19. Manoranjan Jha, op.cit., p.142.

20. Ibid., p.143.

21. Gandhi, CW, Vol.40, pp.201-2.

22. Ibid., Vol. 33, p.347.

20. Bhagat Singh, Surya Sen and the Revolutionary Terrorists Interviews with the following have been very useful: Shiv Varma, New Delhi, 12 and 14 September 1984; Jaidev Kapur, New Delhi, 10 and 14 September 1984; Kishorilal, Jullundhur (Punjab), 1 April 1985; Bejoy k.u.mar Sinha, Hyderabad, 17 June 1985; Durga Das Khanna, Chandigarh, 10 and 11 November 1983; Tridip Choudhry, New Delhi, 27 November 1983.

1. Jagmohan Singh and Chamanlal, Bhagat Singh aur unke Sathiyon ke Dastavez (The Doc.u.ments of Bhagat Singh and His Comrades), New Delhi, 1986, in Hindi, p.266.

2. Kalpana Joshi (nee Dutt), 'Chittagong Uprising and the Role of Muslims,' in Challenge - A Saga of India's Struggle for Freedom, edited by Nitish Ranjan Ray, et. al., New Delhi, 1984, p.51.

3. Anand Gupta, 'The Immortal Surya Sen,' in Ibid., p.89.

4. Shiv Varma, editor, Selected Writings of Shaheed Bhagat Singh, New Delhi, 1986, Appendix I.

5. Proceedings of the HRA Council Meeting, 1924.

6. Shiv Varma, op.cit., Appendix II.

7. Ramprasad Bismil, Autobiography, edited by Banarsidas Chaturvedi, Delhi, 1966, in Hindi.

8. Shiv Varma, op.cit., p.95.

9. Ibid., p.130.

10. Ibid., pp. 137-8.

11. Ibid., p. 137.

12. Jagmohan Singh and Chamanlal, op.cit., p.267.

13. Shiv Varma, op.cit., pp. 190, 198-9.

14. Ibid., p.74.

15. Quoted in Gopal Thakur, Bhagat Singh: The Man and His Ideas, New Delhi, 1952, p.39.

16. Vishwanath Vaishampayan, Amar Shahid Chandrasekhar Azad, Benaras, 1976, in Hindi, Parts 2-3, Appendix 5.

17. Shiv Varma, op.cit., p.109.

18. Sohan Singh Josh, My Meetings with Bhagat Singh and on Other Early Revolutionaries, New Delhi, 1976, pp.13-5; and Jagmohan Singh and Chamanlal, op.cit., pp. 186-9, 244-5.

19. Jagmohan Singh and Chamanlal, op.cit., pp. 190-3.

20. Ibid., pp.248 ff.

21. Rules and Regulations of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Punjab, 1 May 1928, Meerut Conspiracy Case, 1929, Exhibit no.P 205 (T); Reports on the Naujawan Bharat Sabha, Home (Political) Proceedings, F.130 & KW (1930).

22. Bhagat Singh, Why I am an Atheist, with an introduction by Bipan Chandra, Delhi, 1979. Also in Shiv Varma, op.cit., pp.139 ff. and pp.117 ff.

21. The Gathering Storm - 1927-29 1. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 35, pp.454-5.

2. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, 1885-1947, New Delhi, 1983, p.266.

3. Gandhi, CW, Vol.38, p.416.

4. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.2, p. 176.

5. Ibid, p.381 6. Gandhi, CW, Vol.41, p.499.

7. Ibid., p.240.

8. Ibid., pp.240-1.

9. Ibid., pp.499-500.

10. Selected Works of Jawaharlal Nehru, general editor, S. Gopal, 15 volumes, New Delhi, 1972-1982, Vol.4, p.198. Hereafter referred to as Nehru, SW.

11. Ibid., p.192.

12. Ibid., p.195.

13. Tendulkar, Mahatma Vol.3, pp.8-9.

22. Civil Disobedience - 1930-31 This account of the Civil Disobedience Movement owes a lot to our interviews with partic.i.p.ants in the movement; in particular, Sita Poviah, Chitra Poviah and Lata Poviah, Bombay, 21 May 1985; Najuben Dastoor, Bombay, 16 June 1985; Pramodaben Gosalia, Bombay, 22 May 1985; Pashabhai Bhailalalbhai Amin, Anand (Gujarat), 4 July 1985; Tribhuvandas Patel, Anand, 1 and 5 July 1985; Umashankar Joshi, Ahmedabad, 9 July, 1985; Madhavlal Shankarlal Pandya, Piplov, Borsad (Gujarat), 3 July 1985; A.K. Raman Kutty, Palghat (Kerala), 20 May 1984; A.V. Kuttimalu Amma, Ernakulum, 23 May 1984; Bhaktavatsalam, Madras, 4 June 1984; K. Subramaniam 'Subri', Madras, 7 June 1984; Sadhu Ram Sharma, Amritsar, 28 March 1985; Tunmala Durgamba, Guntur, 23 June 1984; P.C. Sen, Calcutta, 19 January 1985; Atulya Ghosh, Calcutta, 27 July 1986; R.R. Diwakar, New Delhi, 4 May 1986; Madan Mohan Misra, Rae Bareili, 26 April 1986; Rampal Trivedi, Lucknow, 27 April 1986.

1. Gandhi, CW, Vol.42, p.389.

2. Ibid., p.499.

3. Gandhi, CW, Vol.43, p.3.

4. Ibid., p.7.

5. Ibid., pp.46-7.

6. Ibid., p.37.

7. Ibid.

8. For an example of the kind of effort that was made at the local level, see Atlury Murali, Social Change and Nature of Social Partic.i.p.ation in National Movement in Andhra, 1905-1934, pp.653-60.

9. Ibid., pp.659-60.

10. Gandhi, CW, Vol.43, p.37.

11. C.F.V. Williams, cited in David Arnold, 'The Politics of Coalescence: The Congress in Tamilnad, 1930-37,' in D.A. Low, editor, Congress and the Raj, p.264.

12. For a discussion of British Policy towards the Civil Disobedience Movement, see D.A. Low, 'Civil Martial Law, 1930-34,' in D.A. Low, editor, Congress and the Raj.

13. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.3, p.41.

14. Gandhi, CW, Vol.43, p.219.

15. Nehru, SW, Volume 4, p.183.

16. Interview with Usha Mehta, Bombay, 18 May, 1985.

17. Ibid.

18. Jawaharlal Nehru had summed up his immediate reaction to the signing of the Gandhi-Irwin Pact in the famous lines of T.S. Eliot: 'This is the way the world ends Not with a bang but with a whimper.' Jawaharlal Nehru, An Autobiography, New Delhi, 1962 reprint, p.259.

19. Tanika Sarkar, 'The First Phase of Civil Disobedience in Bengal 19301,' in The Indian Historical Review, New Delhi, July 1977, Vol.IV: No. 1. pp.90-92.

20. Ibid., p.80.

23. From Karachi to Wardha: The Years from 1932 to 1934 1. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, The History of Indian National Congress 18851935, no place, 1935, p.768.

2. Ibid., pp.779 ff., and Indian National Congress Resolutions on Economic Policy, Programme and Allied Matters, New Delhi, 1969, pp.3 ff.

3. R.J. Moore, The Crisis of Indian Unity 1917-1940, Delhi, 1974, p.209.

4. B. R. Nanda, Mahatma Gandhi - A Biography, Delhi, 1981 reprint, p.314.

5. Gandhi, CW, Vol.47, p.369.

6. R.J. Moore, op.cit., p.289.

7. Nehru, SW, Vol.6, p.372.

8. Ibid., p.273.

9. Pattabhi Sitaramayya, op.cit., p.942.

10. Nanda, Mahatma Gandhi, p.339.

11. Bisheshwar Prasad, Bondage and Freedom, Vol.II, New Delhi, 1979, p.423.

12. Nanda, Mahatma Gandhi, p.367.

13. Gandhi, CW, Vol.55, p.430.

14. Ibid., Vol.57, pp.451,454.

15. Citations are too many for Sections V and VI. See CW, Vols. 51 to 56; or Tendulkar, Mahatma, Vol.3, pp.159-245; and Vol. 4, pp.14-63.

24. The Rise of the Left-wing In writing this chapter, we have extensively used interviews with the following: S.A. Dange, 20 February 1984; S.M. Joshi, New Delhi, 29 February 1984; Achuta Menon, Trichur (Kerala), 21 May 1984; E.P. Gopalan, Pattambi (Kerala), 18 May 1984; Achyut Patwardhan, Bangalore, 7 December 1984; K. Lingaraju, Rajahmundry, 1 July 1984; Venkata Subiah, Pondicherry, 10 June 1984; Master Hari Singh, Chandigarh, 8 July 1982., N.C. Shekhar, Cannanore (Kerala), 15 and 16 May 1984; P. Balachandra Menon, Chittoor (Kerala), 20 May 1984; M. Govindan Nair, New Delhi, 24 May, 1984: K.C. George, Trivandrum, 27 May 1984; V.P. Chinthan, Madras, 15 June 1984; Karam Singh Mann, Jullundhur (Punjab), 2 April 1985; S.G. Sardesai, Pune, 6 June 1985; M.R. Masani, Bombay, 26 May and 10 June 1985; Rohit Dave, Bombay, 21 May 1985; S.Y. Kolhatkar, Bombay, 23 May 1985; d.i.n.kar Mehta, Bombay, 15 June 1985; Kamalashankar Pandya, Baroda, 29 and 30 June 1985; Ganga Saran Sinha, New Delhi, 16 December 1985; A.R. Desai, Bombay, 17 May and 13 June 1985; V.B. Karnik, Bombay, 20 May 1985; R.M. Jhambekar, Bombay, 22 May 1985; Batuk Desai, Bombay, 14 June 1985; P.B. Rangnekar, 28 May 1985; L.K. Oak, Bombay, 1985; Ramesh Sinha, Lucknow, 22 April 1986; Z.A. Ahmed, Lucknow, 29 April 1986; N.G. Gore, 29 December 1986; Prem Bhasin, New Delhi, 10 February 1987.

1. Jnananjan Pal, 'Bipin Chandra Pal,' in Atulchandra Gupta, editor, Studies in the Bengal Renaissance, Jadavpur, 1958, p.573.

2. S. Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru - a Biography, Vol. One, p. 109.

3. Nehru, SW, Vol.4, pp. 192-3.

4. Ibid., Vol.6, p.16.

5. Ibid., p.124.

6. Ibid., Vol.7, pp. 180-1.

7. Ibid., pp.76-7.

8. Mohit Sen, The Indian Revolution, Review and Perspectives, New Delhi, 1970, p.35.

9. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, pp.60-1.

10. Guidelines of the History of the Communist Party of India, issued by Central Party Education Department, New Delhi, 1974, p.46.

11. Ibid., p.54.

12. Sumit Sarkar, Modern India, p.374.

13. Acharya Narendra Dev, Socialism and the National Revolution, Bombay, 1946, p.4.

14. Girja Shankar, Socialist Trends in Indian National Movement, Meerut, 1987, p.57.

15. Ibid., Appendix V.

16. Ibid., p.126.

17. Jayaprakash Narayan, Why Socialism, Benaras, 1936, p.1.

18. Nehru, SW, Vol.7, p.76.

25. The Strategic Debate - 1934-37 1. Gandhi, CW, Vol.55, p.429.

2. Nehru, SW, Vol.6, p.281.

3. Ibid., p.271.

4. For detailed treatment, See Bipan Chandra, 'Jawaharlal Nehru and the Capitalist Cla.s.s,' in his Nationalism and Colonialism in Modem India, pp. 177 ff.

5. For detailed treatment, See Chapter 38 below and Bipan Chandra, Indian National Movement: The Long-term Dynamics, New Delhi; 1988: 6. Gandhi, CW, Vol.57, p.425.

7. Ibid., Vol.58, p. 11.