23. Rumsfeld to Powell, "Iceland," July 11, 2001; Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, "Cost of Iceland," May 29, 2003. Rumsfeld to Powell, "Iceland," July 11, 2001; Rumsfeld to Powell and Rice, "Cost of Iceland," May 29, 2003.

24. Powell, letter to Rumsfeld, July 12, 2001; Princ.i.p.als Committee, notes from meeting on Iraq, February 6, 2003. Powell, letter to Rumsfeld, July 12, 2001; Princ.i.p.als Committee, notes from meeting on Iraq, February 6, 2003.

CHAPTER 23 Bears in the Woods Bears in the Woods.

1. Rumsfeld, "Rough Notes on SecDef's remarks to MoD Ivanov on June 8, 2001," June 20, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Rough Notes on SecDef's remarks to MoD Ivanov on June 8, 2001," June 20, 2001.

2. Rumsfeld, "Discussions with Russia," July 12, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Discussions with Russia," July 12, 2001.

3. Rumsfeld, "Meeting with President Nixon-1/20/94," February 3, 1994. Rumsfeld, "Meeting with President Nixon-1/20/94," February 3, 1994.

4. Rumsfeld, "Meeting with President Nixon-1/20/94," February 3, 1994. Rumsfeld, "Meeting with President Nixon-1/20/94," February 3, 1994.

5. Rumsfeld, "Discussions with Russia," July 12, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Discussions with Russia," July 12, 2001.

6. Rumsfeld, "Rough Notes on SecDef's remarks to MoD Ivanov on June 8, 2001," June 20, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Rough Notes on SecDef's remarks to MoD Ivanov on June 8, 2001," June 20, 2001.

7. Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, press release, "Dem and GOP Congressmen Call on Rusk to Issue Strong Statement Against Admission of Red China to UN," October 15, 1965. Committee of One Million Against the Admission of Communist China to the United Nations, press release, "Dem and GOP Congressmen Call on Rusk to Issue Strong Statement Against Admission of Red China to UN," October 15, 1965.

8. Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, November 28, 1974 (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Memorandum of Conversation, Beijing, November 28, 1974 (U.S. Department of State, Office of the Historian, Foreign Relations of the United States, 19691976, Foreign Relations of the United States, 19691976, vol. XVIII, China, 19731976, Doc.u.ment 98). vol. XVIII, China, 19731976, Doc.u.ment 98).

9. Rumsfeld, "Kissinger's Thoughts on PRC and Russia," June 20, 2005. Rumsfeld, "Kissinger's Thoughts on PRC and Russia," June 20, 2005.

10. Sun Tzu, Sun Tzu, The Art of War, The Art of War, translated by Thomas F. Cleary (Boston: Shambhala, 2005), p. 82; Sun Tzu, translated by Thomas F. Cleary (Boston: Shambhala, 2005), p. 82; Sun Tzu, The Art of War, The Art of War, translated by Samuel B. Griffith (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 83. translated by Samuel B. Griffith (London: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 83.

11. Rumsfeld, "Some Additional Thoughts on Asia," February 11, 1998. Rumsfeld, "Some Additional Thoughts on Asia," February 11, 1998.

12. Rumsfeld, "China and Asia," February 25, 2001. Rumsfeld, "China and Asia," February 25, 2001.

13. Rumsfeld, "Meeting with Andy Marshall," April 17, 2000. Rumsfeld, "Meeting with Andy Marshall," April 17, 2000.

14. Rumsfeld, "China and Asia," February 25, 2001. Rumsfeld, "China and Asia," February 25, 2001.

15. Dan Dell'Orto to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, "EP-3 Incident-Guidance on Legal Issues," April 6, 2001. Dan Dell'Orto to Rumsfeld and Wolfowitz, "EP-3 Incident-Guidance on Legal Issues," April 6, 2001.

16. Peter Felstead, "'Inside' account further exonerates EP-3 Pilot," Peter Felstead, "'Inside' account further exonerates EP-3 Pilot," janes.com, janes.com, May 18, 2001. May 18, 2001.

17. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs on EP-3 Collision," April 13, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "Secretary Rumsfeld Briefs on EP-3 Collision," April 13, 2001.

18. Peter Felstead, "'Inside' account further exonerates EP-3 pilot," Peter Felstead, "'Inside' account further exonerates EP-3 pilot," janes.com, janes.com, May 18, 2001. May 18, 2001.

19. Jennifer H. Svan, "EP-3E crewmembers hold vivid memories of ordeal in China," Jennifer H. Svan, "EP-3E crewmembers hold vivid memories of ordeal in China," Star and Stripes, Star and Stripes, May 30, 2001. May 30, 2001.

20. "Chinese FM Spokesman Gives Full Account of Air Collision," Xinhua News Agency, April 4, 2001. "Chinese FM Spokesman Gives Full Account of Air Collision," Xinhua News Agency, April 4, 2001.

21. Amba.s.sador Joseph W. Prueher, letter to Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Tang Jiaxuan, April 11, 2001. Amba.s.sador Joseph W. Prueher, letter to Chinese Minister of Foreign Affairs Tang Jiaxuan, April 11, 2001.

CHAPTER 24 The National Security Council The National Security Council 1. National Security Act of 1947, t.i.tle I, Section 101, July 26, 1947. National Security Act of 1947, t.i.tle I, Section 101, July 26, 1947.

2. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], February 8, 2001. Rumsfeld, [No Subject], February 8, 2001.

3. Jane Perlez, "A Dual Path in Diplomacy," Jane Perlez, "A Dual Path in Diplomacy," New York Times, New York Times, December 18, 2000. December 18, 2000.

4. Dana Milbank and Mike Allen, "Powell Is Named Secretary of State; Nominee 1st African American Tapped for Post," Dana Milbank and Mike Allen, "Powell Is Named Secretary of State; Nominee 1st African American Tapped for Post," Washington Post, Washington Post, December 17, 2000. December 17, 2000.

5. Thomas L. Friedman, "The Powell Perplex," Thomas L. Friedman, "The Powell Perplex," New York Times, New York Times, December 19, 2000. December 19, 2000.

6. Laurence Silberman, "Toward Presidential Control of the State Department," Laurence Silberman, "Toward Presidential Control of the State Department," Foreign Affairs, Foreign Affairs, vol. 57, no. 4 (Spring, 1979). vol. 57, no. 4 (Spring, 1979).

7. Colin Powell, remarks, "Secretary Powell Greets State Department Employees," Washington, D.C., January 22, 2001. Colin Powell, remarks, "Secretary Powell Greets State Department Employees," Washington, D.C., January 22, 2001.

8. Peter Rodman, Peter Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 239. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 239.

9. Jane Perlez, "Washington Memo; Divergent Voices Heard in Bush Foreign Policy," Jane Perlez, "Washington Memo; Divergent Voices Heard in Bush Foreign Policy," New York Times, New York Times, March 12, 2001. March 12, 2001.

10. Greg Pierce, "Biden vs. Rumsfeld," Greg Pierce, "Biden vs. Rumsfeld," Washington Times, Washington Times, June 22, 2001. June 22, 2001.

11. Rumsfeld, "Washington Times Article," June 23, 2001; Greg Pierce, "Biden vs. Rumsfeld," Rumsfeld, "Washington Times Article," June 23, 2001; Greg Pierce, "Biden vs. Rumsfeld," Washington Times, Washington Times, June 22, 2001. June 22, 2001.

12. Dana Milbank and Thomas E. Ricks, "Powell and Joint Chiefs Nudged Bush Toward U.N.," Dana Milbank and Thomas E. Ricks, "Powell and Joint Chiefs Nudged Bush Toward U.N.," Washington Post, Washington Post, September 4, 2003; Sarah Baxter, "Powell Tried to Talk Bush Out of War," September 4, 2003; Sarah Baxter, "Powell Tried to Talk Bush Out of War," Sunday Times Sunday Times, July 8, 2007; Suzanne Goldenberg, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Katy Heslop, "Powell's Doubts Over CIA Intelligence on Iraq Prompted Him to Set Up Secret Review," The Guardian, The Guardian, June 2, 2003. June 2, 2003.

13. "Falling on His Sword," "Falling on His Sword," Washington Post Magazine, Washington Post Magazine, October 1, 2006. October 1, 2006.

14. Rumsfeld, "Chain of Command," December 2, 2002. Rumsfeld, "Chain of Command," December 2, 2002.

15. Rumsfeld to Rice, "Interagency Process," August 20, 2002, and attachment to Rice, "Thoughts on the Interagency Process," August 20, 2002. Rumsfeld to Rice, "Interagency Process," August 20, 2002, and attachment to Rice, "Thoughts on the Interagency Process," August 20, 2002.

16. Rumsfeld to Rice, "Approval for Memos," December 27, 2001. Rumsfeld to Rice, "Approval for Memos," December 27, 2001.

17. Rumsfeld to Rice, "NSC Meetings," October 10, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, cc: Powell, "Schedule," October 26, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "PC Meeting," December 13, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Approval for Memos," December 27, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Approving NSC Doc.u.ments," December 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "NSC Meeting October 9-Middle East," October 16, 2002; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Chain of Command," December 2, 2002; Rumsfeld to Rice, "briefing," January 6, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "NSC Meetings," October 30, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Agendas and Schedules for PC and NSC Meetings," November 5, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Contacting Combatant Commanders," November 11, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "PC Meetings," December 17, 2003. Rumsfeld to Rice, "NSC Meetings," October 10, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, cc: Powell, "Schedule," October 26, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "PC Meeting," December 13, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Approval for Memos," December 27, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Approving NSC Doc.u.ments," December 31, 2001; Rumsfeld to Rice, "NSC Meeting October 9-Middle East," October 16, 2002; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Chain of Command," December 2, 2002; Rumsfeld to Rice, "briefing," January 6, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "NSC Meetings," October 30, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Agendas and Schedules for PC and NSC Meetings," November 5, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "Contacting Combatant Commanders," November 11, 2003; Rumsfeld to Rice, "PC Meetings," December 17, 2003.

18. Rumsfeld to Rice, "Interagency Process," August 20, 2002. Rumsfeld to Rice, "Interagency Process," August 20, 2002.

19. Lieutenant General Bantz Craddock to Rumsfeld, "PC & NSC Meetings: Are we improving?" May 29, 2004. Lieutenant General Bantz Craddock to Rumsfeld, "PC & NSC Meetings: Are we improving?" May 29, 2004.

20. Peter Rodman, Peter Rodman, Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush Presidential Command: Power, Leadership, and the Making of Foreign Policy from Richard Nixon to George W. Bush (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 249. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2009), p. 249.

CHAPTER 25 The Agony of Surprise The Agony of Surprise.

1. Rumsfeld, "Memorandum," May 31, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Memorandum," May 31, 2001.

2. Rumsfeld, "Force Reductions," January 11, 2002. Rumsfeld, "Force Reductions," January 11, 2002.

3. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, May 31, 2001. Rumsfeld, handwritten note, May 31, 2001.

4. Robert Kagan, "Indefensible Defense Budget," Robert Kagan, "Indefensible Defense Budget," Washington Post, Washington Post, July 20, 2001. July 20, 2001.

5. Al Kamen, "Donny, We Hardly Knew Ye," Al Kamen, "Donny, We Hardly Knew Ye," Washington Post, Washington Post, September 7, 2001. September 7, 2001.

6. Rumsfeld, speech, "DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff-Bureaucracy to Battlefield," September 10, 2001. Rumsfeld, speech, "DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff-Bureaucracy to Battlefield," September 10, 2001.

7. "Rumsfeld Declares War on Bureaucracy," Voice of America, September 10, 2001. "Rumsfeld Declares War on Bureaucracy," Voice of America, September 10, 2001.

8. Rumsfeld, speech, "DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff-Bureaucracy to Battlefield," September 10, 2001. Rumsfeld, speech, "DOD Acquisition and Logistics Excellence Week Kickoff-Bureaucracy to Battlefield," September 10, 2001.

9. Rumsfeld, "Pearl Harbor Post-Mortem," July 23, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Pearl Harbor Post-Mortem," July 23, 2001.

10. Thomas Sch.e.l.ling, foreword, in Roberta Wohlstetter, Thomas Sch.e.l.ling, foreword, in Roberta Wohlstetter, Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision Pearl Harbor: Warning and Decision (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962). (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1962).

11. Steve Vogel, Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History The Pentagon: A History (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 450. (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 450.

12. Steve Vogel, Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History The Pentagon: A History (New York: Random House, 2007), pp. 41718. (New York: Random House, 2007), pp. 41718.

13. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

14. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

15. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

16. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

17. Lawrence Di Rita, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Lawrence Di Rita, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

18. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 43. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 43.

19. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

20. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

21. General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, General Richard B. Myers, USAF (Ret.), with Malcolm McConnell, Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security Eyes on the Horizon: Serving on the Front Lines of National Security (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), pp.15758. (New York: Th reshold Editions, 2009), pp.15758.

22. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 208. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), p. 208.

23. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

24. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

25. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

26. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

27. Steve Vogel, Steve Vogel, The Pentagon: A History The Pentagon: A History (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 431. (New York: Random House, 2007), p. 431.

28. Rumsfeld, remarks, "On the Awarding of the George Catlett Marshall Medal," October 17, 1984. Rumsfeld, remarks, "On the Awarding of the George Catlett Marshall Medal," October 17, 1984.

29. Rumsfeld, "Weakening of Deterrent," December 10, 2001. Rumsfeld, "Weakening of Deterrent," December 10, 2001.

30. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

31. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

32. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Stephen A. Cambone, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

33. The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States The 9/11 Commission Report: Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 26672. (New York: W. W. Norton, 2004), pp. 26672.

34. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001. Victoria Clarke, handwritten notes, September 11, 2001.

35. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack," September 11, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack," September 11, 2001.

36. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack," September 11, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack," September 11, 2001.

37. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack," September 11, 2001. Department of Defense news transcript, "DoD News briefing on Pentagon Attack," September 11, 2001.

38. Steven Erlanger, "European Nations Stand with U.S., Ready to Respond," Steven Erlanger, "European Nations Stand with U.S., Ready to Respond," New York Times, New York Times, September 12, 2001; Michael White and Patrick Wintour, "Blair Calls for World Fight Against Terror," September 12, 2001; Michael White and Patrick Wintour, "Blair Calls for World Fight Against Terror," The Guardian, The Guardian, September 12, 2001; Jean-Marie Colombani, "Nous sommes tous Americains," September 12, 2001; Jean-Marie Colombani, "Nous sommes tous Americains," Le Monde, Le Monde, September 13, 2001. September 13, 2001.

39. Howard Schneider and Lee Hockstader, "As Mideast Officials Offer Condolences, Some Arabs Rejoice," Howard Schneider and Lee Hockstader, "As Mideast Officials Offer Condolences, Some Arabs Rejoice," Washington Post, Washington Post, September 12, 2001; Neil MacFarquhar, "Condemnations from Arab Governments, but Widely Different Att.i.tudes on the Street," September 12, 2001; Neil MacFarquhar, "Condemnations from Arab Governments, but Widely Different Att.i.tudes on the Street," New York Times, New York Times, September 12, 2001; Saudi Emba.s.sy, "Kingdom Condemns Attacks on United States," Press Release, September 11, 2001. September 12, 2001; Saudi Emba.s.sy, "Kingdom Condemns Attacks on United States," Press Release, September 11, 2001.

40. Department of Defense, "Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words-Quotes from Saddam and Iraq's Regime-Controlled Media," October 22, 2002; Borzou Daragahi and David Lamb, "Violence Marked His Rise, Rule and Fall," Department of Defense, "Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words-Quotes from Saddam and Iraq's Regime-Controlled Media," October 22, 2002; Borzou Daragahi and David Lamb, "Violence Marked His Rise, Rule and Fall," Los Angeles Times, Los Angeles Times, December 30, 2006; Cameron S. Brown, "The Shot Seen Around the World: The Middle East Reacts to September 11th," December 30, 2006; Cameron S. Brown, "The Shot Seen Around the World: The Middle East Reacts to September 11th," Middle East Review of International Affairs, Middle East Review of International Affairs, vol. 5, no. 4, December 2001. vol. 5, no. 4, December 2001.

41. Department of Defense, "Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words-Quotes from Saddam and Iraq's Regime-Controlled Media," October 22, 2002. Department of Defense, "Saddam Hussein: In His Own Words-Quotes from Saddam and Iraq's Regime-Controlled Media," October 22, 2002.

42. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Mubarak," September 13, 2001. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Mubarak," September 13, 2001.

43. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Foreign Reaction to Events September 11, 2001," September 14, 2001. Rumsfeld to Feith, "Foreign Reaction to Events September 11, 2001," September 14, 2001.

CHAPTER 26 War President War President.

1. Frank J. Murray, "Infamy; Hijacked Planes Destroy World Trade Center, Ram Pentagon," Frank J. Murray, "Infamy; Hijacked Planes Destroy World Trade Center, Ram Pentagon," Washington Times, Washington Times, September 12, 2001. September 12, 2001.

2. The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 5, Washington, D.C., April 4, 1949. The North Atlantic Treaty, Article 5, Washington, D.C., April 4, 1949.