11. Lajpat Rai: Writings and Speeches, edited by V,C. Joshi, 2 Vols., Delhi, 1966, Vol. I, p.180.

12. Nanda, Gokhale, p.288.

13. Sri Aurobindo Karmayogin, edited from Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Pondicherry, 1972, p.1.

14. C.H. Philips, op.cit., p.85.

15. Haridas and Urna Mukherjee, India's Fight for Freedom or the Swadeshi Movement 1905-1906, Calcutta, 1958, p.166.

16. Hirendranath Mukherjee, India Struggles for Freedom, Bombay, 1948 edition, p.96.

12. World War I and Indian Nationalism: The Ghadar 1. Harish K. Puri, Ghadar Movement, Amritsar, 1983, pp.31-2.

2. 'Ghadar Conspiracy Report, 1913-16,' by Isemonger and Slattery, 1922, reproduced in Bhai Nahar Singh and Kirpal Singh, editors, Struggle for Free Hindustan, (Ghadar Movement), Vol.1, 1905-1916, New Delhi, 1986, pp. 17-21.

3. Ibid., pp.46-7.

4. Harish K. Puri, op.cit., pp.69-70.

5. Sohan Singh Josh, Baba Sohan Singh Bhakna: Life of the Founder of the Ghadar Party, New Delhi, 1970, pp.30-1.

6. Ghadar di Goonj, No.1, poem 8, quoted in Harish K. Puri, op.cit., pp.73-4.

7. Sohan Singh Josh, op.cit., p.45.

8. Harish K. Puri, op.cit., pp.121-2.

9. Ibid., p. 124.

10. Ibid., p.113.

11. See, Emily C. Brown, Har Dayal: Hindu Revolutionary and Rationalist, Tuscon, 1975, for a full account of Har Dayal's life and ideas.

13. The Home Rule Movement and its Fallout 1. Letter to the Press, August 27, 1914, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, His Writings and Speeches, Madras, 1919, p.392.

2. Bombay Police 1915, par. 568 (b), cited in H.F. Owen, 'Towards Nation-Wide Agitation and Organisation: The Home Rule Leagues, 191518,' in D.A. Low, editor, Soundings in Modern South Asian History, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1968, p. 167, n.42.

3. G.P. Pradhan and A.K. Bhagwat, Lokamanya Tilak: A Biography, Bombay, 1959, pp.265-6.

4. Ibid., p.266-7, Tilak's Writings and Speeches, pp. 116-17, has a slightly different translation of the pa.s.sage.

5. Ibid., p.269. Tilak's Writings and Speeches, p.187, has a slightly different version.

6. Pradhan and Bhagwat, op.cit., p.292.

7. Ibid., p.306.

8. Home Rule Speech at Ahmednagar, May 31, 1916, Tilak's Writings and Speeches, p.142.

9. Pradhan and Bhagwat, op.cit., p.271.

10. Ibid., p.273.

11. A.M. Zaidi and S.G. Zaidi, The Encyclopaedia of the Indian National Congress, Vol.7, 1916-20, p.48.

12. Tilak's Writings and Speeches, pp.202-03.

13. Pradhan and Bhagwat, op.cit., p.284.

14. Edwin S. Montagu, Indian Diary, London, 1930, p. 157.

15. S.R. Mehrotra, India and the Commonwealth, 1885-1929, London, 1965, p.103.

14. Gandhi's Early Career and Activism 1. One of the best accounts of this journey is in Chandran D.S Devanesan, The Making of the Mahatma, Madras, 1969, pp.229-45.

2. Gandhi, CW, Vol.1, p.61.

3. B.R. Nanda, Mahatma Gandhi, New Delhi, 1958, p.117.

4. D.G. Karve and D.V. Ambekar, editors, Speeches and Writings of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, Volume 2: Political, p.444.

5. G.A. Natesan, 'Reminiscences,' in Gandhi, p.215, on Gandhi's 75th birthday in 1944, cited in B.R. Nanda, op.cit., pp.154-5.

6. Gandhi, CW, Vol. XIV, p.340.

7. Ibid, p.339.

8. M.K. Gandhi, An Autobiography OR The Story of My Experiments with Truth, Ahmedabad, 14th Reprint, first published in 1927 and 1929, pp.365-6.

15. The Non-Cooperation Movement - 1920-22 1. Gandhi, CW, Vol.17, p.504.

2. Prabhudas Gandhi, 'Recalling Memories of 1921,' in Government of India, 1921 Movement: Reminiscences, New Delhi, 1971, p.85.

3. Prabhudas Gandhi, op.cit., pp.86-7; and Gandhi, CW, Vol.21, pp.180-1.

4. D.G. Tendulkar, Mahatma, Life of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, 8 Volumes, New Delhi, 1969 reprint, Vol.2, p.52.

5. Hitesranjan Sanyal, 'Congress Movements in the Villages of Eastern Midnapore, 1921-31,' in Asie du Sud, Traditions et Changements, Colloques Internationaux du Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, No.582, Paris.

6. Atlury Murali, Social Change and Nature of Social Partic.i.p.ation in National Movement in Andhra, 1905-1934, Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Centre for Historical Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 1985, pp.284-90.

7. See Chapter 16 below.

8. See Chapter 16 below.

9. See Chapter 18 below.

10. R.P. Dutt, India Today, pp.324-9.

11. Majid H. Siddiqi, Agrarian Unrest in North India: The United Provinces, 1918-22, New Delhi, 1978, p.201.

12. Atlury Murali, op.cit., pp.288-90.

13. B.L. Grover, British Policy Towards Indian Nationalism 1885-1909, Delhi, 1967, pp.181 ff.

14. Gandhi, CW, Vol.22, p.457.

15. Ibid., p.458.

16. Peasants Movements and Nationalism in the 1920s 1. For the Kisan Sabha and Eka movements in Avadh, see Majid H. Siddiqi, Agrarian Unrest in North India: The United Provinces (1918-22), New Delhi, 1978; Kapil k.u.mar, Peasants in Revolt: Tenants, Congress, Landlords and the Raj in Oudh, 1886-1922, New Delhi, 1984; S.Gopal, Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Vol.1, London, 1975, pp.42-57; Gyanendra Pandey, 'Peasant Revolt and Indian Nationalism,' in Ranajit Guha, editor, Subaltern Studies I, Delhi, 1982.

2. For the Mappila revolt in Malabar, see K.N. Pannikar, 'Peasant Revolts in Malabar in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries,' in A.R. Desai, editor, Peasant Struggles in India, New Delhi, 1979, pp.601-630; Conrad Wood, 'Peasant Revolt: An Interpretation of Moplah Violence in the 19th and 20th Centuries,' in Dewey and Hopkins, editors, The Imperial Impact: Studies in the Economic History of India and Africa, London, 1978; Stephen F. Dale, Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar, 1498-1922, New York, 1980, Chapter 7.

3. For the no-tax movement in Bardoli, see Mahadev Desai, The Story of Bardoli, Ahmedabad, 1957; Shirin Mehta, The Peasantry and Nationalism, New Delhi, 1984; Ghanshyam Shah, 'Traditional Society and Political Mobilisation: The experience of Bardoli Satyagraha (1920-1928),' in Contributions to Indian Sociology, New Series, New Delhi, No.8, 1974, pp.89-107; and Interviews with Uttamchand Shah, Bardoli, 22 and 25 June 1985, Chimanlal Pranlal Bhatt, Vedchi, 26 June 1985, and Kasanbhai Ukabhai Choudhry, Vedchi, 26 June 1985, Khushalbhai Morarji Patel, Bardoli, 25 June 1985, Vallabhbhai Khushalbhai Patel, Sankri, 25 June 1985, Chhotubhai Gopalji Desai, Puni, 25 June 1985.

4. Interview with Kalyanji V. Mehta, cited in Shirin Mehta, The Peasantry and Nationalism, pp. 88-9.

5. Ibid., p. 177.

6. Ibid., pp.182-3.

7. Gandhi, CW, Vol. 36, p.73.

17. The Indian Working Cla.s.s and the National Movement 1. Indian National Congress, containing full texts of all Presidential Addresses, etc., Part I, p.12., 2. Quoted in Bipan Chandra, The Rise and Growth of Economic Nationalism in India, pp.360-1.

3. G. Subramaniya Iyer, Some Economic Aspects of British Rule in India, Madras, 1903, pp.175-8, 218-32.

4. Sumit Sarkar, The Swadeshi Movement in Bengal, 1903-1908, pp.183-4.

5. AITUC - Fifty Years, Doc.u.ments, New Delhi, 1973, pp.30, 35.

6. Ibid., pp.78-9.

7. Lala Lajpat Rai: Writings and Speeches, Vol.II, p.57.

8. Ibid., pp.60-1.

9. Quoted in Balabushevich and Dyakov, editors, A Contemporary History of India, New Delhi, 1964, p.150.

10. Lajpat Jagga, 'Colonial Railwaymen and British Rule: A Probe into Railway Labour Agitation in India, 1919-1922,' in Bipan Chandra, editor, The Indian Left: Critical Appraisals, New Delhi, 1983, pp.104-06.

11. Ravinder k.u.mar, 'From Swaraj to Purna Swaraj: Nationalist Politics in the city of Bombay, 1920-32,' in D.A. Low, editor, Congress and the Raj, Facets of the Indian Struggle 1917-47, London, 1977, p.88.

12. J.B. Kripalani, Gandhi, His 'Life and Thought,' p.78, quoted in Sukomal Sen, (Working Cla.s.s of India, History of Emergence and Movement 1830-1870), Calcutta, 1977, pp.152-3. In Chapter 39 below we see how in another context Gandhiji went beyond the trusteeship theory to argue that land belonged to the tiller and landlords could 'cooperate by running away.'

13. H. Williamson, India and Communism, National Archives of India (NAI), p.126. Williamson was the Director, Intelligence Bureau, Government of India. Also see, Home Political Department, Fl. 7/16/34 in Subodh Roy, editor, Communism in India, Unpublished Doc.u.ments, 1935-45, Calcutta, 1976, p.103.

14. Guidelines of the History of the Communist Party of India, issued by Central Party Education Department, New Delhi, 1974, p.35.

15. Balabushevich and Dyakov, op.cit., p.241.

16. Ibid., p.321; and Sukomal Sen, op.cit., p.364.

18. The Struggles for Gurdwara Reform and Temple Entry 1. Mohinder Singh, The Akali Movement, Delhi, 1978, p.47.

2. Ibid., Appendix IV.

3. Ibid., pp. 149-50.

4. A.K. Gopalan, In the Cause of the People, New Delhi, 1973 p.38.

5. E.M.S. Namboodiripad, How I became a Communist, Trivandrum, 1976, p. 123.

19. The Years of Stagnation -Swarajists, No-changers and Gandhiji 1. Indian Annual Register, 1923, Vol.II, pp. 143-4.

2. B.R. Nanda, The Nehrus Motilal ana Jawaharlal, London, 1962, p.234.

3. Ibid., pp.239-40.

4. Gandhi, CW, Vol.24, p.109.

5. Ibid., Vol.25, p.310.

6. Ibid., Vol. 23, p.341.

7. Ibid., Vol.24, p.356.

8. Ibid., Vol.25, p.275.

9. Ibid., p.335.

10. Ibid., p.310.

11. Indian Annual Register, 1923, Vol.II, p.217.

12. Manoranjan Jha, Role of Central Legislature in the Freedom Struggle, New Delhi, 1972, p.82.

13. Ibid., p.87.

14. Lajpat Rai: Writings and Speeches, Vol.II, p.260.

15. Leonard A. Gordon, Bengal: The Nationalist Movement 1876-1940, Delhi, 1974, p.217.

16. Gandhi, CW, Vol.30, p.371.

17. Lajpat Rai: Writings and Speeches, Vol.II, pp.430, 437.

18. The Voice of Freedom - Selected Speeches of Pandit Motilal Nehru, edited by K.M. Pannikar and A. Pershad, Bombay, 1961, pp.371 ff., 401 ff.