17. Gandhi, CW. Vol.76, p.461.

18. Interviews with Paras Nath Misra, Lucknow, 20 and 21 April 1986, and Vishwanath Prasad Mardana. Lucknow, 24 April 1986.

19. Interview with Mrinalini Desai. Bombay, 22 May 1985, and Shirubhau Limaye, Pune, 5 June 1985. G.P. Pradhan, Pune, 6 June 1985.

20. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 76, p.295.

21. Francis Hutchins. op.cit., pp.247-8.

22. TP, Vol.5, pp.166, 359, 615 and 754.

23. Selected Speeches of Subhas Chandra Bose, New Delhi, 1965, p.218.

24. For accounts of the I.N.A., see K.K. Ghosh, The Indian National Army, Meerut, 1969, and Interviews with P.K. Sehgal, Kanpur, 23 September, 1986, Laxmi Sehgal, 23 September, 1986, Colonel Mahb.o.o.b Ahmed, Patna, November 1985, Niranjan Singh Gill, Amritsar, 2 and 3 April 1985.

36. Post-War National Upsurge 1. TP, Vol.6, p.109.

2. K.K. Ghosh, The Indian National Army, p.210.

3. TP, Vol.6, p.507.

4. Ibid., p.512.

5. Nehru, SW, Vol.14, pp.279-80.

6. F. Tuker, While Memory Serves, London, 1950, p.54.

7. Wavell to Pethick Lawrence, 27 November 1945, TP., Vol.6, p.552.

8. Cunningham to Wavell, 27 November 1945, Ibid., p.546.

9. Note on INA Situation by Director, Intelligence Bureau, TP, Vol.6, p.512.

10. Commander-in-Chief to Viceroy, 24 and 26 November 1945, TP, Vol.6., pp.533 and 545.

11. TP, Vol.6, p.546.

12. R.P. Dutt, India Today, Bombay, 1949, pp.536-42; Sumit Sarkar, 'Popular Movements and National Leadership 1945-47,' Economic and Political Weekly, Vol.XVII, Nos. 14-16 (annual no.) April 1982; Gautam Chattopadhyay, 'The Almost Revolution: A Case Study of India in February 1946,' in Essays in Honour of Professor S.C. Sarkar, New Delhi, 1976.

13. Gautam Chattopadhyay, op.cit.

14. Subrata Banerjee, The R.I.N Strike, New Delhi, 1981, p.vii 15. Viceroy to Secretary of State, 27 February 1946, TP, Vol.6, p. 1076.

16. R.P. Dutt, op.cit., p.542.

17. Government of India, Home Political Department, File No. 5/8/46, National Archives of India.

18. Viceroy to Prime Minister, 24 February 1946, TP, Vol.6, p. 1055.

19. Home Political Department, File No. 7/1/46.

20. Jawaharlal Nehru Correspondence, Part 1, Vol.81, Nehru Memorial Library.

21. Sumit Sarkar, op.cit., p.2. Also see G. Chattopadhyay, op.cit., p.428; and A.R. Desai, 'Introduction,' in A.R. Desai, editor Peasant Struggles in India, p.xx.

22. Indian National Congress, March 1940 to September 1946: Being the Resolutions Pa.s.sed by the Congress, the AICC and the Working Commitee, published by the General Secretary, AICC.

23. Gandhi, CW, Vol.83, pp.171, 175, 183-4.

37. Freedom and Part.i.tion 1. For a fuller discussion of how this erosion took place and the conclusions drawn from it by the British, see Sucheta Mahajan, 'British Policy, Nationalist Strategy and Popular National Upsurge, 1945-6,' in A.K Gupta, editor, Myth and Reality, Struggle for Freedom in India, 1945-7, pp.57-63.

2. R.J. Moore, Escape from Empire, Oxford, 1983, p.22. Also see David Potter, 'Manpower Shortage and the End of Colonialism: The Case of the Indian Civil Service,' Modern Asian Studies, Vol.7, No.l, 1973.

3. R.P. Noronha, Tale Told by an Idiot, New Delhi, 1976, p.3.

4. TP, Vol.6, p.688.

5. The option of changing the nature of British rule to one of strong autocratic authority capable of maintaining British rule for another 15-20 years was ruled out by Attlee in late 1946. The considerations were that there were no British troops available, British and U.S. public opinion would not accept it and a disgraceful exit with a legacy of hostility would be the end result. TP, Vol.9, pp.68-9. Our understanding of the reasons for British withdrawal from India is also based on Interviews with contemporary officials as well as partic.i.p.ants in the national movement, especially R.A. Gopalaswamy, Madras, 5 June 1984, S.R. Kaiwar, Madras, 2 June 1984, A.K. Das, Lucknow, 20 April 1986, K.K. Das, Lucknow, 26 April 1986, Achyut Patwardhan, Bangalore, 9 December 1984, N.G. Gore, 29 December 1984, Rohit Dave, Bombay, 21 May 1985.

6. Bombay Chronicle, 8 July 1946.

7. R.J. Moore, op.cit., pp.156 and 163.

8. Nehru, Selected Works, edited by S. Gopal, Second Series, Vol.2, New Delhi, 1984, p.69.

9. Attlee's statement in the Cabinet meeting of 18 February 1946, TP, Vol.9, London, 1980, p.750.

10. House of Commons Debate, 5 March 1947, Parliamentary Debates (Hansard).

11. Note by Jenkins, Punjab Governor, 16 February 1947, TP, Vol.9, p.729.

12. Wavell: The Viceroy's Journal, edited by Penderel Moon, New Delhi, 1977, p.428.

13. Collins and Lapierre, Mountbatten and the Part.i.tion of India, Sahibabad, 1983, pp.21 and 53.

14. Report of Viceroy's 13th Staff Meeting, 11 April 1947, TP, Vol.10, P.190.

15. Francis Williams, A Prime Minister Remembers, London, 1961, p.212.

16. Nehru, SW, Second Series, Vol.1, p.207.

17. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru - A Biography, Vol.One, p.352.

18. Interview with Mountbatten, 17 April 1947, TP, Vol.10, p.309.

19. Ronald Wingate, Lord Ismay, A Biography, London, 1970, p.167.

20. Brigadier R.C.B. Bristow, Memories of the British Raj - A Soldier in India, London, 1974. Lockhart wrote the Foreword.

21. Nehru, SW, Vol.15, pp.306-07.

22. S. Gopal, op.cit., p.307.

23. Nehru, SW, Second Series, Vol.2, p.377.

24. Bimal Prasad, Gandhi, Nehru and J.P. Studies in Leadership, Delhi, 1985; Sandhya Chaudhuri, Gandhi and the Part.i.tion of India, New Delhi, 1984, Sumit Sarkar, Modern India.

25. Gandhi, CW, Vol.88, p.75.

26. Bimal Prasad, op.cit., p.31.

38. The Long-term Strategy of the National Movement 1. This Chapter is based on Bipan Chandra, Indian National Movement: The Long-term Dynamics, New Delhi, 1988.

2. Gandhi, CW, Vol.64, p.194. Also Vol.68, p.319.

3. Gandhi, CW, Vol.67, p.226.

4. Ibid., p.420.

5. Ibid, Vol.69, p.60.

6. Indian National Congress, March 1940 to September 1946: Being the Resolutions Pa.s.sed by the Congress, AICC and the Working Committee, New Delhi, 1946.

7. Nehru, SW, Vol.4, p.195; Bhagat Singh, Why I am an Athiest, p.12.

39. The Indian National Movement - The Ideological Dimension 1. Gandhi, CW, Vol.76, p.384.

2. Kesari, 16 June 1908, quoted in Ashis k.u.mar Dhuliya, Aspects of Tilak's Political Strategy and His Struggle for Civil Liberties, M.Phil Dissertation, Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1984, p.269.

3. Gandhi, CW, Vol.22, pp.142 and 176-7.

4. Ibid., Vol.69, p.356.

5. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, p.414.

6. Ibid., Vol. 11, p.367.

7. See, for example, Gandhi, CW, Vol.68, pp.258-9.

8. Bipan Chandra, 'British and Indian Ideas on Indian Economic Development,1858-1905,' in Bipan Chandra Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India, pp.92 ff.

9. Ibid., pp.109 ff; and Bipan Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India, pp.90 ff.

10. Indian National Congress: Resolutions on Economic Policy, Programme and Allied Matters 1924-1969, New Delhi, 1969, p. 16.

11. Gandhi, CW, Vol.55, p.427.

12. References are too many. The reader may see Gyorgy Kalmar, Gandhism, Budapest, 1977; and Francine R. Frankel, India's Political Economy 1947-1977: The Gradual Revolution, Delhi, 1978, Chapters 1 and 2.

13. Gandhi, CW, Vol.64, p.192.

14. Ibid., Vol.76, p.367.

15. Ibid., pp.437, 445-6.

Additional Reading

General: (A) Historical Background 1. Bipan Chandra, Modern India, New Delhi, 1971.

2. Tara Chand, History of the Freedom Movement in India, Vol.1, Delhi, 1961.

3. Percival Spear, Oxford History of India, New Delhi, 1974.

4. R.Palme Dutt, India Today, Bombay, 1949 edition.

5. A.R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism, Bombay, 1959 edition.

(B) National Movement 1. A Centenary History of the Indian National Congress, 3 Vols., B.N. Pande, general editor, New Delhi, 1985.

2. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India 1885-1947, Delhi, 1983.

3. A.R. Desai, Social Background of Indian Nationalism.

4. Bipan Chandra, Amales Tripathi and Barun De, Freedom Struggle, New Delhi, 1972.

5. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru - A Biography, Vol.One, London, 1975.

6. B.R. Nandal Mahatma Gandhi - A Biography, London, 1958.

7. Bipan Chandra, Indian National Movement: Long-term Dynamics, New Delhi, 1988.

Introduction: (A) Gramsci and Hegemony 1. A.Gramsci, Selections from the Prison Notebooks, London, 1971.

2. Perry Anderson, 'The Antinomies of Antonio Gramsci,' New Left Review, 100, London, 1976-7.

3. C. Buci-Glucksmann, Gramsci and the State, London, 1979.

4. J. Femia, Gramsci's Political Thought, Oxford, 1981.

5. C.Mouffe, editor, Gramsci and Marxist Theory, London, 1979.