CHAPTER FOUR.

The Hawk and the Gambler 1. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 385, 39195; Rental Agreement, April 5, 1811, Agreement with George Slaughter, Jr., April 6, 1811, Property Deed to William M. Nash, April 27, 1811, Graham to Clay, July 31, 1811, Clay to Rodney, August 17, 1811, 385, 39195; Rental Agreement, April 5, 1811, Agreement with George Slaughter, Jr., April 6, 1811, Property Deed to William M. Nash, April 27, 1811, Graham to Clay, July 31, 1811, Clay to Rodney, August 17, 1811, HCP HCP 1:553, 554, 556, 57071, 574. 1:553, 554, 556, 57071, 574.

2. Clay to Rodney, August 17, 1811, Clay to Nicholson, October 8, 1811, Clay to Madison, ca. November 1811, Clay to Rodney, August 17, 1811, Clay to Nicholson, October 8, 1811, Clay to Madison, ca. November 1811, HCP HCP 1:574, 594, 11:18; Smith, 1:574, 594, 11:18; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 86; Van Deusen, 86; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 69. 69.

3. Samuel Eliot Morison, Samuel Eliot Morison, The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 17651848 The Life and Letters of Harrison Gray Otis, Federalist, 17651848, 2 volumes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1913), 2:32.

4. Clay and Oberholtzer, Clay and Oberholtzer, Clay, Clay, 59; Irving H. Bartlett, 59; Irving H. Bartlett, John C. Calhoun: A Biography John C. Calhoun: A Biography (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), 70; Mark Zuehlke, (New York: W. W. Norton, 1993), 70; Mark Zuehlke, For Honour's Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace For Honour's Sake: The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace (Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2006), 11; Remini, (Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada, 2006), 11; Remini, Clay, Clay, 7879; Charles M. Wiltse, 7879; Charles M. Wiltse, John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, John C. Calhoun, Nationalist, 17821828 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 53. 17821828 (Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill, 1944), 53.

5. Speech, November 4, 1811, Speech, November 4, 1811, HCP HCP 1:594; Lowndes to Lowndes, November 2, 1811, Harriott Horry Ravenel, 1:594; Lowndes to Lowndes, November 2, 1811, Harriott Horry Ravenel, The Life and Times of William Lowndes, 17821822 The Life and Times of William Lowndes, 17821822 (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901), 84; (Boston: Houghton, Mifflin, 1901), 84; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, November 9, 1811; Mayo, November 9, 1811; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 404, 40810. 404, 40810.

6. For discussions of Clay and House committees, see James Sterling Young, For discussions of Clay and House committees, see James Sterling Young, The Washington Community, 18001828 The Washington Community, 18001828 (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1966); Gerald Gamm and Kenneth Shepsle, "Emergence of Legislative Institutions: Standing Committees in the House and Senate, 18101825," (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1966); Gerald Gamm and Kenneth Shepsle, "Emergence of Legislative Institutions: Standing Committees in the House and Senate, 18101825," Legislative Studies Quarterly Legislative Studies Quarterly 14 (February 1989): 3966; Jeffrey A. Jenkins, "Property Rights and the Emergence of Standing Committee Dominance in the Nineteenth-Century House," 14 (February 1989): 3966; Jeffrey A. Jenkins, "Property Rights and the Emergence of Standing Committee Dominance in the Nineteenth-Century House," Legislative Studies Quarterly Legislative Studies Quarterly 23 (November 1998): 493519; Strahan et al., "Clay Speakership." 23 (November 1998): 493519; Strahan et al., "Clay Speakership."

7. Edmund Quincy, Edmund Quincy, Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts Life of Josiah Quincy of Massachusetts (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869), 255. (Boston: Fields, Osgood, 1869), 255.

8. Randolph Papers, University of Virginia; Robert J. Brugger, Randolph Papers, University of Virginia; Robert J. Brugger, Beverley Tucker: Heart Over Head in the Old South Beverley Tucker: Heart Over Head in the Old South (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 90. Klinefelter's syndrome was first described by Dr. Harry Klinefelter in 1942 as caused by a chromosome abnormality. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978), 90. Klinefelter's syndrome was first described by Dr. Harry Klinefelter in 1942 as caused by a chromosome abnormality.

9. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 40810; Irving Brant, 40810; Irving Brant, James Madison, James Madison, 6 volumes (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 19411961), 5:381. 6 volumes (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 19411961), 5:381.

10. For different perspectives on the evolving role of the speakership, see Young, For different perspectives on the evolving role of the speakership, see Young, Washington Community; Washington Community; Randall Strahan, Randall Strahan, Leading Representatives: The Agency of Leaders in the Politics of the U.S. House Leading Representatives: The Agency of Leaders in the Politics of the U.S. House (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007); Randall Strahan, Matthew Gunning, and Richard L. Vining, Jr., "From Moderator to Leader: Floor Participation by U.S. House Speakers 17891841," (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007); Randall Strahan, Matthew Gunning, and Richard L. Vining, Jr., "From Moderator to Leader: Floor Participation by U.S. House Speakers 17891841," Social Science History Social Science History 30 (Spring 2006): 5174; Ralph Volney Harlow, 30 (Spring 2006): 5174; Ralph Volney Harlow, The History of Legislative Methods in the Period before 1825 The History of Legislative Methods in the Period before 1825 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1917); and Ronald M. Peters, Jr., (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1917); and Ronald M. Peters, Jr., The American Speakership The American Speakership (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990). (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990).

11. Plumer to Clay, November 20, 1811, Plumer to Clay, November 20, 1811, HCP HCP 1:598; Plumer to Harper, November 22, 1811, William Plumer Papers, LOC. 1:598; Plumer to Harper, November 22, 1811, William Plumer Papers, LOC.

12. Strahan et al., "Moderator to Leader," 5154. Strahan et al., "Moderator to Leader," 5154.

13. Ibid., 56; Robert Allen Rutland, Ibid., 56; Robert Allen Rutland, The Presidency of James Madison The Presidency of James Madison (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 8586. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1990), 8586.

14. Peters, Peters, American Speakership, American Speakership, 12, 3337; Elaine K. Swift, "The Start of Something New: Clay, Stevenson, Polk, and the Development of the Speakership, 17891869," in Roger H. Davidson et al., 12, 3337; Elaine K. Swift, "The Start of Something New: Clay, Stevenson, Polk, and the Development of the Speakership, 17891869," in Roger H. Davidson et al., Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership over Two Centuries Masters of the House: Congressional Leadership over Two Centuries (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 1314, 16, 21. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998), 1314, 16, 21.

15. Clay to Daveiss, April 19, 1810, Clay to Parker, December 7, 1811, Clay to Daveiss, April 19, 1810, Clay to Parker, December 7, 1811, HCP HCP 11:1415, 1:599; 11:1415, 1:599; AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 602; Mayo, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 602; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 39596; Van Deusen, 39596; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 70; Ranck, 70; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 143; Alfred Pirtle, 143; Alfred Pirtle, The Battle of Tippecanoe The Battle of Tippecanoe (Louisville, KY: J. P. Morton, 1900), 57; Dorothy Goebel, (Louisville, KY: J. P. Morton, 1900), 57; Dorothy Goebel, William Henry Harrison: A Political Biography William Henry Harrison: A Political Biography (Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1974), 122. (Philadelphia: Porcupine Press, 1974), 122.

16. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 588; Clay to Randall, December 28, 1811, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 588; Clay to Randall, December 28, 1811, HCP HCP 1:602; 1:602; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, January 4, 1812. January 4, 1812.

17. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 44755; Larry James Winn, "The War Hawks' Call to Arms; Appeals for a Second War with Great Britain," 12 Cong., 1 sess., 44755; Larry James Winn, "The War Hawks' Call to Arms; Appeals for a Second War with Great Britain," Southern Speech Communication Journal Southern Speech Communication Journal 37 (1972): 4023; Van Deusen, 37 (1972): 4023; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 79; Donald R. Hickey, 79; Donald R. Hickey, The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict The War of 1812: A Forgotten Conflict (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 72; William C. Bruce, (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1990), 72; William C. Bruce, John Randolph of Roanoke, John Randolph of Roanoke, 17731833, 2 volumes (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922), 1:370. 17731833, 2 volumes (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1922), 1:370.

18. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 595601. 12 Cong., 1 sess., 595601.

19. Bradford Perkins, Bradford Perkins, Prologue to War: England and the United States, 18051812 Prologue to War: England and the United States, 18051812 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), 5. (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1961), 5.

20. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 6012. 12 Cong., 1 sess., 6012.

21. Ibid., 743; J.C.A. Stagg, Ibid., 743; J.C.A. Stagg, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early Republic, Mr. Madison's War: Politics, Diplomacy, and Warfare in the Early Republic, 17831830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 87; Randolph to Garnett, January 12, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA. 17831830 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1983), 87; Randolph to Garnett, January 12, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA.

22. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 91016; Van Deusen, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 91016; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 8182; Rutland, 8182; Rutland, Presidency of Madison, Presidency of Madison, 89; L. W. Meyer, 89; L. W. Meyer, Life and Times of Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky Life and Times of Colonel Richard M. Johnson of Kentucky (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), 82. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1932), 82.

23. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 447, 45054; Randolph to Garnett, February 1, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA. 447, 45054; Randolph to Garnett, February 1, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA.

24. For those who view Clay as the primary instigator of the war, see Zuehlke, For those who view Clay as the primary instigator of the war, see Zuehlke, For Honour's Sake, For Honour's Sake, and Walter R. Borneman, and Walter R. Borneman, 1812: The War That Forged the Nation 1812: The War That Forged the Nation (New York: HarperCollins, 2004). For historians who present a more balanced picture of Clay's role, see Rutland, (New York: HarperCollins, 2004). For historians who present a more balanced picture of Clay's role, see Rutland, Presidency of Madison; Presidency of Madison; Brant, Brant, Madison, Madison, volume 5; Harry Ammon, volume 5; Harry Ammon, James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity James Monroe: The Quest for National Identity (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971; reprint edition, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990); Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler, "The War Hawks and the Question of Congressional Leadership in 1812," (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1971; reprint edition, Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1990); Ronald L. Hatzenbuehler, "The War Hawks and the Question of Congressional Leadership in 1812," Pacific Historical Review Pacific Historical Review 45 (February 1976): 122; Norman K. Risjord, "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor," 45 (February 1976): 122; Norman K. Risjord, "1812: Conservatives, War Hawks and the Nation's Honor," William and Mary Quarterly William and Mary Quarterly 18 (April 1961): 196210. 18 (April 1961): 196210.

25. Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, February 7, 1812; Mayo, February 7, 1812; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 485. 485.

26. Stagg, Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 93; Mayo, 93; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 49091; Rutland, 49091; Rutland, Presidency of Madison, Presidency of Madison, 90. 90.

27. Clay to Monroe, March 15, 1812, Clay to Monroe, March 15, 1812, HCP HCP 1:637; Stagg, 1:637; Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 96. 96.

28. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 158892; Hickey, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 158892; Hickey, War of 1812 War of 1812, 39; Remini, Clay, Clay, 91. 91.

29. Augustus John Foster, Augustus John Foster, Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 180567 and 1112 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart., Jeffersonian America: Notes on the United States of America Collected in the Years 180567 and 1112 by Sir Augustus John Foster, Bart., edited by Richard Beale Davis (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1954), 4, 90, 96, 183. edited by Richard Beale Davis (San Marino, CA: Huntington Library, 1954), 4, 90, 96, 183.

30. Brant, Brant, Madison, Madison, 5:43536; Ammon, 5:43536; Ammon, Monroe, Monroe, 306; 306; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, May 12, 1812. May 12, 1812.

31. Stagg, Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 107; James Madison, 107; James Madison, The Papers of James Madison: Presidential Series, The Papers of James Madison: Presidential Series, edited by Robert Allen Rutland et al., 6 volumes (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 19842008), 4:110; Clay to Worsley, May 24, 1812, Clay to unknown recipient, May 27, 1812, edited by Robert Allen Rutland et al., 6 volumes (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 19842008), 4:110; Clay to Worsley, May 24, 1812, Clay to unknown recipient, May 27, 1812, HCP HCP 1:657, 65960. 1:657, 65960.

32. James Madison, James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, The Writings of James Madison, edited by Gaillard Hunt, 9 volumes (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 19001910), 8:192; Stagg, edited by Gaillard Hunt, 9 volumes (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 19001910), 8:192; Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 109; Risjord, 109; Risjord, Old Republicans, Old Republicans, 142. 142.

33. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 145178. 12 Cong., 1 sess., 145178.

34. Remini, Remini, Clay, Clay, 92; Van Deusen, 92; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 87; Mayo, 87; Mayo, Clay, Clay, 52125; Parks, 52125; Parks, Grundy, Grundy, 59. 59.

35. Mayo, Mayo, Clay, Clay, 52425; Wiltse, 52425; Wiltse, Calhoun, Nationalist, Calhoun, Nationalist, 6566; Clay to Bledsoe, June 18, 1812, Clay to Worsley, June 20, 1812, 6566; Clay to Bledsoe, June 18, 1812, Clay to Worsley, June 20, 1812, HCP HCP 1:674, 676. 1:674, 676.

36. Randolph to Garnett, April 14, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA; Clay to Randolph to Garnett, April 14, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA; Clay to National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, June 17, 1812, Randolph to June 17, 1812, Randolph to National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, July 2, 1812, July 2, 1812, HCP HCP 1:66873, 68691. 1:66873, 68691.

37. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 154446; Hickey, 12 Cong., 1 sess., 154446; Hickey, War of 1812 War of 1812, 49.

38. Clay to Adams, June 18, 1812, Clay to Adams, June 18, 1812, HCP HCP 11:23; Smith, 11:23; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 8688. 8688.

39. Latrobe to Clay, June 20 and 24, 1812, Latrobe to Clay, June 20 and 24, 1812, HCP HCP 1:676, 679; Gerry, 1:676, 679; Gerry, Diary, Diary, 16869; Bartlett, 16869; Bartlett, Calhoun, Calhoun, 75. 75.

40. Charles Oscar Paullin and Frederic Logan Paxson, Charles Oscar Paullin and Frederic Logan Paxson, Guide to Materials in the London Archives for the History of the United States Since 1783 Guide to Materials in the London Archives for the History of the United States Since 1783 (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1914), 39. (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1914), 39.

41. Clay to Worsley, July 21, 1812, Remarks, July 27, 1812, Clay to Worsley, July 21, 1812, Remarks, July 27, 1812, HCP HCP 1:69697; 1:69697; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, August 13, 1812. August 13, 1812.

42. Clay to Monroe, July 29, 1812, Clay to Eustis, July 31, 1812, Clay to Monroe, August 12, 1812, Speeches to Troops, August 14 and 16, 1812, Clay to Monroe, July 29, 1812, Clay to Eustis, July 31, 1812, Clay to Monroe, August 12, 1812, Speeches to Troops, August 14 and 16, 1812, HCP HCP 1:69799, 7023, 712, 715. 1:69799, 7023, 712, 715.

43. Clay to Monroe, August 12, 1812, Clay to Eustis, August 22, 1812, ibid., 1:71314, 71718. Clay to Monroe, August 12, 1812, Clay to Eustis, August 22, 1812, ibid., 1:71314, 71718.

44. Clay to Eustis, August 22, 1812, ibid., 1:71718. Clay to Eustis, August 22, 1812, ibid., 1:71718.

45. Scott to Madison, August 25, 1812, Madison, Scott to Madison, August 25, 1812, Madison, Papers, Presidential Series, Papers, Presidential Series, 5:2023; Clay to Monroe, August 25, 1812, 5:2023; Clay to Monroe, August 25, 1812, HCP HCP 1:71921; Stagg, 1:71921; Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 216; Goebel, 216; Goebel, Harrison, Harrison, 13637. 13637.

46. Harrison to Clay, August 29, August 30, 1812, Harrison to Clay, August 29, August 30, 1812, HCP HCP 1:72325; Stagg, 1:72325; Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 218. 218.

47. Clay to Monroe, September 21, 1812, Clay to Monroe, September 21, 1812, HCP HCP 1:72829; Remini, 1:72829; Remini, Clay, Clay, 97. 97.

48. Rutland, Rutland, Presidency of Madison, Presidency of Madison, 119; Remini, 119; Remini, Clay, Clay, 96. 96.

49. Clay to Harrison, November 7, 1812, Clay to Monroe, December 23, 1812, Clay to Rodney, December 29, 1812, Clay to Harrison, November 7, 1812, Clay to Monroe, December 23, 1812, Clay to Rodney, December 29, 1812, HCP HCP 11:2324, 1:74849, 750. 11:2324, 1:74849, 750.

50. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 2 sess., 298304. 12 Cong., 2 sess., 298304.

51. HCP HCP 1:747; Randolph to Garnett, December 7, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA. 1:747; Randolph to Garnett, December 7, 1812, Randolph Papers, UVA.

52. AC, AC, 12 Cong., 2 sess., 54070; Richard Buel, Jr., 12 Cong., 2 sess., 54070; Richard Buel, Jr., America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic America on the Brink: How the Political Struggle over the War of 1812 Almost Destroyed the Young Republic (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 17172. (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005), 17172.

53. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 93; Speech, January 810, 1813, 93; Speech, January 810, 1813, HCP HCP 1:75459; for Lincoln's Lyceum speech, see Basler, 1:75459; for Lincoln's Lyceum speech, see Basler, Lincoln Speeches, Lincoln Speeches, 7685. 7685.

54. Speech, Speech, HCP HCP 1:75962. 1:75962.

55. Remini, Remini, Clay, Clay, 99; Speech, 99; Speech, HCP HCP 1:76273. 1:76273.

56. Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, February 19, 1813. February 19, 1813.

57. Quincy, Quincy, Life of Quincy, Life of Quincy, 29899; 29899; AC, AC, 12 Cong., 2 sess., 677. 12 Cong., 2 sess., 677.

58. Washington, Kentucky, Washington, Kentucky, Dove, Dove, March 13, 1813; March 13, 1813; Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, March 19, 1813. March 19, 1813.

59. Brant, Brant, Madison, Madison, 6:147. 6:147.

60. Clay to Taylor, April 10, 1813, Clay to Hardin, May 26, 1813, Clay to Taylor, April 10, 1813, Clay to Hardin, May 26, 1813, HCP HCP 1:782, 799. 1:782, 799.

61. Randolph to Quincy, June 20, 1813, Quincy, Randolph to Quincy, June 20, 1813, Quincy, Life of Quincy, Life of Quincy, 332. 332.

62. Hickey, Hickey, War of 1812 War of 1812, 119, 125; Remini, Clay, Clay, 102; 102; AC, AC, 13 Cong., 1 sess., 106. 13 Cong., 1 sess., 106.

63. Calhoun Remarks, May 31, 1813, John C. Calhoun, Calhoun Remarks, May 31, 1813, John C. Calhoun, The Papers of John C. Calhoun, The Papers of John C. Calhoun, edited by Robert L. Meriwether et al., 28 volumes (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 19592003), 1:16869; edited by Robert L. Meriwether et al., 28 volumes (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 19592003), 1:16869; Maryland Gazette, Maryland Gazette, June 10, 1813. June 10, 1813.

64. Remarks, May 26, 1813, Remarks, May 26, 1813, HCP HCP 1:800; Webster to Webster, May 26, 1813, Daniel Webster, 1:800; Webster to Webster, May 26, 1813, Daniel Webster, The Papers of Daniel Webster, The Papers of Daniel Webster, edited by Charles M. Wiltse et al., series 1, 7 volumes (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College by the University of New England Press, 19741988), 1:140. edited by Charles M. Wiltse et al., series 1, 7 volumes (Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College by the University of New England Press, 19741988), 1:140.

65. Brant, Brant, Madison, Madison, 6:19697; Hickey, 6:19697; Hickey, War of 1812 War of 1812, 122.

66. Gerry, Gerry, Diary, Diary, 14950, 154, 202, 210. 14950, 154, 202, 210.

67. Ibid., 154, 178, 188; Smith, Ibid., 154, 178, 188; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 91; Rutland, 91; Rutland, Presidency of Madison, Presidency of Madison, 130. 130.

68. Henry Barrett Learned, "Gerry and the Presidential Succession in 1813," Henry Barrett Learned, "Gerry and the Presidential Succession in 1813," American Historical Review American Historical Review 22 (October 1916): 9497; Brant, 22 (October 1916): 9497; Brant, Madison, Madison, 6:187. 6:187.

69. Stagg, Stagg, Mr. Madison's War, Mr. Madison's War, 374; Brant, 374; Brant, Madison, Madison, 6:240; Remini, 6:240; Remini, Clay, Clay, 1034; Robert Ernst, 1034; Robert Ernst, Rufus King: American Federalist Rufus King: American Federalist (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 331; (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968), 331; Maryland Gazette, Maryland Gazette, January 19, 1814, February 17, 1814; Plumer to Adams, January 24, 1814, Plumer Papers. January 19, 1814, February 17, 1814; Plumer to Adams, January 24, 1814, Plumer Papers.

70. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, January 20, 1814. January 20, 1814.

71. Monroe to American Commissioners, January 28 and 30, 1814, Monroe to American Commissioners, January 28 and 30, 1814, American State Papers, Foreign Relations, American State Papers, Foreign Relations, 6 volumes (Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 18331858), 3:7012; Yancey to Ruffin, February 4, 1814, J. G. deR. Hamilton, editor, 6 volumes (Washington, DC: Gales & Seaton, 18331858), 3:7012; Yancey to Ruffin, February 4, 1814, J. G. deR. Hamilton, editor, The Papers of Thomas Ruffin, The Papers of Thomas Ruffin, 4 volumes (Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton, 19181920), 1:143. 4 volumes (Raleigh: Edwards & Broughton, 19181920), 1:143.

72. Clay to Brown, February 20, 1814, Clay to Brown, February 20, 1814, HCP HCP 11:33; 11:33; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, March 2, 1814; Remini, March 2, 1814; Remini, Clay, Clay, 105. 105.

73. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 2:584; Bayard to Clay and Russell, April 22, 1814, Gallatin to Clay, April 22, 1814, 2:584; Bayard to Clay and Russell, April 22, 1814, Gallatin to Clay, April 22, 1814, HCP HCP 1:88185; George Milligan to Bayard, May 10, 1814, James A. Bayard, 1:88185; George Milligan to Bayard, May 10, 1814, James A. Bayard, Papers of James A. Bayard, 17961815 Papers of James A. Bayard, 17961815, edited by Elizabeth Donnan (Washington, DC: Annual Report of the American Historical Association of 1913, 1915), 293.

74. Clay to Russell, May 1, 1814, same to same, May 4, 1814, Clay to Bayard and Gallatin, May 2, 1814, Clay to Gallatin, May 2, 1814, Clay to Russell, May 1, 1814, same to same, May 4, 1814, Clay to Bayard and Gallatin, May 2, 1814, Clay to Gallatin, May 2, 1814, HCP HCP 1:88894; Milligan to Bayard, May 10, 1814, Bayard, 1:88894; Milligan to Bayard, May 10, 1814, Bayard, Papers, Papers, 294; James Gallatin, 294; James Gallatin, The Diary of James Gallatin, Secretary to Albert Gallatin: A Great Peace Maker, 18131827 The Diary of James Gallatin, Secretary to Albert Gallatin: A Great Peace Maker, 18131827, edited by Count Gallatin (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1916), 21; Remini, Clay, Clay, 106. 106.

75. Clay to Russell and Adams, May 31, 1814, Clay to Crawford, July 2, 1814, Clay to Russell and Adams, May 31, 1814, Clay to Crawford, July 2, 1814, HCP HCP 1:92829, 937; Remini, 1:92829, 937; Remini, Clay, Clay, 108; Bayard Journal, in Maris Stella Connelly, "The Letters and European Travel Journal of James A. Bayard, 18121815," Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 2007, p. 447. 108; Bayard Journal, in Maris Stella Connelly, "The Letters and European Travel Journal of James A. Bayard, 18121815," Ph.D. dissertation, Boston University, 2007, p. 447.

76. Hughes to Clay, May 15, 1814, Hughes to Clay, May 15, 1814, HCP HCP 1:914; Gallatin to Castlereagh, June 9, 1814, Connelly, "Bayard," 436; Van Deusen, 1:914; Gallatin to Castlereagh, June 9, 1814, Connelly, "Bayard," 436; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 97, 100; Remini, 97, 100; Remini, Clay, Clay, 108. 108.

77. Bayard to Clay and Russell, April 22, 1814, Gallatin to Clay, April 22, 1814, Clay to Crawford, May 14, 1814, Bayard to Clay and Russell, April 22, 1814, Gallatin to Clay, April 22, 1814, Clay to Crawford, May 14, 1814, HCP HCP 1:88184, 909; Gallatin to Crawford, April 21, 1814, Connelly, "Bayard," 406. 1:88184, 909; Gallatin to Crawford, April 21, 1814, Connelly, "Bayard," 406.

78. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 2:65657; Gallatin, 2:65657; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 27; Adams to Adams, July 22, December 16, 1814, John Quincy Adams, 27; Adams to Adams, July 22, December 16, 1814, John Quincy Adams, Writings of John Quincy Adams, Writings of John Quincy Adams, edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford, 7 volumes (New York: Macmillan, 19131917), 5:66, 23738. edited by Worthington Chauncey Ford, 7 volumes (New York: Macmillan, 19131917), 5:66, 23738.

79. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:32, 39; Marie B. Hecht, 3:32, 39; Marie B. Hecht, John Quincy Adams: A Personal History of an Independent Man John Quincy Adams: A Personal History of an Independent Man (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 230; Adams to Adams, August 23, 1814, Adams, (New York: Macmillan, 1972), 230; Adams to Adams, August 23, 1814, Adams, Writings, Writings, 5:91. 5:91.

80. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 2:656; Crawford to Clay, June 10, July 4, July 9, July 19, August 4, August 22, August 28, September 10, September 14, September 19, September 26, October 24, November 11, December 12, 1814, Clay to Crawford, July 2, July 25, August 8, August 11, August 18, August 22, September 20, October 17, 1814, 2:656; Crawford to Clay, June 10, July 4, July 9, July 19, August 4, August 22, August 28, September 10, September 14, September 19, September 26, October 24, November 11, December 12, 1814, Clay to Crawford, July 2, July 25, August 8, August 11, August 18, August 22, September 20, October 17, 1814, HCP HCP 1:93236, 93739, 94149, 950, 96061, 97172, 97475, 97881, 98890, 99294, 11:3436, 3739, 40, 4243. 1:93236, 93739, 94149, 950, 96061, 97172, 97475, 97881, 98890, 99294, 11:3436, 3739, 40, 4243.

81. Connelly, "Bayard," 1722, 459; Castlereagh to His Majesty's Commissioners, July 23, 1814, Connelly, "Bayard," 1722, 459; Castlereagh to His Majesty's Commissioners, July 23, 1814, Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, Correspondence, Despatches and Other Papers of Viscount Castlereagh, Second Marquess of Londonderry, edited by Charles Vane, 12 volumes (London: Henry Colburn, 18481853), 10:6772. edited by Charles Vane, 12 volumes (London: Henry Colburn, 18481853), 10:6772.

82. Bayard to Bayard, August 9, 1814, James A. Bayard and Richard H. Bayard Papers, LOC; Journal of Ghent Negotiations, August 710, 1814, Clay to Monroe, August 18, 1814, Bayard to Bayard, August 9, 1814, James A. Bayard and Richard H. Bayard Papers, LOC; Journal of Ghent Negotiations, August 710, 1814, Clay to Monroe, August 18, 1814, HCP HCP 1:95254, 96267; British Memorandum of Substance, August 9, 1814, Arthur Wellesley, 1:95254, 96267; British Memorandum of Substance, August 9, 1814, Arthur Wellesley, Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G., Supplementary Despatches, Correspondence and Memoranda of Field Marshal Arthur, Duke of Wellington, K.G., 15 volumes (London: John Murray, 18581872), 9:179. 15 volumes (London: John Murray, 18581872), 9:179.

83. Journal of Ghent Negotiations, August 710, 1814, Journal of Ghent Negotiations, August 19, 1814, Journal of Ghent Negotiations, August 710, 1814, Journal of Ghent Negotiations, August 19, 1814, HCP HCP 1:95559, 96870; Castlereagh to Commissioners, August 14, 1814, 1:95559, 96870; Castlereagh to Commissioners, August 14, 1814, Correspondence of Castlereagh, Correspondence of Castlereagh, 10:90. 10:90.

84. Gallatin, Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 28; Hecht, 28; Hecht, Adams, Adams, 227. 227.

85. Monroe to American Ministers, June 25, 1814, ASPFR, 3:7034; Gallatin, Monroe to American Ministers, June 25, 1814, ASPFR, 3:7034; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 30; Goulburn to Earl Bathurst, August 23 and August 24, 1814, 30; Goulburn to Earl Bathurst, August 23 and August 24, 1814, Despatches of Wellington, Despatches of Wellington, 9:18990; Clay to Crawford, August 22, 1814, American Commissioners to British Commissioners, August 24, 1814, 9:18990; Clay to Crawford, August 22, 1814, American Commissioners to British Commissioners, August 24, 1814, HCP HCP 1:97273. 1:97273.

86. Castlereagh to Lord Liverpool, August 28, 1814, Castlereagh to Lord Liverpool, August 28, 1814, Correspondence of Castlereagh, Correspondence of Castlereagh, 10:102; Hecht, 10:102; Hecht, Adams, Adams, 229; Clay to Goulburn, September 5, 1814, 229; Clay to Goulburn, September 5, 1814, HCP HCP 1:97374; Goulburn to Earl Bathurst, September 5, 1814, 1:97374; Goulburn to Earl Bathurst, September 5, 1814, Despatches of Wellington, Despatches of Wellington, 9:222; Samuel Flagg Bemis, 9:222; Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), 207. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1949), 207.

87. American to British Commissioners, September 30, 1814, American to British Commissioners, September 30, 1814, HCP HCP 1:98182; Hickey, 1:98182; Hickey, War of 1812 War of 1812, 291.

88. Goulburn to Clay, October 3, 1814, Clay to Crawford, October 17, 1814, Goulburn to Clay, October 3, 1814, Clay to Crawford, October 17, 1814, HCP HCP 1:982, 989; Gallatin, 1:982, 989; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 32; Hecht, 32; Hecht, Adams, Adams, 231; Remini, 231; Remini, Clay, Clay, 115; Wilbur Devereux Jones, "A British View of the War of 1812 and the Peace Negotiations," 115; Wilbur Devereux Jones, "A British View of the War of 1812 and the Peace Negotiations," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 45 (December 1958): 481. 45 (December 1958): 481.

89. British to American commissioners, October 8, 1814, American to British commissioners, October 13, 1814, British to American commissioners, October 21, 1814, British to American commissioners, October 8, 1814, American to British commissioners, October 13, 1814, British to American commissioners, October 21, 1814, ASPFR, ASPFR, 3:72125; Frank A. Updyke, 3:72125; Frank A. Updyke, The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 The Diplomacy of the War of 1812 (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 276; Gallatin, (Gloucester, MA: Peter Smith, 1965), 276; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 32. 32.

90. American to British commissioners, October 24, 1814, British to American commissioners, October 31, 1814, American to British commissioners, October 24, 1814, British to American commissioners, October 31, 1814, ASPFR, ASPFR, 3:72526. 3:72526.

91. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:4850. 3:4850.

92. Updyke, Updyke, Diplomacy, Diplomacy, 300301; Gallatin, 300301; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 3233; Adams, 3233; Adams, Gallatin, Gallatin, 541. 541.

93. Fred L. Engelman, Fred L. Engelman, The Peace of Christmas Eve The Peace of Christmas Eve (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 25053; Wellington to Lord Liverpool, November 9, 1814, (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1960), 25053; Wellington to Lord Liverpool, November 9, 1814, Despatches of Wellington, Despatches of Wellington, 9:42426; Jones, "British View," 487. 9:42426; Jones, "British View," 487.

94. British to American Commissioners, November 26, 1814, British to American Commissioners, November 26, 1814, ASPFR, ASPFR, 3:73541; Gallatin, 3:73541; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 34; Adams, 34; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:7178. 3:7178.

95. Hecht, Hecht, Adams, Adams, 236; Adams, 236; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:1013; British to American Commissioners, December 22, 1814, 3:1013; British to American Commissioners, December 22, 1814, HCP HCP 1:1005; Treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, 1:1005; Treaty of Ghent, December 24, 1814, ASPFR, ASPFR, 3:74548; Engelman, 3:74548; Engelman, Peace of Christmas Eve, Peace of Christmas Eve, 286. 286.

96. Clay to Monroe, December 25, 1814, Clay to Monroe, December 25, 1814, HCP HCP 1:10078; Adams, 1:10078; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:104. 3:104.

97. Adams to Adams, December 16, 1814, Adams, Adams to Adams, December 16, 1814, Adams, Writings, Writings, 5:237, 239. 5:237, 239.

98. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:13334, 139, 14344; Adams to Bayard, Clay, and Russell, January 2, 1815, Bayard Papers. 3:13334, 139, 14344; Adams to Bayard, Clay, and Russell, January 2, 1815, Bayard Papers.