10. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, pp.172-3.

11. Ibid., Vol.9, p.235.

12. Gandhi, CW, Vol.68, p.138.

13. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, p.602.

14. Gandhi, CW, Vol.67, p.428.

15. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.4, p.276.

16. Gandhi, CW, Vol.67, pp. 404, 414.

17. Nehru, SW, Vol.9, p.144.

18. Ibid., p.157.

19. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 68, pp. 137-40.

20. Nehru, SW, Vol. 7, p.181.

21. Ibid., Vol. 9, p.508.

22. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 37, p.380.

23. Nehm, SW, Vol. 9, p.292.

31. The Rise and Growth of Communalism 1. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, p.69.

2. C.G. Shah, Marxism, Gandhism, Stalinism, Bombay, 1963, p.185.

3. K.M. Ashraf, Hindustani Muslim Siyasat Par Ek Nazar, Bombay, 1959 reprint, in Urdu.

4. Quoted in A.N. Vidyalankar, National Integration and Teaching of History, New Delhi, no date, p.3.

5. James Mill, The History of British India, London, 1826. Since then the work has been reprinted several times.

6. K.M. Ashraf, op.cit., p.73.

32. Communalism - The Liberal Phase 1. S. Abid Husain, The Destiny of Indian Muslims, Bombay, 1965, p.24.

2. Ibid., pp. 156-7.

3. Syed Ahmed Khan, Writings and Speeches, edited by Shan Mohammad, Bombay, 1972, pp.102 ff., 180 ff., 202 ff., 210 ff., 243.

4. Ibid., pp.156-7, 184-5.

5. Ibid, pp.204, 207-10.

6. Ibid., p.210.

7. Ibid., p.242.

8. Ibid., p.243.

9. Quoted in Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims: A Political History (18581947), Bombay, 1959, p.101.

10. Lal Chand, Self-abnegation in Politics, Lah.o.r.e, 1938 edition.

11. Report in the Statesman, 31 December 1932, quoted in Nehru, SW, Vol.6, p. 163.

12. Indian Annual Register, 1933, Vol.II, p.206.

33. Jinnah, Golwalkar And Extreme Communalism 1. Stanley Wolpert, Jinnah of Pakistan, New York, 1984, p.26.

2. Ibid., Chapters 4 and 5.

3. Ibid., p.97.

4. Quoted in Raja of Mahmudabad, 'Some Memories,' in The Part.i.tion of India, edited by C.H. Philips and M.D. Wainright, London, 1970, p.385.

5. Quoted in S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru - A Biography, Vol. One, 1889-1947, p.223, f.n.5.

6. Quoted in Z.H. Zaidi, 'Aspects of the Development of Muslim League Policy, 1937-47,' in The Part.i.tion of India, edited by C.H. Philips and M.D. Wainright, p.250.

7. M.A. Jinnah, Speeches and Writings, edited by Jamil-ud-Din, Vol.I, Lah.o.r.e, 1960 edition, pp 69-70, 72-3.

8. Ibid., p.127.

9. Ibid., p.243.

10. Ibid., p.248.

11. Indian Annual Register, 1946, Vol. II, p.226.

12. M.A. Jinnah, Speeches and Writings, edited by Jamil-ud-Din, Vol.II, Lah.o.r.e, edition, 1964, pp.240-1.

13. Z.A. Suleri, My Leader, no place, 1946, third edition; F.K. Khan Durrani, The Meaning of Pakistan, Lah.o.r.e, 1944.

14. Quoted in Ram Gopal, Indian Muslims: A Political History (18581947), Bombay, 1959, p.258.

15. Quoted in W.C. Smith, Modern Islam in India, Lah.o.r.e, 1963 reprint, p.299.

16. M.A. Jinnah, op.cit., Vol.II, p.489.

17. V.D. Savarkar, Hindu Rashtra Darshan, A Collection of the Presidential Speeches, Bombay, 1949, pp.21-2.

18. Ibid., p.77.

19. M.S. Golwalkar, We or Our Nationhood Defined, Nagpur, 1947 edition, first published in 1939, p.58.

20. Ibid., p.73.

21. Ibid., p. 19.

22. Ibid., pp.55-6.

23. Ibid., p. 19.

24. Ibid., pp.40-1.

25. M.S. Golwalkar, Bunch of Thoughts, Bangalore, 1966 edition, pp. 150-2.

26. Jinnah, op.cit., Vol.II, pp.403-4.

27. Rajendra Prasad, India Divided, Bombay, 1947, third revised edition, p. 153.

28. S. Gopal, op.cit. p.227.

34. The Crisis at Tripuri to the Cripps Mission 1. Crossroads, Being the Works of Subhas Chandra Bose 1938-40, Bombay, 1962, p.87.

2. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.5, pp.28-9.

3. Crossroads, pp.91-2.

4. Subhas Bose, The Indian Struggle 1920-42, Bombay, 1967 reprint, p.332.

5. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.5, p.28.

6. Gandhi, CW, Vol.68, p.359.

7. Nehru, SW, Vol.9, pp.481-2.

8. The Indian Struggle, p.335.

9. Crossroads, pp.108 ff.

10. Gandhi, CW, Vol.67, p.198.

11. Ibid., Vol.69, pp.209-10.

12. Ibid., p.98.

13. Rajendra Prasad, Autobiography, Bombay, 1957 14. Gene D. Overstreet and Marshall Windmiller, Communism in India, Berkeley, 1959, p.168.

15. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, p.374.

16. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru - A Biography, Vol.One, p.263.

17. Indian Annual Register, 1939, Vol.II, pp.389-93.

18. Gandhi, CW, Vol.70, pp.267-280.

19. Ibid., Vol.71, Appendix VI.

20. Nehru, SW, Vol.II, p.106.

21. S. Gopal, op.cit., p.268.

22. Gandhi, CW, Vol.73, p.72.

23. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.6, p.43. Gandhi's Collected Works, Vol.75, p.224 has another version of the speech.

24. S. Gopal, op.cit., p.278.

25. Nehru, Discovery of India, p.399.

35. The Quit India Movement and The INA 1. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Vol. One, p.294.

2. Gandhi, CW, Vol.76, p.442. Gandhi is also reported to have told Jawaharlal Nehru, 'If you won't join, I'll do it without you.' S. Gopal, op.cit., p.292.

3. For the full text of the speech, see Gandhi, CW, Vol.76, pp.384-96; the quotes in my text are to be found on pp.391, 392, 394 and 395.

4. Ibid., p.367.

5. Francis Hutchins, Spontaneous Revolution: The Quit India Movement, New Delhi, 1971, p.191.

6. Interview with Achyut Patwardhan, Bangalore, 9 December 1984.

7. Interviews with Usha Mehta, Bombay, 18 May 1985; S.M. Joshi, New Delhi, 29 February 1984; Annadada Narde, Bombay, 25 May 1985; Lalbhai Dayabhai Naik, Navsari (Gujarat), 27 June 1985; Jayanti Thakore, Ahmedabad, 7 and 8 July 1985, Hoshiar Singh, Baraut (U.P.), 14 April 1987.

8. Gandhiji first used the phrase 'leonine violence' in his letter of 29 January 1943 to the Viceroy. Gandhi, CW, Vol.77, p.56. For Gandhi's declaration of his intention to fast and the Viceroy's response, see Gandhi, CW, Vol.77, pp.49-51, and Mansergh and Lumby, editors, Transfer of Power (hereafter TP), 1942-7, Vols. 1-12, London, 1970-1983, Vol.3, pp.462-3 and 493.

9. The popular reaction to Gandhi's fast is detailed in Government of India, Home Political Department, file nos. 19/3/43, 19/4/43, 19/5/43 and 19/6/43, National Archives of India, New Delhi.

10. TP, Vol.3, p.632.

11. Linlithgow in a conversation with Louis Phillips, Special U.S. representative in New Delhi. Ibid., p.690.

12. Ibid., pp.684-6.

13. Radhika Singha, Aspects of the Quit India Movement in Eastern U.P., Unpublished M.Phil dissertation, CHS, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1986; Chandan Mitra, 'Countours of Popular Protest: The Quit India Movement of 1942,' paper presented at a Seminar on A History of the Indian National Congress. 1885-1947, at Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, 22-24 July 1985.

14. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, pp.400-01.

15. Gail Omvedt, 'The Satara Parallel Government, 1942-47,' in D.N. Panigrahi, editor, Economy, Society and Politics in Modern India, New Delhi, 1985; and Interviews with Y.B. Chavan, New Delhi. 2 May 1984, V.S. Page, Bombay, 7 June 1985 and Vasantdada Patil, Bombay, 14 June 1985.

16. Stephen Hennigham, Peasant Movements in Colonial India: North Bihar 1917-1942, Canberra, 1982, pp. 183-5; Interview with Paras Nath Misra, Lucknow, 20 and 21 April 1986.