8. Ibid, Vol.61, p.439.

9. Ibid., Vol.58, p.318.

10. Ibid., Vol.59, pp.3-12; Vol.58, pp.405-06; and Tendulkar Mahatma, Vol.3, pp.318-9.

11. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, p.118.

12. Raj Mohan Gandhi, A Warrior From the South - The Rajaji Story, Bombay 1978, p.282.

13. D.A. Low, 'Civil Martial Law: The Government of India and the Civil Disobedience Movements, 1930-34,' in D.A. Low, editor, Congress and the Raj, p.190.

14. R.J. Moore, 'The Problem of Freedom with Unity: London's India Policy 1917-47,' in Ibid., p.379.

15. Erskine to Craik, 20 April 1936, Home Political Proceedings, F.No.4/6/36 (National Archives of India).

16. John Glendevon, The Viceroy at Bay - Lord Linlithgow in India, 1936-43, London, 1971, p.52,.

17. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, pp. 185-7.

18. Jawaharlal Nehru - A Bunch a Old Letters, Written mostly to Jawaharlal Nehru, Bombay, 1958, pp.157 and 156.

19. A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi, The Encyclopaedia of Indian National Congress, Volume Eleven: 1936-1938, New Delhi, 1980, p.48.

20. Ibid., p.42.

21. Ibid., pp.41-2.

26. Twenty-Eight Months of Congress Rule Our understanding of the period of Congress Ministries from 1937 to 1939 was enriched by interviews with large number of freedom fighters, in particular Keralyeean, Calicut, 25 February and 12 May 1984; E.P. Gopalan, Pattambi (Kerala), 18 May 1984; B. Gopal Reddy, Nellore (Andhra Pradesh), 16 June 1984; C. Subramaniam, Madras, 2 June 1984; Soli Batliwala, Bombay, 26 May 1985; M.R. Masani, Bombay, 26 May and 10 June 1985; Kamalashankar Pandya, Baroda, 29 and 30 June 1985; Shekhar Ganguly, Patna, 27 November 1985; Rameshwar Prasad Misra, Lucknow, 28 April 1986.

1. For detailed discussion of S-T-S'. See Chapter 38 below.

2. Gandhi, CW, Vol.66, p.16.

3. Ibid, Vol.65, p.406.

4. Nehru, Discovery of India, pp.321-2.

5. Gandhi, CW, Vol.66, p.63.

6. Rajmohan Gandhi, The Rajaji Story 1937-72, Bombay, 1984, p.7.

7. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru - A Biography, Vol.One, p.230.

8. Quoted in Visalakshi Menon, 'The Indian National Congress and Ma.s.s Mobilization - A Study of U.P. 1937-39,' Studies in History, Vol.II, No.2. July-December 1980, New Delhi, p.115.

9. Quoted in Gyanesh Kudaisya, Office Acceptance and the Congress 1937-1939: Premises and Perceptions, M.Phil dissertation, Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, pp. 110 and 93.

10. Nehru, Discovery of India, p.321.

11. Annual Report of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, 1938, pp.27, 30, 83-7, 113, 117, 120-2.

12. AICC, G-13/1937. Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.

13. Visalakshi Menon, op.cit.

14. S. Gopal, op.cit., p.231 15. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.4, p.276.

16. R. Palme Dutt, India Today, pp.491-2.

17. Gandhi, CW, Vol.68, pp. 112-3. Also see CW, Vol.66, pp.268-9.

18. See, for example, Ibid., Vol.66, pp.300-02.

19. Ibid., Vol.68, p.195.

20. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.5, p.94. A different translation is given in Gandhi, CW, Vol.69, p.210.

21. Gandhi, CW, Vol.68, p.125.

22. Nehru, SW, Vol.8, p.388.

23. Gandhi, CW, Vol.70, p.291.

24. R. Coupland, Indian Politics 1936-1942, Madras, 1944, p.156.

25. Nehru, Discovery of India, p.326.

26. Guidelines of the History of the Communist Party of India, p.45.

27. Visalakshi Menon. op.cit., p.140.

28. A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi. editors, The Encyclopaedia of Indian National Congress, Vol. Twelve, p.255.

27. Peasant Movements in the 1930s and '40s 1. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 46, pp. 200-03.

2. For the text of the Congress Agrarian Programme see A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi, The Encyclopaedia of the Indian National Congress, Volume II, 1936-38, New Delhi, 1980, pp. 212-3.

3. M.A. Rasul, A History of the All India Kisan Sabha, Calcutta, 1974, P.9.

4. See Chapter 26 above.

5. K. Gopalankutty, 'The Integration of Anti-Landlord Movement with the Movement Against Imperialism - The Case of Malabar, 1935-39,' in Bipan Chandra, editor, The Indian Left: Critical Appraisals, New Delhi, 1983; A.K. Gopalan, In the Cause of the People: Reminiscences, Madras, 1973, Chs.6-12, and Interviews with E.P. Gopalan, Pattambi, 18 May 1984, K. Madhavan, Kanhangad, 14 May 1984, K.P.R. Gopalan, Cannanore, 16 May 1984, K. Keralyeean, Calicut, 25 February and 17 May 1984, E.Nayanar, Trivandrum, 25 May 1984.

6. N.G. Ranga, Fight for Freedom: Autobiography, Delhi, 1968; P. Sundarayya, Telangana Peoples' Struggle and Its Lessons, Calcutta, 1972, pp. 139-147; M.A. Rasul, op.cit., and Interviews with N.G. Ranga, Nidobrulu, 22 June 1984, Uddaraju Ramam, Vijayawada, 25 June, 1984, Kolah Venkaiah, Guntur, 5 July 1984.

7. Walter Hauser, The Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha, 1929-1942: A Study of an Indian Peasant Movement, Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1962, Microfilm, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library, New Delhi; Gyan Prakash Sharma, Congress, Peasant Movement and Tenancy Legislation in Bihar, 1937-1939, Unpublished M.Phil dissertation, CHS, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1979; Sahajanand Saraswati, Mera Jeevan Sangharsh, in Hindi, Delhi, 1985 edition.

8. Master Hari Singh, Punjab Peasant in Freedom Struggle, Volume 2, New Delhi, 1984; Bhagwan Josh, Communist Movement in Punjab, Delhi, 1979; Mridula Mukherjee, 'Communists and Peasants in Punjab: A Focus on the Muzara Movement in Patiala, 1937-53,' in Bipan Chandra, editor, The Indian Left: Critical Appraisals, pp.401-46; Interviews with Jagjit Singh Lyallpuri, Ludhiana, 29 May 1981, G.S. Randhawa, New Delhi, 14 September 1981, Master Hari Singh, Chandigarh, 8 July 1982, Bhagat Singh Bilga, Phillaur, 17 November 1983, Chain Singh Chain, Jullundur 14 Novernber 1983.

9. Mridula Mukherjee, op.cit.; Mridula Mukherjee, 'Peasant Movement in a Princely State: Patiala, 1937-48,' in Studies in History, New Delhi, Vol.1, No.2, 1979; Master Hari Singh, op.cit., Ramesh Walia, Praja Mandal Movement in East Punjab States, Patiala, 1972; Interviews with Jagir Singh Joga, Joga, 16 May 1981, Brish Bhan, 18 May 1981, Bachittar Singh, Patiala, 14 April 1981, G.S. Randhawa, New Delhi, 14 September 1981, Vaid Chajju Mal, New Delhi, 27 February 1981, Giani Bachan Singh, Sunam, 2 May 1981.

10. Sunil Sen, Agrarian Struggle in Bengal, New Delhi, 1972; Abani Lahiri, 'Last Battle of Bengal Peasants Under British Rule,' in Nisith Ranjan Ray et.al., editors, Challenge: A Saga of India's Struggle for Freedom, New Delhi, 1984, pp.374-86; Krishna Kant Sarkar, 'Kakdwip Tebhaga Movement,' in A.R. Desai, editor, Peasant Struggles in India, pp.469-85; Ranjit Das Gupta, 'Peasants, Workers and Freedom Struggle, Jalpaiguri, 1945-47,' in Amit k.u.mar Gupta, editor, Myth and Reality: The Struggle for Freedom in India, 1945-47, New Delhi, 1987, pp.435-49.

28. The Freedom Struggle in Princely India 1. Jawaharlal Nehru, SW, Vol.4, pp. 192-3.

2. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 68, pp.326-7.

3. A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi, The Encyclopaedia of the Indian National Congress, Volume 12, 1939-46, New Delhi, 1981, p.162.

4. John R. Wood, 'Rajkot: Indian Nationalism in the Princely Context: The Rajkot Satyagraha of 1938-9,' in Robin Jeffrey, editor, People, Princes and Paramount Power, New Delhi, 1978, p.260.

5. Ibid.

6. Gandhi, CW, Vol.69, pp.162-6 and 168-71.

7. Ramanand Tirtha, Memoirs of Hyderabad Freedom Struggle, Bombay, 1967, pp. 176-7.

8. For the struggle in Hyderabad, see P. Sundarayya, Telengana People's Struggle and Its Lessons, Calcutta, 1972; Ravi Narayan Reddy, Heroic Telengana: Reminiscences and Experiences, New Delhi, 1973; Raj Bahadur Gour et.al., Glorious Telengana Armed Struggle, New Delhi, 1973; Ramanand Tirtha, Memoirs of Hyderabad Freedom Struggle, Bombay, 1967; N. Ramesan, editor, The Freedom Struggle in Hyderabad, Vol.IV (1921-1947), Hyderabad, 1966; and Interviews with Devapalli Venkateswara Rao, Hyderabad, 7 July, 1984, Ravi Narayan Reddy, Hyderabad, 8 July 1984, Arutla Ramachandra Reddy, Hyderabad, 6 and 9 July, 1984, Giri Prasad, Hyderabad, 9 July 1984, C. Thirumal Rao, Nalgonda, 16 July 1984, Mallu Swarajyam, Hyderabad, 10 July 1984, Bhimareddy Narsimhareddy, Hyderabad, 12 July 1984.

29. Indian Capitalists and the National Movement 1. Purshottamdas Thakurdas, et.al., A Plan of Economic Development for India, Pts. I & II, Penguin, London, 1945, popularly known as the Bombay Plan.

2. Aditya Mukherjee, 'The Indian Capitalist Cla.s.s: Aspects of its Economic, Political and Ideological Development in the Colonial Period, 1927-47, in S. Bhattacharya and Romila Thapar, editors, Situating Indian History, New Delhi, 1986, pp.246-7.

3. Ibid., pp.250-1.

4. See for example, Sumit Sarkar, 'Logic of Gandhian Nationalism: Civil Disobedience and the Gandhi-Irwin Pact (1930-31),' The Indian Historical Review, New Delhi, Vol.III, No.l, July 1976, pp.120-1, 146.

5. Sri Ram, Annual Reports of the Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry, (hereafter referred to as FICCI, A.R.), 1943, p.150, and Muthiah Chettiar, President, FICCI, A.R., 1944, p.205.

6. G.D. Birla, FICCI, A.R., 1934, p.173; S.P. Jain and B.M. Birla in FICCI, A.R., 1943, p.129 and 1946, pp. 104-5 respectively.

7. Purshottamdas Thakurdas, President's Speech, FICCI, A.R., 1928 p.4.

8. G.D. Birla, FICCI, A.R., 1930, p.264.

9. Lalji Naranji to Purshottamdas, 28 March 1930, Purshottamdas Thakurdas (PT) Papers, fl. 91, part II, Nehru Memorial Museum and Library.

10. G.D. Birla to Purshottamdas, 16 Feb. 1932, PT Papers, fl. 104; Purshottamdas to N.R. Sarkar, 1 August 1942, PT Papers, fl.239, pt. II, and N.R. Sarkar, Free Press Journal, 24 July 1941.

11. FICCI, Proceedings of the Executive Committee (Proc. of EC), 1934, pp.33-42.

12. FICCI, A.R., 1935, pp.72-3.

13. FICCI, Proc. of EC, 1930-31, p.5.

14. Ambalal to Purshottamdas, 5 Nov. 1929, PT Papers, fl. 91, pt.l.

15. G.D. Birla to Mahadev Desai, 8 July 1937 and 22 July 1937 in, In the Shadow of the Mahatma, Calcutta, 1953, pp.219, 224-6.

16. G.D. Birla to Purshottamdas, 16 Jan. 1931, PT Papers, fl.42, pt. VII (emphasis mine).

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. Irwin to Purshottamdas, 29 Sept. 1930 and Purshottamdas to Irwin, 28 April 1930, PT Papers, fl. 99, pt.2.

20. Purshottamdas to G.D. Birla, 9 Sept. 1940 and G.D. Birla to Purshottamdas, 11 Sept. 1940, PT Papers, fl. 239, pt.1.

21. PT Papers, fl.239, pt.4.

22. A.D.D. Gordon, Business and Politics, Rising Nationalism and Modernising Economy in Bombay, 1918-1933, New Delhi, 1978, pp.179, 185-86, 192, 199. See also, Claude Markovits, Indian Business and Nationalist Politics from 1931-1939, unpublished D.phil dissertation, Cambridge, pp.96, 121, 172 ff.

23. For example, Sumit Sarkar, op.cit., p.99; and 'Popular Movements and National Leadership 1945-47,' Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. XVII, Nos. 14-16, (annual no.), April 1982.

24. Home Political Department, F. no.4/14-A, 1940, National Archives of India.

25. Gandhi, CW, Vol.32, pp.459-60.

26. J.K. Mehta to Purshottamdas, 3 Feb. 1930, PT Papers, fl. 42, pt.8. For an understanding of the relationship of the capitalist cla.s.s and the national movement, especially leaders like Gandhi, Sardar Patel and Nehru, the following interviews have proved very useful: J.R.D. Tata, Bombay, 23 May, 1985, R.K. Bajaj, Bombay, 17 June 1985, and Vadilal Lallubhai Mehta, 8 July 1985.

27. G.D. Birla to Purshottamdas, 30 July 1929, PT Papers, fl. 42, pt.5.

28. Ibid.

29. G.D. Birla to Walchand Hirachand, 26 May 1936, PT Papers, fl. 177.

30. FICCI, A.R., 1943, p.31.

31. John Mathai to Purshottamdas, 8 Dec. 1942 and enclosures. PT Papers, fl. 291, pt.1 and fl.42, pt.5.

30. The Development of a Nationalist Foreign Policy 1. S.N. Banerjea, Speeches, Vol. II, Calcutta, 1880, pp.215-6.

2. R.C. Dutt, Economic History of India in the Victorian Age, p.549.

3. Indian National Congress, containing full texts of all Presidential Addresses, reprint of all the Congress Resolutions, etc., Part I, p.386.

4. Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography, p.31.

5. Gandhi, CW, Vol.22, p.246.

6. Ibid, Vol.27, p.450.

7. A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi, editors, The Encyclopaedia of the Indian National Congress, Volume Nine. 1925-1929, New Delhi, 1980, p.234.

8. Nehru, SW, Vol.2, p.281.

9. Gandhi, CW, Vol.55, p.427.