99. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:155, 158; Van Deusen, 3:155, 158; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 1067. 1067.

100. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 107; Adams to Adams, April 24, 1815, Adams, 107; Adams to Adams, April 24, 1815, Adams, Writings, Writings, 5:305; Clay to Crawford, March 23, 1815, 5:305; Clay to Crawford, March 23, 1815, HCP HCP 2:11. 2:11.

101. Clay to Monroe, March 25, 1815, Clay to Bayard, April 3, 1815, Minutes of Meeting, April 16, 1815, American Proposal, June 21, 1815, British to American commissioners, June 29, 1815, American commissioners to Monroe, July 3, 1815, Clay to Monroe, March 25, 1815, Clay to Bayard, April 3, 1815, Minutes of Meeting, April 16, 1815, American Proposal, June 21, 1815, British to American commissioners, June 29, 1815, American commissioners to Monroe, July 3, 1815, HCP HCP 2:12, 17, 19, 4852, 5457; Adams, 2:12, 17, 19, 4852, 5457; Adams, Gallatin, Gallatin, 54849; Adams, 54849; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 3:190; Bayard, 3:190; Bayard, Papers, Papers, 384. 384.

102. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, August 31, 1815, September 11, 1815; August 31, 1815, September 11, 1815; Providence Patriot, Columbian Phenix, Providence Patriot, Columbian Phenix, September 9, 1815. September 9, 1815.

CHAPTER FIVE.

Uncompromising Compromiser 1. Clay to Clay, March 10, 1814, Clay to Clay, March 10, 1814, HCP HCP 1:87071; Smith, 1:87071; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 93. 93.

2. Clay to Clay, April 15, 1835, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers. Clay to Clay, April 15, 1835, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers.

3. Kendall to Flugel, May 14, 1814, Amos Kendall Papers, Filson; Amos Kendall, Kendall to Flugel, May 14, 1814, Amos Kendall Papers, Filson; Amos Kendall, Autobiography of Amos Kendall, Autobiography of Amos Kendall, edited by William Stickney (reprint edition, New York: Peter Smith, 1949), 11315; James D. Daniels, "Amos Kendall: Kentucky Journalist, 18151829," edited by William Stickney (reprint edition, New York: Peter Smith, 1949), 11315; James D. Daniels, "Amos Kendall: Kentucky Journalist, 18151829," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 52 (January 1978): 47. 52 (January 1978): 47.

4. Kendall, Kendall, Autobiography, Autobiography, 115, 131. 115, 131.

5. Ibid., 11618, 12324. Ibid., 11618, 12324.

6. Ibid., 14849, 172; Kendall to Flugel, August 16, 1815, October 11, 1815, Kendall Papers, Filson. Ibid., 14849, 172; Kendall to Flugel, August 16, 1815, October 11, 1815, Kendall Papers, Filson.

7. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, September 19, 1815; Wade, September 19, 1815; Wade, Urban Frontier, Urban Frontier, 50; Gronert, "Blue-Grass Region," 321; Kirkpatrick to Este, July 4, no year, Marie Este Fisher Bruce Papers, VHS. 50; Gronert, "Blue-Grass Region," 321; Kirkpatrick to Este, July 4, no year, Marie Este Fisher Bruce Papers, VHS.

8. Kendall, Kendall, Autobiography, Autobiography, 115, 141; Clay to Kendall, December 30, 1815, 115, 141; Clay to Kendall, December 30, 1815, HCP HCP 2:116. 2:116.

9. Clay to Irving, August 13, 1817, Clay to Irving, August 13, 1817, HCP HCP 11:62. 11:62.

10. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, October 24, 1815; Trustees to Clay, October 5, 1815, Toasts, October 7, 1815, Clay to Hardin, October 13, 1815, October 24, 1815; Trustees to Clay, October 5, 1815, Toasts, October 7, 1815, Clay to Hardin, October 13, 1815, HCP HCP 2:65, 6872, 99; Morrison to Innes, October 6, 1815, Innes Papers, LOC. 2:65, 6872, 99; Morrison to Innes, October 6, 1815, Innes Papers, LOC.

11. Agreement with Watkins, October 27, 1815, Acceptance of Speakership, December 4, 1815, Agreement with Watkins, October 27, 1815, Acceptance of Speakership, December 4, 1815, HCP HCP 2:8688, 105. 2:8688, 105.

12. Monroe to Clay, October 30, 1815, ibid., 2:8889. Monroe to Clay, October 30, 1815, ibid., 2:8889.

13. Annual Message, December 5, 1815, James D. Richardson, editor, Annual Message, December 5, 1815, James D. Richardson, editor, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Presidents, 10 volumes (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 18961899), 1:56269. 10 volumes (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 18961899), 1:56269.

14. Quoted in Charles S. Sydnor, "One-Party Period of American History," Quoted in Charles S. Sydnor, "One-Party Period of American History," American Historical Review American Historical Review 51 (April 1946): 450. 51 (April 1946): 450.

15. Hubbard to Hubbard, December 4, 1817, Papers of Thomas H. Hubbard, LOC. Hubbard to Hubbard, December 4, 1817, Papers of Thomas H. Hubbard, LOC.

16. Clay to Gallatin, December 21, 1815, Clay to Gallatin, December 21, 1815, HCP HCP 2:109. 2:109.

17. Carl J. Vipperman, Carl J. Vipperman, William Lowndes and the Transition of Southern Politics, 17821822 William Lowndes and the Transition of Southern Politics, 17821822 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 123. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1989), 123.

18. For discussions of the expansion of the national government's role in economic development, see Harry L. Watson, "The Market and Its Discontents," For discussions of the expansion of the national government's role in economic development, see Harry L. Watson, "The Market and Its Discontents," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 12 (Winter 1992): 46470; Stephen Minicucci, "The 'Cement of Interest': Interest-Based Models of Nation-Building in the Early Republic," 12 (Winter 1992): 46470; Stephen Minicucci, "The 'Cement of Interest': Interest-Based Models of Nation-Building in the Early Republic," Social Science History Social Science History 25 (Summer 2001): 24774; John R. Van Atta, "Western Lands and the Political Economy of Henry Clay's American System, 18191832," 25 (Summer 2001): 24774; John R. Van Atta, "Western Lands and the Political Economy of Henry Clay's American System, 18191832," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 21 (Winter 2001): 63365; Maurice G. Baxter, 21 (Winter 2001): 63365; Maurice G. Baxter, Henry Clay and the American System Henry Clay and the American System (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995); Harry L. Watson, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995); Harry L. Watson, Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America Liberty and Power: The Politics of Jacksonian America (New York: Hill and Wang, 1990); and Charles Sellers, (New York: Hill and Wang, 1990); and Charles Sellers, The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 18151846 The Market Revolution: Jacksonian America, 18151846 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991). (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

19. Randolph to Garnett, February 2, 1816, Randolph Papers, UVA; Buchanan to Franklin, December 21, 1821, James Buchanan, Randolph to Garnett, February 2, 1816, Randolph Papers, UVA; Buchanan to Franklin, December 21, 1821, James Buchanan, The Works of James Buchanan, The Works of James Buchanan, edited by John Bassett Moore, 12 volumes (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 19081911), 1:10; McLean to Este, February 15, 1816, Bruce Papers; Jewett to Dearborn, February 5, 1817, James C. Jewett, "The United States Congress of 1817 and Some of Its Celebrities," edited by John Bassett Moore, 12 volumes (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 19081911), 1:10; McLean to Este, February 15, 1816, Bruce Papers; Jewett to Dearborn, February 5, 1817, James C. Jewett, "The United States Congress of 1817 and Some of Its Celebrities," William and Mary College Historical Quarterly William and Mary College Historical Quarterly 17 (October 1908): 140. 17 (October 1908): 140.

20. John Lauritz Larson, "'Bind the Republic Together': The National Union and the Struggle for a System of Internal Improvements," John Lauritz Larson, "'Bind the Republic Together': The National Union and the Struggle for a System of Internal Improvements," Journal of American History Journal of American History 74 (September 1987): 376. 74 (September 1987): 376.

21. AC, AC, 14 Cong., 1 sess., 124952, 1834, 1877, 187879; Speech, January 29, 1816, 14 Cong., 1 sess., 124952, 1834, 1877, 187879; Speech, January 29, 1816, HCP HCP 2:14058. 2:14058.

22. Charles E. McFarland and Nevin E. Neal, "The Nascence of Protectionism: American Tariff Policies, 18161824," Charles E. McFarland and Nevin E. Neal, "The Nascence of Protectionism: American Tariff Policies, 18161824," Land Economics Land Economics 45 (February 1969): 2224; Remarks, March 22, 23, 1816, 45 (February 1969): 2224; Remarks, March 22, 23, 1816, HCP HCP 2:180. 2:180.

23. For a history of the BUS, see Ralph C. H. Catterall, For a history of the BUS, see Ralph C. H. Catterall, The Second Bank of the United States The Second Bank of the United States (reprint edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968). (reprint edition, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968).

24. AC, AC, 14 Cong., 1 sess., 1189; Speech, June 3, 1816, 14 Cong., 1 sess., 1189; Speech, June 3, 1816, HCP HCP 2:199205. 2:199205.

25. McLean to Este, February 15, 1816, Bruce Papers. McLean to Este, February 15, 1816, Bruce Papers.

26. Ammon, Ammon, Monroe, Monroe, 356. 356.

27. Young, Young, Washington Community, Washington Community, 116; Bailey to Payne, January 29, 1816, Papers of John Payne, LOC; William G. Morgan, "The Origin and Development of the Congressional Nominating Caucus," 116; Bailey to Payne, January 29, 1816, Papers of John Payne, LOC; William G. Morgan, "The Origin and Development of the Congressional Nominating Caucus," Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 113 (April 1969): 19394; Resolutions, March 16, 1816, Clay to Hardin, March 18, 1816, 113 (April 1969): 19394; Resolutions, March 16, 1816, Clay to Hardin, March 18, 1816, HCP HCP 2:17677. 2:17677.

28. C. Edward Skeen sees this event as a transformational moment, showing the move from deferential politics to popular politics. See Skeen, " C. Edward Skeen sees this event as a transformational moment, showing the move from deferential politics to popular politics. See Skeen, "Vox Populi, Vox Dei: The Compensation Act of 1816 and the Rise of Popular Politics," The Compensation Act of 1816 and the Rise of Popular Politics," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 6 (Autumn 1986): 25374. 6 (Autumn 1986): 25374.

29. Remarks, March 7, 1816, Remarks, March 7, 1816, HCP HCP 2:171; 2:171; AC, AC, 14 Cong., 1 sess., 1174; Daniel Walker Howe, 14 Cong., 1 sess., 1174; Daniel Walker Howe, What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 18151848 What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 18151848 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 86. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007), 86.

30. Blakey, "Pope vs. Clay," 233; Clay to Willis Field, March 25, 1816, Blakey, "Pope vs. Clay," 233; Clay to Willis Field, March 25, 1816, HCP HCP 2:18182. 2:18182.

31. Blakey, "Pope vs. Clay," 24145, 249; Perrin, Blakey, "Pope vs. Clay," 24145, 249; Perrin, Fayette County, Fayette County, 339. 339.

32. Speech, June 3, 1816, July 25, 1816, "Pitt" to Clay, June 21, 1816, Speech, June 3, 1816, July 25, 1816, "Pitt" to Clay, June 21, 1816, HCP HCP 2:199205; 2089, 21620. 2:199205; 2089, 21620.

33. Blakey, "Pope vs. Clay," 237. Blakey, "Pope vs. Clay," 237.

34. Ibid., 239, 24041, 250; Clay to Rodney, December 6, 1816, Ibid., 239, 24041, 250; Clay to Rodney, December 6, 1816, HCP HCP 2:257. 2:257.

35. Clay to Morris, February 5, 1817, Walsh to Clay, March 11, 1817, Clay to Morris, February 5, 1817, Walsh to Clay, March 11, 1817, HCP HCP 2:323, 11:58. 2:323, 11:58.

36. Clay to Morris, June 16, 1816, Clay to Irving, August 30, 1816, Agreement with Atkinson, October 7, 1816, Agreement with Long, October 24, 1816, Clay to McMahon, March 30, 1817, ibid., 2:236, 241, 333, 11:53, 55. Clay to Morris, June 16, 1816, Clay to Irving, August 30, 1816, Agreement with Atkinson, October 7, 1816, Agreement with Long, October 24, 1816, Clay to McMahon, March 30, 1817, ibid., 2:236, 241, 333, 11:53, 55.

37. Clay to Madison, September 14, 1816, ibid., 2:233. Clay to Madison, September 14, 1816, ibid., 2:233.

38. Madison to Clay, August 30, 1816, ibid., 2:226; Crawford to Gallatin, October 9, 1816, Albert Gallatin, Madison to Clay, August 30, 1816, ibid., 2:226; Crawford to Gallatin, October 9, 1816, Albert Gallatin, The Writings of Albert Gallatin, The Writings of Albert Gallatin, edited by Henry Adams, 3 volumes (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879), 2:14; Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., edited by Henry Adams, 3 volumes (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1879), 2:14; Noble E. Cunningham, Jr., The Presidency of James Monroe The Presidency of James Monroe (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 22. (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1996), 22.

39. Clay to Hughes, December 8, 1816, Clay to Morris, December 14, 1816, Clay to Hughes, December 8, 1816, Clay to Morris, December 14, 1816, HCP HCP 2:260, 26162; Smith, 2:260, 26162; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 130. 130.

40. AC, AC, 14 Cong., 2 sess., 495. 14 Cong., 2 sess., 495.

41. Henry Noble Sherwood, "The Formation of the American Colonization Society," Henry Noble Sherwood, "The Formation of the American Colonization Society," Journal of Negro History Journal of Negro History 2 (July 1917): 21122. 2 (July 1917): 21122.

42. Eric Burin, Eric Burin, Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society Slavery and the Peculiar Solution: A History of the American Colonization Society (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), 14; Sherwood, "American Colonization Society," 22227; Frankie Hutton, "Economic Considerations in the American Colonization Society's Early Effort to Emigrate Free Blacks to Liberia, 181636," (Gainesville: University Press of Florida, 2005), 14; Sherwood, "American Colonization Society," 22227; Frankie Hutton, "Economic Considerations in the American Colonization Society's Early Effort to Emigrate Free Blacks to Liberia, 181636," Journal of Negro History Journal of Negro History 68 (Autumn 1983): 379; Charles I. Foster, "The Colonization of Free Negroes, in Liberia, 18161835," 68 (Autumn 1983): 379; Charles I. Foster, "The Colonization of Free Negroes, in Liberia, 18161835," Journal of Negro History Journal of Negro History 38 (January 1953): 4447; Speech, December 21, 1816, 38 (January 1953): 4447; Speech, December 21, 1816, HCP HCP 2:26364. 2:26364.

43. Johnson to Clay, February 5, 1807, Bill of Sale, September 26, 1807, Deed of Emancipation, July 11, 1808, Bradford to Clay, October 3, 1816, Clay to Gales, October 14, 1817, Clay to Hart, November 15, 1817, Bill of Sale, April 7, 1821, Bill of Sale, December 19, 1817, Clay to Gurley, June 21, 1824, Speech, December 17, 1829, Johnson to Clay, February 5, 1807, Bill of Sale, September 26, 1807, Deed of Emancipation, July 11, 1808, Bradford to Clay, October 3, 1816, Clay to Gales, October 14, 1817, Clay to Hart, November 15, 1817, Bill of Sale, April 7, 1821, Bill of Sale, December 19, 1817, Clay to Gurley, June 21, 1824, Speech, December 17, 1829, HCP HCP 1:27677, 3034, 370, 2:391, 398, 417, 3:73, 7:147; 11:56, 178. 1:27677, 3034, 370, 2:391, 398, 417, 3:73, 7:147; 11:56, 178.

44. Ella Forbes, "African-American Resistance to Colonization," Ella Forbes, "African-American Resistance to Colonization," Journal of Black Studies Journal of Black Studies 21 (December 1990): 211, 214; Rayford W. Logan, "Some New Interpretations of the Colonization Movement," 21 (December 1990): 211, 214; Rayford W. Logan, "Some New Interpretations of the Colonization Movement," Phylon Phylon 4 (1943): 329; Foster, "Colonization," 4950. 4 (1943): 329; Foster, "Colonization," 4950.

45. AC, AC, 14 Cong., 2 sess., 85168; Jewett to Dearborn, February 5, 1817, Jewett, "Congress of 1817," 144. 14 Cong., 2 sess., 85168; Jewett to Dearborn, February 5, 1817, Jewett, "Congress of 1817," 144.

46. Pamela L. Baker, "The Washington National Road Bill and the Struggle to Adopt a Federal System of Internal Improvement," Pamela L. Baker, "The Washington National Road Bill and the Struggle to Adopt a Federal System of Internal Improvement," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 22 (Autumn 2002): 43940, 442; Larson, "Internal Improvements," 377, 381. 22 (Autumn 2002): 43940, 442; Larson, "Internal Improvements," 377, 381.

47. Drew R. McCoy, Drew R. McCoy, The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy The Last of the Fathers: James Madison and the Republican Legacy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 92; Larson, "Internal Improvements," 381; Wiltse, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 92; Larson, "Internal Improvements," 381; Wiltse, Calhoun, Nationalist, Calhoun, Nationalist, 137. 137.

48. Clay to Madison, March 3, 1817, Clay to Madison, March 3, 1817, HCP HCP 2:322; Larson, "Internal Improvements," 382; Rutland, 2:322; Larson, "Internal Improvements," 382; Rutland, Madison, Madison, 206; Calhoun, 206; Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 1:408. 1:408.

49. Crawford to Gallatin, March 12, 1817, Gallatin, Crawford to Gallatin, March 12, 1817, Gallatin, Writings, Writings, 2:25. 2:25.

50. King to Gore, February 16, 1817, Charles R. King, editor, King to Gore, February 16, 1817, Charles R. King, editor, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, Life and Correspondence of Rufus King, 6 volumes (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 18941900), 6:56; Crawford to Yancey, May 27, 1817, Bartlett Yancey Papers, UNC; Monroe to Jackson, March 1, 1817, John Spencer Bassett, editor, 6 volumes (New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 18941900), 6:56; Crawford to Yancey, May 27, 1817, Bartlett Yancey Papers, UNC; Monroe to Jackson, March 1, 1817, John Spencer Bassett, editor, The Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, The Correspondence of Andrew Jackson, 7 volumes (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 19271928), 2:276; Ammon, 7 volumes (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 19271928), 2:276; Ammon, Monroe, Monroe, 35859; Roger J. Spiller, "John C. Calhoun as Secretary of War, 18171825," Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, 1977, 4044. 35859; Roger J. Spiller, "John C. Calhoun as Secretary of War, 18171825," Ph.D. dissertation, Louisiana State University, 1977, 4044.

51. Clay to Barbour, March 3, 1817, Clay to Barbour, March 3, 1817, HCP HCP 2:320; Van Deusen, 2:320; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 116; Brant, 116; Brant, Madison, Madison, 6:418. 6:418.

52. Clay to Monroe, May 21, 1817, Clay to Thompson, February 22, 1817, Clay to Monroe, May 21, 1817, Clay to Thompson, February 22, 1817, HCP HCP 2:351, 11:58. 2:351, 11:58.

53. Clay to Hughes, October 9, 1817, Clay to Hughes, October 9, 1817, HCP HCP 2:390. 2:390.

54. Clay to Russell, January 8, 1817, Clay to Tinsley, June 26, 1817, Toast, Reply, June 4, 1817, Clay to Hart, August 19, 1817, October 28, 1817, November 18, 1817, January 4, 1818, ibid., 2:353, 356, 374, 393, 394, 399, 423, 11:57; Crawford to Gallatin, October 27, 1817, Gallatin, Clay to Russell, January 8, 1817, Clay to Tinsley, June 26, 1817, Toast, Reply, June 4, 1817, Clay to Hart, August 19, 1817, October 28, 1817, November 18, 1817, January 4, 1818, ibid., 2:353, 356, 374, 393, 394, 399, 423, 11:57; Crawford to Gallatin, October 27, 1817, Gallatin, Writings, Writings, 2:55. 2:55.

55. Macon to Yancey, February 8, 1818, Yancey Papers; Cunningham, Macon to Yancey, February 8, 1818, Yancey Papers; Cunningham, Presidency of Monroe, Presidency of Monroe, 13435; Smith, 13435; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 141; Clay to Adams, February 4, 1818, Clay to Hardin, February 22, 1818, 141; Clay to Adams, February 4, 1818, Clay to Hardin, February 22, 1818, HCP HCP 2:433, 439; Crawford to Bibb, April 25, 1818, Governor William W. Bibb Papers, ADAH. 2:433, 439; Crawford to Bibb, April 25, 1818, Governor William W. Bibb Papers, ADAH.

56. Cunningham, Cunningham, Presidency of Monroe, Presidency of Monroe, 5052; Clay to Bodley, December 3, 1817, Speeches, March 7, 1818, March 13, 1818, 5052; Clay to Bodley, December 3, 1817, Speeches, March 7, 1818, March 13, 1818, HCP HCP 2:406, 44856, 46789; McLane to McLane, February 11, 1818, Papers of Louis McLane, LOC; Richard C. Anderson Diary, May 1817, LOC. 2:406, 44856, 46789; McLane to McLane, February 11, 1818, Papers of Louis McLane, LOC; Richard C. Anderson Diary, May 1817, LOC.

57. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 4:29. 4:29.

58. Halford L. Hoskins, "The Hispanic American Policy of Henry Clay, 18161828," Halford L. Hoskins, "The Hispanic American Policy of Henry Clay, 18161828," Hispanic American Historical Review Hispanic American Historical Review 7 (November 1927): 46266; Van Deusen, 7 (November 1927): 46266; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 11723; Adams to Rodney, November 21, 1817, Caesar A. Rodney Papers, NYPL; Remarks, March 17, 1818, March 24, 1818, Speech, March 2425, 1818, March 28, 1818, 11723; Adams to Rodney, November 21, 1817, Caesar A. Rodney Papers, NYPL; Remarks, March 17, 1818, March 24, 1818, Speech, March 2425, 1818, March 28, 1818, HCP HCP 2:492, 50910, 51230, 55359. 2:492, 50910, 51230, 55359.

59. Adams to Rodney, November 11, 1817, Rodney Papers; Bemis, Adams to Rodney, November 11, 1817, Rodney Papers; Bemis, Adams, Foreign Policy, Adams, Foreign Policy, 308; Calhoun to Jackson, December 26, 1817, Andrew Jackson, 308; Calhoun to Jackson, December 26, 1817, Andrew Jackson, Papers of Andrew Jackson, Papers of Andrew Jackson, edited by Harold D. Moser et al., 7 volumes (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 19802007), 4:163. edited by Harold D. Moser et al., 7 volumes (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 19802007), 4:163.

60. Fowler to Clay, May 23, 1818, Clay to Fowler, May 23, 1818, Speech, May 28, 1818, Clay to Tait, June 25, 1818, Fowler to Clay, May 23, 1818, Clay to Fowler, May 23, 1818, Speech, May 28, 1818, Clay to Tait, June 25, 1818, HCP HCP 2:57173, 580; 2:57173, 580; National Advocate, National Advocate, August 27, 1818. August 27, 1818.

61. Clay to Tait, June 25, 1818, Clay to Tait, June 25, 1818, HCP HCP 2:580. 2:580.

62. For a full account of the First Seminole War, see David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, For a full account of the First Seminole War, see David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, Old Hickory's War: Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire Old Hickory's War: Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003). (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2003).

63. Adams to Monroe, July 8, July 20, 1818, Adams, Adams to Monroe, July 8, July 20, 1818, Adams, Writings, Writings, 6:383, 385; Calhoun to Monroe, September 1, 1818, Calhoun, 6:383, 385; Calhoun to Monroe, September 1, 1818, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 3:87; Ammon, 3:87; Ammon, Monroe, Monroe, 421; William P. Cresson, 421; William P. Cresson, James Monroe James Monroe (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 311. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1946), 311.

64. John Niven, John Niven, John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography John C. Calhoun and the Price of Union: A Biography (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 6869. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1988), 6869.

65. Castlereagh to Bagot, August 18, 1818, same to same, September 2, 1818, Public Record Office Reference Foreign Office 115, volume 32, LOC; Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh to Bagot, August 18, 1818, same to same, September 2, 1818, Public Record Office Reference Foreign Office 115, volume 32, LOC; Bradford Perkins, Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 18121823 Castlereagh and Adams: England and the United States, 18121823 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 293; Adams to Erving, November 28, 1818, Adams, (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964), 293; Adams to Erving, November 28, 1818, Adams, Writings, Writings, 6:47475. 6:47475.

66. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 4:119. 4:119.

67. Anderson Diary, December 25, 1818. Anderson Diary, December 25, 1818.

68. Monroe's Second Annual Message, Richardson, Monroe's Second Annual Message, Richardson, Messages and Papers, Messages and Papers, 2:60816; Heidler and Heidler, 2:60816; Heidler and Heidler, Old Hickory's War, Old Hickory's War, 185. 185.

69. Bibb to Tait, September 19, 1818, Tait Family Papers, ADAH. Bibb to Tait, September 19, 1818, Tait Family Papers, ADAH.

70. AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 36776. 15 Cong., 2 sess., 36776.

71. Wirt to unknown recipient, January 2, 1819, William and Elizabeth Washington Gamble Wirt Papers, Duke. Wirt to unknown recipient, January 2, 1819, William and Elizabeth Washington Gamble Wirt Papers, Duke.

72. Clay to Hardin, January 4, 1819, Clay to Hardin, January 4, 1819, HCP HCP 2:624; Majority Report and Minority Report, January 12, 1819, 2:624; Majority Report and Minority Report, January 12, 1819, American State Papers, Military Affairs, American State Papers, Military Affairs, 7 volumes (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 18321861), 1:73539; Anderson Diary, February 14, 1819. 7 volumes (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 18321861), 1:73539; Anderson Diary, February 14, 1819.

73. AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 61530; Risjord, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 61530; Risjord, Old Republicans, Old Republicans, 18990. 18990.

74. Jackson to Clay, October 25, 1806, Jackson to Clay, October 25, 1806, HCP HCP 1:250. 1:250.

75. Nelson to Everette, December 1, 1818, Hugh Nelson Papers, LOC; Hubbard to Hubbard, January 20, 1819, Hubbard Papers. Nelson to Everette, December 1, 1818, Hugh Nelson Papers, LOC; Hubbard to Hubbard, January 20, 1819, Hubbard Papers.

76. Clay to Tait, June 25, 1818, Clay to Tait, June 25, 1818, HCP HCP 2:580. 2:580.

77. Smith, Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 14547. 14547.

78. McLane to McLane, January 20, 1819, McLane Papers, LOC. McLane to McLane, January 20, 1819, McLane Papers, LOC.

79. Speech, January 20, 1819, Speech, January 20, 1819, HCP HCP 2:63660. 2:63660.

80. Smith, Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 146. 146.

81. Johnson to Desha, October 29, 1818, Joseph Desha Papers, LOC. Johnson to Desha, October 29, 1818, Joseph Desha Papers, LOC.

82. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 5556; Jackson to Lewis, January 25, 1819, January 30, Andrew Jackson Papers, LOC; Jackson to Donelson, January 31, 1819, Bassett, 5556; Jackson to Lewis, January 25, 1819, January 30, Andrew Jackson Papers, LOC; Jackson to Donelson, January 31, 1819, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 2:408; 2:408; AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 91221; Adams, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 91221; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 4:23940; Herbert Bruce Fuller, 4:23940; Herbert Bruce Fuller, The Purchase of Florida, Its History and Diplomacy The Purchase of Florida, Its History and Diplomacy (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1906), 26465. (Cleveland: Burrows Brothers, 1906), 26465.

83. AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 25666, 65562, 674721, 113233; Morrison to Clay, February 17, 1819, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 25666, 65562, 674721, 113233; Morrison to Clay, February 17, 1819, HCP HCP 2:67172. 2:67172.

84. AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 418, 1166. 15 Cong., 2 sess., 418, 1166.

85. Ibid., 1166. Ibid., 1166.

86. Clay to Coburn, February 20, 1819, Clay to Coburn, February 20, 1819, HCP HCP 11:7273. 11:7273.

87. AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 11701214, 122235; Robert Pierce Forbes, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 11701214, 122235; Robert Pierce Forbes, The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America The Missouri Compromise and Its Aftermath: Slavery and the Meaning of America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 3637; Alfred Lightfoot, "Henry Clay and the Missouri Question, 18191921: American Lobbyist for Unity," (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2007), 3637; Alfred Lightfoot, "Henry Clay and the Missouri Question, 18191921: American Lobbyist for Unity," Missouri Historical Review Missouri Historical Review 61 (1967): 14950. 61 (1967): 14950.

88. AC, AC, 15 Cong., 2 sess., 1204, 1214, 143334. 15 Cong., 2 sess., 1204, 1214, 143334.

89. For full discussions of the Missouri issue, see Glover Moore, For full discussions of the Missouri issue, see Glover Moore, The Missouri Controversy, 18191821 The Missouri Controversy, 18191821 (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953) and Forbes, (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 1953) and Forbes, Missouri Compromise. Missouri Compromise.

90. Clay to Hardin, February 21, 1819, Clay to Hardin, February 21, 1819, HCP HCP 2:67374; for 2:67374; for McCulloch v. Maryland, McCulloch v. Maryland, see Richard E. Ellis, see Richard E. Ellis, Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic Aggressive Nationalism: McCulloch v. Maryland and the Foundation of Federal Authority in the Young Republic (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007).

91. Clay to Cheves, April 19, 1819, Clay to Holley, May 6, 1819, Lewis et al. to Clay, May 18, 1819, Clay to Lewis, May 18, 1819, Bill of Lading, May 26, 1819, Clay to Butler, July 19, 1819, Clay to Gales, July 19, 1819, Clay to Cheves, April 19, 1819, Clay to Holley, May 6, 1819, Lewis et al. to Clay, May 18, 1819, Clay to Lewis, May 18, 1819, Bill of Lading, May 26, 1819, Clay to Butler, July 19, 1819, Clay to Gales, July 19, 1819, HCP HCP 2:687, 69092, 69394, 698, 700; 2:687, 69092, 69394, 698, 700; Orleans Gazette and Commercial Advertiser, Orleans Gazette and Commercial Advertiser, May 18, 1819; Randolph to Cunningham, July 20, 1819, Randolph Papers, VHS. May 18, 1819; Randolph to Cunningham, July 20, 1819, Randolph Papers, VHS.

92. Van Atta, "Western Lands," 635; Clay to Cheves, July 19, 1819, November 14, 1819, Clay to Gales, July 19, 1819, Van Atta, "Western Lands," 635; Clay to Cheves, July 19, 1819, November 14, 1819, Clay to Gales, July 19, 1819, HCP HCP 2:699, 700701, 72022. 2:699, 700701, 72022.