27. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "US Role in Gardez Situation-or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts," May 10, 2002. Rumsfeld to Bush et al., "US Role in Gardez Situation-or, more broadly, whether or not the US should intervene in Afghan vs. Afghan conflicts," May 10, 2002.

28. Douglas J. Feith, Douglas J. Feith, War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism War and Decision: Inside the Pentagon at the Dawn of the War on Terrorism (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 14546. (New York: HarperCollins, 2008), pp. 14546.

29. Vernon Loeb, "Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan," Vernon Loeb, "Rumsfeld: Mission Far From Over; Defense Secretary Meets Officials, U.S. Troops in Afghanistan," Washington Post, Washington Post, December 17, 2001. December 17, 2001.

PART TEN Saddam's Miscalculation Saddam's Miscalculation 1. George H. W. Bush, "Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq," January 16, 1991; Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, George H. W. Bush, "Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq," January 16, 1991; Directorate of Intelligence, Central Intelligence Agency, Prewar Status of Iraq's Weapons of Ma.s.s Destruction, Prewar Status of Iraq's Weapons of Ma.s.s Destruction, March 1991. March 1991.

2. George H. W. Bush, "Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq," January 16, 1991. George H. W. Bush, "Address to the Nation on the Invasion of Iraq," January 16, 1991.

3. Robert Gates, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Robert Gates, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Frontline, Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996. PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

4. James Baker, "The Gulf War: Oral History," James Baker, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Frontline, Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996. PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

5. Colin Powell, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Colin Powell, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Frontline, Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996. PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

6. Elaine Sciolino, "Gore Says Bush's Efforts to Befriend Iraqi Leader Led to Gulf War," Elaine Sciolino, "Gore Says Bush's Efforts to Befriend Iraqi Leader Led to Gulf War," New York Times, New York Times, September 30, 1992. September 30, 1992.

7. Margaret Thatcher, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Margaret Thatcher, "The Gulf War: Oral History," Frontline, Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996. PBS, broadcast January 9, 1996.

8. Colin Powell, "The Gulf War: Oral History, Part B," Colin Powell, "The Gulf War: Oral History, Part B," Frontline, Frontline, PBS, broadcast January 10, 1996. PBS, broadcast January 10, 1996.

CHAPTER 30 Out of the Box Out of the Box.

1. Sarah Graham-Brown, "No-Fly Zones: Rhetoric and Real Intentions," Sarah Graham-Brown, "No-Fly Zones: Rhetoric and Real Intentions," Middle East Report Online, Middle East Report Online, February 20, 2001. February 20, 2001.

2. Charles Duelfer, "Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD" (Duelfer Report), vol. III, September 30, 2004, pp. 2, 13, 38 (Biological section), pp. 9091 (Chemical section). Charles Duelfer, "Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD" (Duelfer Report), vol. III, September 30, 2004, pp. 2, 13, 38 (Biological section), pp. 9091 (Chemical section).

3. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1194 (S/RES/1194), 3924th Meeting, September 9, 1998. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1194 (S/RES/1194), 3924th Meeting, September 9, 1998.

4. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.

5. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998. Rumsfeld et al., letter to Clinton, January 26, 1998.

6. Madeleine K. Albright, press remarks following meeting with european Union, New York City, September 14, 2000. Madeleine K. Albright, press remarks following meeting with european Union, New York City, September 14, 2000.

7. Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, testimony of Charles Duelfer, Special Adviser to the Director of Central Intelligence for Iraqi Weapons of Ma.s.s Destruction, October 6, 2004; Charles Duelfer, "Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD" (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 1 (Regime Strategic Intent section). Hearing of the Senate Armed Services Committee, testimony of Charles Duelfer, Special Adviser to the Director of Central Intelligence for Iraqi Weapons of Ma.s.s Destruction, October 6, 2004; Charles Duelfer, "Comprehensive Report of the Special Advisor to the DCI on Iraq's WMD" (Duelfer Report), vol. I, September 30, 2004, p. 1 (Regime Strategic Intent section).

8. Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, Manipulation of the Oil-For-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime, Manipulation of the Oil-For-Food Programme by the Iraqi Regime, October 27, 2005. October 27, 2005.

9. Doug Wead, "Bush Completes Father's Unfinished Business," Doug Wead, "Bush Completes Father's Unfinished Business," USA Today, USA Today, June 15, 2003; "Is Bush Continuing His Dad's Iraq Policy?" ABC News, February 16, 2001. June 15, 2003; "Is Bush Continuing His Dad's Iraq Policy?" ABC News, February 16, 2001.

10. Hearing of the House Armed Services Committee, "United States Policy Toward Iraq," testimony of General Richard Myers, September 18, 2002. Hearing of the House Armed Services Committee, "United States Policy Toward Iraq," testimony of General Richard Myers, September 18, 2002.

11. Jones to Hugh Shelton, "U.S. Military Responses in Iraq," August 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Jones, "Iraq," September 10, 2001. Jones to Hugh Shelton, "U.S. Military Responses in Iraq," August 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Jones, "Iraq," September 10, 2001.

12. Rumsfeld to Rice et al., "Iraq," July 27, 2001. Rumsfeld to Rice et al., "Iraq," July 27, 2001.

13. Saddam Hussein, conversation with SSA George L. Piro, Baghdad Operations Center, June 11, 2004 (Federal Bureau of Investigation). Saddam Hussein, conversation with SSA George L. Piro, Baghdad Operations Center, June 11, 2004 (Federal Bureau of Investigation).

14. George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002. George W. Bush, State of the Union Address, January 29, 2002.

15. Tenet, letter to Senator Bob Graham, October 7, 2002; Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace," September 26, 2002. Tenet, letter to Senator Bob Graham, October 7, 2002; Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing-Secretary Rumsfeld and Gen. Pace," September 26, 2002.

16. James Woolsey, interviewed by Peter Jennings, "America Under Attack," ABC News Special Report, September 11, 2001. James Woolsey, interviewed by Peter Jennings, "America Under Attack," ABC News Special Report, September 11, 2001.

17. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence a.s.sessments on Iraq Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence a.s.sessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, pp. 31821; Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, "CHAPTER 6: Terrorist Organizations," (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, pp. 31821; Department of State, Office of the Coordinator for Counterterrorism, "CHAPTER 6: Terrorist Organizations," Country Reports on Terrorism 2008, Country Reports on Terrorism 2008, April 30, 2009. April 30, 2009.

18. Department of State, Department of State, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, Patterns of Global Terrorism 2003, April 2004, p. 114. April 2004, p. 114.

19. Kevin M. Woods with James Lacey, Kevin M. Woods with James Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Doc.u.ments, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Doc.u.ments, vol. I (redacted), Inst.i.tute for Defense a.n.a.lyses, November 2007, p. 18. vol. I (redacted), Inst.i.tute for Defense a.n.a.lyses, November 2007, p. 18.

20. Kevin M. Woods James with James Lacey, Kevin M. Woods James with James Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Doc.u.ments, Iraqi Perspectives Project: Saddam and Terrorism: Emerging Insights from Captured Iraqi Doc.u.ments, vol. I (redacted), Inst.i.tute for Defense a.n.a.lyses, November 2007, p. 18; Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, vol. I (redacted), Inst.i.tute for Defense a.n.a.lyses, November 2007, p. 18; Kevin M. Woods with Michael R. Pease, Mark E. Stout, Williamson Murray, and James G. Lacey, Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's Senior Leadership Iraqi Perspectives Project: A View of Operation Iraqi Freedom from Saddam's Senior Leadership (Joint Center for Operational a.n.a.lysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 54. (Joint Center for Operational a.n.a.lysis, U.S. Joint Forces Command, March 2006), p. 54.

21. OSD Policy, "Sovereignty and Antic.i.p.atory Self-Defense," August 24, 2002. OSD Policy, "Sovereignty and Antic.i.p.atory Self-Defense," August 24, 2002.

22. OSD Policy, "Sovereignty and Antic.i.p.atory Self-Defense," August 24, 2002. OSD Policy, "Sovereignty and Antic.i.p.atory Self-Defense," August 24, 2002.

23. Rumsfeld, "Saddam Hussein," September 21, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Saddam Hussein," September 21, 2001.

CHAPTER 31 The Case for Regime Change The Case for Regime Change 1. General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), p. 215. (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), p. 215.

2. Lieutenant General William G. Pagonis with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, Lieutenant General William G. Pagonis with Jeffrey L. Cruikshank, Moving Mountains: Lessons in Leadership and Logistics from the Gulf War Moving Mountains: Lessons in Leadership and Logistics from the Gulf War (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), pp. 15758; George C. Wilson, "The Logistics Behind a War on Iraq," (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1992), pp. 15758; George C. Wilson, "The Logistics Behind a War on Iraq," National Journal, National Journal, vol. 34, issue 47/48, November 23, 2002. vol. 34, issue 47/48, November 23, 2002.

3. Rumsfeld, "a.s.sumptions," October 18, 2002. Rumsfeld, "a.s.sumptions," October 18, 2002.

4. "Iraq Tested Missile to Carry A-Bomb, a U.N. Report Says," "Iraq Tested Missile to Carry A-Bomb, a U.N. Report Says," New York Times, New York Times, October 5, 1991. October 5, 1991.

5. Commission to a.s.sess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, intelligence side letter to Tenet, March 18, 1999, p. 3. Commission to a.s.sess the Ballistic Missile Threat to the United States, intelligence side letter to Tenet, March 18, 1999, p. 3.

6. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.

7. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, August 28, 2002.

8. Central Intelligence Agency, "Key Judgments," Central Intelligence Agency, "Key Judgments," National Intelligence Estimate: Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Ma.s.s Destruction, National Intelligence Estimate: Iraq's Continuing Programs for Weapons of Ma.s.s Destruction, October 2002. October 2002.

9. James Graffand Bruce Crumley, "France Is Not a Pacifist Country," James Graffand Bruce Crumley, "France Is Not a Pacifist Country," Time, Time, February 16, 2003. February 16, 2003.

10. Jeffrey Goldberg, "The Great Terror," Jeffrey Goldberg, "The Great Terror," The New Yorker, The New Yorker, March 25, 2002. March 25, 2002.

11. Rumsfeld, "WMD," March 15, 2004. Rumsfeld, "WMD," March 15, 2004.

12. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks on ABC 'This Week with George Stephanopoulos,'" March 30, 2003. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Remarks on ABC 'This Week with George Stephanopoulos,'" March 30, 2003.

13. Rumsfeld to Clarke, "Arguments," February 18, 2003. Rumsfeld to Clarke, "Arguments," February 18, 2003.

14. Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107243), October 16, 2002. Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002 (Public Law 107243), October 16, 2002.

15. Joseph Biden, interviewed by Tim Russert, Joseph Biden, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, Meet the Press, NBC News, August 4, 2002. NBC News, August 4, 2002.

16. Hillary Rodham Clinton, statement, "Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq," 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 133, October 10, 2002, p. S10288. Hillary Rodham Clinton, statement, "Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq," 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 133, October 10, 2002, p. S10288.

17. John Kerry, statement, "Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq-Continued," 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 132, October 9, 2002, p. S10174. John Kerry, statement, "Authorization of the Use of United States Armed Forces Against Iraq-Continued," 107th Cong., 2d sess., Congressional Record, vol. 148, no. 132, October 9, 2002, p. S10174.

18. Al Gore, "Iraq and the War on Terrorism," The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, September 23, 2002. Al Gore, "Iraq and the War on Terrorism," The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, September 23, 2002.

19. General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, General Tommy Franks with Malcolm McConnell, American Soldier American Soldier (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 394. (New York: Regan Books, 2004), p. 394.

20. "Powell Says He Made Prewar Push for More Troops," "Powell Says He Made Prewar Push for More Troops," New York Times, New York Times, April 30, 2006. April 30, 2006.

21. Rumsfeld, "Conversation with the President and Condi," May 15, 2006. Rumsfeld, "Conversation with the President and Condi," May 15, 2006.

22. "Offers of support for Phase I-III (48 countries)," May 13, 2003. "Offers of support for Phase I-III (48 countries)," May 13, 2003.

23. Lindsey Graham, interviewed by Bob Schieffer, Lindsey Graham, interviewed by Bob Schieffer, Face the Nation, Face the Nation, CBS News, August 9, 2009; David Brooks, "Making the Surge Work," CBS News, August 9, 2009; David Brooks, "Making the Surge Work," New York Times, New York Times, January 7, 2007. January 7, 2007.

24. Eliot A Cohen, Eliot A Cohen, Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime Supreme Command: Soldiers, Statesmen, and Leadership in Wartime (New York: Free Press, 2002), pp. 18588. (New York: Free Press, 2002), pp. 18588.

25. Rumsfeld, "Ill.u.s.trative List of Recent Examples of French Opposition to the United States," October 23, 2002. Rumsfeld, "Ill.u.s.trative List of Recent Examples of French Opposition to the United States," October 23, 2002.

26. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983. Rumsfeld to Shultz, State Department cable, "Rumsfeld Mission: December 20 Meeting with Iraqi President Saddam Hussein," December 21, 1983.

27. John Keegan, John Keegan, The Iraq War The Iraq War (New York: Vintage, 2005), p. 108. (New York: Vintage, 2005), p. 108.

28. Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, Independent Inquiry Committee into the United Nations Oil-For-Food Programme, The Management of the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme, The Management of the United Nations Oil-for-Food Programme, vol. 1, September 7, 2005, p. 2. vol. 1, September 7, 2005, p. 2.

29. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1441 (S/Res/1441), 4644th Meeting, November 8, 2002. United Nations Security Council, Resolution 1441 (S/Res/1441), 4644th Meeting, November 8, 2002.

30. Barbara Slavin and Bill Nichols, "U.S. Says Omissions Put Iraq in 'Material Breach,'" Barbara Slavin and Bill Nichols, "U.S. Says Omissions Put Iraq in 'Material Breach,'" USA Today, USA Today, December 20, 2002. December 20, 2002.

31. Hans Blix, statement to the United Nations Security Council, January 27, 2003. Hans Blix, statement to the United Nations Security Council, January 27, 2003.

CHAPTER 32 A Failure of Diplomacy A Failure of Diplomacy.

1. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs at the Foreign Press Center," January 22, 2003. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs at the Foreign Press Center," January 22, 2003.

2. "'Old Europe' Hits Back at Rumsfeld," CNN, January 24, 2003. "'Old Europe' Hits Back at Rumsfeld," CNN, January 24, 2003.

3. Rumsfeld, "Europe," February 18, 2003. Rumsfeld, "Europe," February 18, 2003.

4. Statement of the Vilnius Group Countries, February 5, 2003. Statement of the Vilnius Group Countries, February 5, 2003.

5. John Kerry, speech, The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, March 13, 2003; Dan Balz, "Kerry a.s.sails Bush Over States' Plight," John Kerry, speech, The Commonwealth Club, San Francisco, California, March 13, 2003; Dan Balz, "Kerry a.s.sails Bush Over States' Plight," Washington Post, Washington Post, March 14, 2003. March 14, 2003.

6. Steven R. Weisman with Julia Preston, "Powell Will Press U.S. Case in Security Council Next Week," Steven R. Weisman with Julia Preston, "Powell Will Press U.S. Case in Security Council Next Week," New York Times, New York Times, January 29, 2003. January 29, 2003.

7. Michiko Kakutani, "Under a Microscope, Bush and His Presidency," Michiko Kakutani, "Under a Microscope, Bush and His Presidency," New York Times, New York Times, December 7, 2007; Bruce B. Auster, Mark Mazzetti, and Edward T. Pound, "Truth and Consequences: New Questions About U.S. Intelligence Regarding Iraq's Weapons of Ma.s.s Terror," December 7, 2007; Bruce B. Auster, Mark Mazzetti, and Edward T. Pound, "Truth and Consequences: New Questions About U.S. Intelligence Regarding Iraq's Weapons of Ma.s.s Terror," U.S. News & World Report, U.S. News & World Report, June 1, 2003; Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Norton-Taylor, "Powell's Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review," June 1, 2003; Suzanne Goldenberg and Richard Norton-Taylor, "Powell's Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review," The Guardian; The Guardian; Karen DeYoung, Karen DeYoung, Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell Soldier: The Life of Colin Powell (New York: Knopf, 2006). (New York: Knopf, 2006).

8. Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Journal of Strategic Studies, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640. vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640.

9. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence a.s.sessments on Iraq Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence a.s.sessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 336; Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," (S. Rep. 108-301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 336; Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Journal of Strategic Studies, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 632. vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 632.

10. Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence a.s.sessments on Iraq Report on the U.S. Intelligence Community's Prewar Intelligence a.s.sessments on Iraq (S. Rep. 108301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 337. (S. Rep. 108301), 108th Cong., 2d sess., July 9, 2004, p. 337.

11. Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Journal of Strategic Studies, Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 629. vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 629.

12. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, February 3, 2003. Department of Defense notes of NSC meeting, February 3, 2003.

13. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.

14. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.

15. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003. Colin Powell, remarks, United Nations Security Council, New York City, February 5, 2003.

16. Gregroy Fontenot, E. J. Degen, and David Tohn, Gregroy Fontenot, E. J. Degen, and David Tohn, On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom On Point: The United States Army in Operation Iraqi Freedom (Annapolis, MD: Naval Inst.i.tute Press, 2005), p. 250. (Annapolis, MD: Naval Inst.i.tute Press, 2005), p. 250.

17. Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Micah Zenko, "Foregoing Limited Force: The George W. Bush Administration's Decision Not to Attack Ansar al-Islam," Journal of Strategic Studies Journal of Strategic Studies, vol. 32, no. 4, August 2009, p. 640; Linda Robinson, Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces Masters of Chaos: The Secret History of the Special Forces (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), pp. 32021; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, (New York: Public Affairs, 2004), pp. 32021; Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq's WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar a.s.sessments, Report on Postwar Findings About Iraq's WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar a.s.sessments, 109th Cong., 2d sess., September 8, 2006, pp. 9394. 109th Cong., 2d sess., September 8, 2006, pp. 9394.

18. Steven R. Weisman, "Powell Calls His U.N. Speech a Lasting Blot on His Record," Steven R. Weisman, "Powell Calls His U.N. Speech a Lasting Blot on His Record," New York Times, New York Times, September 9, 2005. September 9, 2005.

19. Colin Powell, interviewed by Tim Russert, Colin Powell, interviewed by Tim Russert, Meet the Press, Meet the Press, MSNBC, June 10, 2007. MSNBC, June 10, 2007.

20. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, January 11, 2003. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, January 11, 2003.

21. Rumsfeld, "Turkey," December 28, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Turkey," December 28, 2001.

22. Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Plan for Iraq Is Said to Include Attack on 3 Sides," Eric Schmitt, "U.S. Plan for Iraq Is Said to Include Attack on 3 Sides," New York Times, New York Times, July 5, 2002. July 5, 2002.

23. Rumsfeld, "Leaks," August 5, 2002. Rumsfeld, "Leaks," August 5, 2002.

24. Thomas E. Ricks, Thomas E. Ricks, The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 20062008 The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 20062008 (New York: The Penguin Press, 2009), p. 103; Barbara Slavin and Dave Moniz, "War in Iraq's Aftermath Hits Troops Hard," (New York: The Penguin Press, 2009), p. 103; Barbara Slavin and Dave Moniz, "War in Iraq's Aftermath Hits Troops Hard," USA Today, USA Today, July 21, 2003. July 21, 2003.

25. Thomas E. Ricks, "Projection on Fall of Hussein Disputed; Ground Forces Chiefs, Pentagon at Odds," Thomas E. Ricks, "Projection on Fall of Hussein Disputed; Ground Forces Chiefs, Pentagon at Odds," Washington Post, Washington Post, December 18, 2002. December 18, 2002.

26. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Joint Chiefs of Staff Opportunities to Express Military Advice," undated. Myers to Rumsfeld, "Joint Chiefs of Staff Opportunities to Express Military Advice," undated.

27. Rumsfeld, "Military Advice to POTUS," September 29, 2004. Rumsfeld, "Military Advice to POTUS," September 29, 2004.