produced by Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense, Center for Strategic and International Studies, ANSER Inst.i.tute for Homeland Security, and Memorial Inst.i.tute for the Prevention of Terrorism, conducted June 2223, 2001, Andrews Air Force Base; Sheryl Gay s...o...b..rg, "Some Experts Say U.S. Is Vulnerable to a Germ Attack," New York Times, New York Times, September 30, 2001. September 30, 2001.

14. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.

15. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., [No Subject], September 19, 2001.

16. American Consulate (Peshawar) to Warren Christopher, State Department cable, "Afghanistan: Taliban Agree to Visits of Militant Training Camps, Admit bin Laden Is Their Guest," January 9, 1997. American Consulate (Peshawar) to Warren Christopher, State Department cable, "Afghanistan: Taliban Agree to Visits of Militant Training Camps, Admit bin Laden Is Their Guest," January 9, 1997.

17. Barry Bearak, "Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved," Barry Bearak, "Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved," New York Times, New York Times, September 12, 2001. September 12, 2001.

18. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, "Using Special Forces on 'Our Side' of the Line," September 23, 2001. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, "Using Special Forces on 'Our Side' of the Line," September 23, 2001.

19. George W. Bush, remarks to airline employees, Chicago, Illinois, September 27, 2001. George W. Bush, remarks to airline employees, Chicago, Illinois, September 27, 2001.

20. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., "Saudi Arabia," December 6, 2001. Rumsfeld to Cheney et al., "Saudi Arabia," December 6, 2001.

21. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Saudi Arabia", December 3, 2001. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Saudi Arabia", December 3, 2001.

22. Barry Bearak, "Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved," Barry Bearak, "Condemning Attacks, Taliban Says bin Laden Not Involved," New York Times, New York Times, September 12, 2001. September 12, 2001.

23. Rumsfeld to Rice and Powell, "Khobar Towers and USS Cole," February 5, 2001. Rumsfeld to Rice and Powell, "Khobar Towers and USS Cole," February 5, 2001.

PART NINE Into the Graveyard of Empires Into the Graveyard of Empires 1. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, "Afghanistan Without a Look Back," Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, "Afghanistan Without a Look Back," Time, Time, February 20, 1989. February 20, 1989.

2. Bill Keller, "Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan," Bill Keller, "Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan," New York Times, New York Times, February 16, 1989. February 16, 1989.

3. Bill Keller, "Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan," Bill Keller, "Last Soviet Soldiers Leave Afghanistan," New York Times, New York Times, February 16, 1989. February 16, 1989.

4. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, "Afghanistan Without a Look Back," Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, "Afghanistan Without a Look Back," Time, Time, February 20, 1989. February 20, 1989.

5. Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, "Afghanistan Without a Look Back," Jill Smolowe, Paul Hofh einz, and Cristina Lamb, "Afghanistan Without a Look Back," Time, Time, February 20, 1989. February 20, 1989.

6. Pepe Escobar, "Backstage at the Theater of 'Terror,'" Pepe Escobar, "Backstage at the Theater of 'Terror,'" Asia Times Online, Asia Times Online, February 27, 2009. February 27, 2009.

7. David Johnston, "Wilson the Warrior," David Johnston, "Wilson the Warrior," New York Times, New York Times, May 25, 2003. May 25, 2003.

8. David Johnston, "Wilson the Warrior," David Johnston, "Wilson the Warrior," New York Times, New York Times, May 25, 2003; Steve Coll, May 25, 2003; Steve Coll, Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and bin Laden, From the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001 (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), p. 185. (New York: Penguin Books, 2004), p. 185.

CHAPTER 27 Special Operations Special Operations.

1. Stephen Tanner, Stephen Tanner, Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban Afghanistan: A Military History from Alexander the Great to the War Against the Taliban (New York: Da Capo Press, 2002), pp. 17687. (New York: Da Capo Press, 2002), pp. 17687.

2. Milton Bearden, "Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires," Milton Bearden, "Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires," Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no.6 (November/December 2001). vol. 80, no.6 (November/December 2001).

3. Rumsfeld, "The President," December 5, 2001. Rumsfeld, "The President," December 5, 2001.

4. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, "Using Special Forces on 'Our Side' of the Line," September 23, 2001. Wolfowitz to Rumsfeld, "Using Special Forces on 'Our Side' of the Line," September 23, 2001.

5. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 281. (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 281.

6. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p.139. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p.139.

7. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Strategic Thoughts," September 30, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Strategic Thoughts," September 30, 2001.

8. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Strategic Thoughts," September 30, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Strategic Thoughts," September 30, 2001.

9. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Strategic Thoughts," September 30, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush, "Strategic Thoughts," September 30, 2001.

10. Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, "Fact Sheet: International Contributions to the War Against Terrorism," June 7, 2002 (revised June 14, 2002). Department of Defense Office of Public Affairs, "Fact Sheet: International Contributions to the War Against Terrorism," June 7, 2002 (revised June 14, 2002).

11. Bob Woodward, Bob Woodward, Bush at War Bush at War (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002). (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002).

12. Milton Bearden, "Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires," Milton Bearden, "Afghanistan, Graveyard of Empires," Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs, vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001). vol. 80, no. 6 (November/December 2001).

13. Rohrabacher, letter to Rumsfeld, September 26, 2001. Rohrabacher, letter to Rumsfeld, September 26, 2001.

CHAPTER 28 Little Birds in a Nest Little Birds in a Nest.

1. William Luti, Jim MacDougall, Mira Ricardel, Marc Thiessen, and John Craddock to Rumsfeld, [No Subject], undated. William Luti, Jim MacDougall, Mira Ricardel, Marc Thiessen, and John Craddock to Rumsfeld, [No Subject], undated.

2. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001.

3. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001.

4. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001.

5. U.S. Defense Attache Office Tashkent to Rumsfeld, Department of Defense cable, "Draft Report of DefSec Meeting with President Karimov," October 5, 2001. U.S. Defense Attache Office Tashkent to Rumsfeld, Department of Defense cable, "Draft Report of DefSec Meeting with President Karimov," October 5, 2001.

6. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "My Visits to Saudi Arabia, Oman, Egypt, Uzbekistan and Turkey," October 6, 2001.

7. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, "Uzbekistan," October 7, 2001. Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, "Uzbekistan," October 7, 2001.

8. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Press Conference with President of Uzbekistan," October 5, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Press Conference with President of Uzbekistan," October 5, 2001.

9. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld En Route to Saudi Arabia," October 2, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld En Route to Saudi Arabia," October 2, 2001.

10. Rumsfeld, "Turkey," December 28, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Turkey," December 28, 2001.

11. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 285. (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 285.

12. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Strategy," October 30, 2001. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Strategy," October 30, 2001.

13. Department of Defense news transcript, "Rumsfeld and Myers briefing on Enduring Freedom," October 7, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "Rumsfeld and Myers briefing on Enduring Freedom," October 7, 2001.

14. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 39. (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 39.

15. Vice Admiral Giambastiani and Larry Di Rita, "Memorandum of 21 October Secure Conference Call with CinCent," October 24, 2001. Vice Admiral Giambastiani and Larry Di Rita, "Memorandum of 21 October Secure Conference Call with CinCent," October 24, 2001.

16. Rumsfeld, "Taliban and the NGOs," October 31, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Taliban and the NGOs," October 31, 2001.

17. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Stakeout Outside ABC TV," October 28, 2001; Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers," October 29, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks at Stakeout Outside ABC TV," October 28, 2001; Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Myers," October 29, 2001.

18. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "What Will Be the Military Role in the War on Terrorism," October 10, 2001. Rumsfeld to Myers et al., "What Will Be the Military Role in the War on Terrorism," October 10, 2001.

19. Kathy Gannon, "Afghanistan's Terrain a Challenge," a.s.sociated Press, September 18, 2001. Kathy Gannon, "Afghanistan's Terrain a Challenge," a.s.sociated Press, September 18, 2001.

20. Editorial, "The Quagmire Issue; U.S. Should Prepare for a Long Struggle," Editorial, "The Quagmire Issue; U.S. Should Prepare for a Long Struggle," Dallas Morning News, Dallas Morning News, October 26, 2001. October 26, 2001.

21. Maureen Dowd, "Liberties; Can Bush Bushkazi?," Maureen Dowd, "Liberties; Can Bush Bushkazi?," New York Times, New York Times, October 28, 2001. October 28, 2001.

22. R. W. Apple, Jr., "A Military Quagmire Remembered: Afghanistan as Vietnam," R. W. Apple, Jr., "A Military Quagmire Remembered: Afghanistan as Vietnam," New York Times, New York Times, October 31, 2001. October 31, 2001.

23. Rumsfeld to Larry Di Rita, "War on Terrorism," September 23, 2001. Rumsfeld to Larry Di Rita, "War on Terrorism," September 23, 2001.

CHAPTER 29 Kabul Falls, Karzai Rises Kabul Falls, Karzai Rises 1. Robin Moore, Robin Moore, The Hunt for bin Laden: Task Force Dagger The Hunt for bin Laden: Task Force Dagger (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 28. (New York: Random House, 2003), p. 28.

2. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 303. (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 303.

3. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 40. (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 40.

4. Vernon Loeb and Susan B. Gla.s.ser, "Tajikistan Allows U.S. to a.s.sess 3 Air Bases," Vernon Loeb and Susan B. Gla.s.ser, "Tajikistan Allows U.S. to a.s.sess 3 Air Bases," Washington Post, Washington Post, November 4, 2001. November 4, 2001.

5. Michael Wines, "Rumsfeld Visits Russia and Central Asia to Bolster Coalition," Michael Wines, "Rumsfeld Visits Russia and Central Asia to Bolster Coalition," New York Times, New York Times, November 4, 2001. November 4, 2001.

6. Celia W. Dugger, "U.S. and India Map Path to Military Cooperation; More Arms Sales Are Seen," Celia W. Dugger, "U.S. and India Map Path to Military Cooperation; More Arms Sales Are Seen," New York Times, New York Times, November 6, 2001. November 6, 2001.

7. Steven Lee Myers, "Clinton to Impose Penalties on India Over Atomic Tests," Steven Lee Myers, "Clinton to Impose Penalties on India Over Atomic Tests," New York Times, New York Times, May 13, 1998. May 13, 1998.

8. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, "Phone Call from an Aircraft w/POTUS," November 6, 2001. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, "Phone Call from an Aircraft w/POTUS," November 6, 2001.

9. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, "Why Time Is of the Essence in the Afghan Campaign," October 12, 2001. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, "Why Time Is of the Essence in the Afghan Campaign," October 12, 2001.

10. Michael R. Gordon, "Key Players Confer at U.N. on a Post-Taliban Regime," Michael R. Gordon, "Key Players Confer at U.N. on a Post-Taliban Regime," New York Times, New York Times, November 12, 2001. November 12, 2001.

11. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "Kabul," November 13, 2001. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "Kabul," November 13, 2001.

12. Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Lieutenant General Michael DeLong, USMC (Ret.), with Noah Lukeman, Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq Inside CentCom: The Unvarnished Truth About the Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 53. (Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2004), p. 53.

13. Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans," Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans," New York Times, New York Times, December 17, 2001. December 17, 2001.

14. Department of Defense speech transcript, "Address to the Men and Women of Fort Bragg/Pope AFB," November 21, 2001. Department of Defense speech transcript, "Address to the Men and Women of Fort Bragg/Pope AFB," November 21, 2001.

15. Rumsfeld to Tenet, "Ali," December 20, 2001. Rumsfeld to Tenet, "Ali," December 20, 2001.

16. Rumsfeld, "Discuss w/Franks," January 4, 2002. Rumsfeld, "Discuss w/Franks," January 4, 2002.

17. Evan Th omas, "Into Th in Air," Evan Th omas, "Into Th in Air," Newsweek, Newsweek, September 3, 2007; Peter Bergen, "The Battle for Tora Bora," September 3, 2007; Peter Bergen, "The Battle for Tora Bora," The New Republic, The New Republic, December 22, 2009. December 22, 2009.

18. Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo, Gary Berntsen and Ralph Pezzullo, Jawbreaker: The Attack on bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA's Key Field Commander Jawbreaker: The Attack on bin Laden and Al-Qaeda: A Personal Account by the CIA's Key Field Commander (New York: Crown, 2005). (New York: Crown, 2005).

19. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, "Further Report on Afghan Talks in Bonn," November 27, 2001. Peter Rodman to Rumsfeld, "Further Report on Afghan Talks in Bonn," November 27, 2001.

20. Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans," Thom Shanker, "Rumsfeld Pays Call on Troops and Afghans," New York Times, New York Times, December 17, 2001. December 17, 2001.

21. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability en route to Brussels," December 17, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Media Availability en route to Brussels," December 17, 2001.

22. Vernon Loeb, "Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan," Vernon Loeb, "Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan," Washington Post, Washington Post, December 17, 2001. December 17, 2001.

23. Vernon Loeb, "Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan," Vernon Loeb, "Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan," Washington Post, Washington Post, December 17, 2001. December 17, 2001.

24. Dwight Jon Zimmerman and John D. Gresham, Dwight Jon Zimmerman and John D. Gresham, Beyond h.e.l.l and Back: How America's Special Operations Forces Became the World's Greatest Fighting Unit Beyond h.e.l.l and Back: How America's Special Operations Forces Became the World's Greatest Fighting Unit (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007), p. 215. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2007), p. 215.

25. Michael Ignatieff, "Nation-Building Lite," Michael Ignatieff, "Nation-Building Lite," New York Times Magazine, New York Times Magazine, July 28, 2002; Simon Robinson, "Karzai's Kabul: Fit for a King?," July 28, 2002; Simon Robinson, "Karzai's Kabul: Fit for a King?," Time, Time, April 18, 2002. April 18, 2002.

26. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "US Role in Gardez Situation-or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts," May 10, 2002. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "US Role in Gardez Situation-or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts," May 10, 2002.