100. Kendall to Jackson, ca. 1841, Kendall Papers, Filson; Clay to Lawrence, April 13, 1841, Kendall to Jackson, ca. 1841, Kendall Papers, Filson; Clay to Lawrence, April 13, 1841, HCP HCP 9:519; Edward P. Crapol, 9:519; Edward P. Crapol, John Tyler: The Accidental President John Tyler: The Accidental President (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 34; Blair is quoted in Peterson, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006), 34; Blair is quoted in Peterson, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, 45; Lambert to Mangum, May 7, 1841, Mangum, 45; Lambert to Mangum, May 7, 1841, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:154. 3:154.

101. Morgan, Morgan, A Whig Embattled, A Whig Embattled, 1821; Peterson, 1821; Peterson, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, 52; Crapol, 52; Crapol, Tyler, Tyler, 11. 11.

102. Clay to Conover, April 9, 1841, Clay to Conover, April 9, 1841, HCP HCP 9:518. 9:518.

103. Clay to Lawrence, April 13, 1841, ibid., 9:519. Clay to Lawrence, April 13, 1841, ibid., 9:519.

104. Clay to Porter, April 24, 1841, Clay to Ewing, April 30, 1841, ibid., 9:523, 524. Clay to Porter, April 24, 1841, Clay to Ewing, April 30, 1841, ibid., 9:523, 524.

105. Peterson, Peterson, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, 26263. 26263.

106. Tyler to Clay, April 30, 1841, Tyler to Clay, April 30, 1841, HCP HCP 9:57229. 9:57229.

107. Ewing to Clay, May 8, 1841, ibid., 9:530. Ewing to Clay, May 8, 1841, ibid., 9:530.

108. Simms, Simms, Whigs in Virginia, Whigs in Virginia, 154. 154.

109. Morgan, Morgan, A Whig Embattled, A Whig Embattled, 31. 31.

110. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 8, 12; Clay to Ewing, June 2, 1841, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 8, 12; Clay to Ewing, June 2, 1841, HCP HCP 9:535. 9:535.

111. David A. Martin, "The Changing Role of Foreign Money in the United Sates, 17821857," David A. Martin, "The Changing Role of Foreign Money in the United Sates, 17821857," Journal of Economic History Journal of Economic History 37 (December 1977): 1009, 1018; 37 (December 1977): 1009, 1018; Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 129; Clay to Carey, June 11, 1841, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 129; Clay to Carey, June 11, 1841, HCP HCP 9:543. 9:543.

112. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 22. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 22.

113. Ibid., 4849. Ibid., 4849.

114. Clay to Letcher, June 11, 1841, Clay to Letcher, June 11, 1841, HCP HCP 9:543. 9:543.

115. Wright to Van Buren, June 21, 1841, quoted in Chitwood, Wright to Van Buren, June 21, 1841, quoted in Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 217. 217.

116. Mangum to Cameron, June 26, 1841, Mangum, Mangum to Cameron, June 26, 1841, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:184; 3:184; Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 97; Clay to Ewing, June 14, 1841, Ewing Family Papers. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 97; Clay to Ewing, June 14, 1841, Ewing Family Papers.

117. Mangum to Cameron, June 26, 1841, Mangum, Mangum to Cameron, June 26, 1841, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:182; Holt, 3:182; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 13233. 13233.

118. Chitwood, Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 215. Chitwood calls this "a very probable tradition" because he regarded Lyon G. Tyler's biography of his father as "a very careful and reliable work" and presumed that Tyler's son must have "had some basis" for the account, concluding that "he may have had access to a paper that I have been unable to examine." See 215n39. 215. Chitwood calls this "a very probable tradition" because he regarded Lyon G. Tyler's biography of his father as "a very careful and reliable work" and presumed that Tyler's son must have "had some basis" for the account, concluding that "he may have had access to a paper that I have been unable to examine." See 215n39.

119. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 15152; Clay to Clay, July 30, 1841, Clay Family Papers, UKY. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 15152; Clay to Clay, July 30, 1841, Clay Family Papers, UKY.

120. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 22223, 32829. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 22223, 32829.

121. Poage, Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 70; Thomas Ewing, "Diary of Thomas Ewing," 70; Thomas Ewing, "Diary of Thomas Ewing," American Historical Review American Historical Review 18 (October 1912): 99. Oliver Chitwood claimed Tyler was not deliberating, that he knew he would veto the bill before it passed. Chitwood speculated that Tyler wanted a bankruptcy bill to pass before he sent the veto message. See Chitwood, 18 (October 1912): 99. Oliver Chitwood claimed Tyler was not deliberating, that he knew he would veto the bill before it passed. Chitwood speculated that Tyler wanted a bankruptcy bill to pass before he sent the veto message. See Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 22526. Crittenden to Clay, August 16, 1841, 22526. Crittenden to Clay, August 16, 1841, HCP HCP 9:58586. 9:58586.

122. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, August 17, 1841; August 17, 1841; Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 33738. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 33738.

123. Howe, Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 59192. 59192.

124. Peterson, Peterson, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, 7172. 7172.

125. Hampton to Clay, August 20, 1841, Hampton to Clay, August 20, 1841, HCP HCP 9:592. 9:592.

126. Benton, Benton, Thirty Years' View, Thirty Years' View, 2:344. 2:344.

127. "Ewing Diary," 97112. "Ewing Diary," 97112.

128. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., Appendix, 22224, 36466, 36870; Chitwood, 27 Cong., 1 sess., Appendix, 22224, 36466, 36870; Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 266n30; Webster to Ketchum, August 22, 1841, Webster, 266n30; Webster to Ketchum, August 22, 1841, Webster, Papers, Papers, 5:146. 5:146.

129. Clay to Spencer, August 27, 1841, Clay to Spencer, August 27, 1841, HCP HCP 9:594. 9:594.

130. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 10:545; Simmons to Simmons, August 29, 1841, James Fowler Simmons Papers, Filson. 10:545; Simmons to Simmons, August 29, 1841, James Fowler Simmons Papers, Filson.

131. New York New York Herald, Herald, August 31, 1841. August 31, 1841.

132. Clay to Clay, August 31, 1841, Clay to Clay, August 31, 1841, HCP HCP 9:599; Letcher to Crittenden, September 3, 1841, Coleman, 9:599; Letcher to Crittenden, September 3, 1841, Coleman, Crittenden, Crittenden, 161. 161.

133. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., Appendix, 34445. 27 Cong., 1 sess., Appendix, 34445.

134. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 451. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 451.

135. Crittenden to Thompson, September 11, 1841, Crittenden Papers, Filson; Chitwood, Crittenden to Thompson, September 11, 1841, Crittenden Papers, Filson; Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 273. 273.

136. Chitwood, Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 210n31. 210n31.

137. See Chitwood, See Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 47; Poage, 47; Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 5054; Van Deusen, 5054; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 34354; Remini, 34354; Remini, Clay, Clay, 584, for examples. 584, for examples.

138. Crapol, Crapol, Tyler, Tyler, 16; 16; Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 42. 27 Cong., 1 sess., 42.

139. Lynchburg Lynchburg Virginian Virginian quoted in quoted in Virginia Free Press, Virginia Free Press, September 2, 1841. September 2, 1841.

140. Neagle to Sartain, November 15, 1842, John Neagle Letter, Filson. Neagle to Sartain, November 15, 1842, John Neagle Letter, Filson.

141. Mangum to Clay, July 4, 1842, Mangum to Clay, July 4, 1842, HCP HCP 9:728. 9:728.

142. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, September 13, 1841; Ewing to Clay, November 1, 1843; see also Clay to Berrien, October 7, 1841, September 13, 1841; Ewing to Clay, November 1, 1843; see also Clay to Berrien, October 7, 1841, HCP HCP 9:878, 612. 9:878, 612.

143. See the Jonesborough See the Jonesborough Whig Whig for sample excerpts from papers. for sample excerpts from papers.

144. Chitwood, Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 273; Crapol, 273; Crapol, Tyler, Tyler, 20. 20.

CHAPTER TWELVE.

Four Letters 1. Tallahassee Tallahassee Floridian, Floridian, September 18, 1841. September 18, 1841.

2. Ohio Statesman, Ohio Statesman, November 10, 1841. November 10, 1841.

3. Long to Mangum, July 7, 1842, Mangum, Long to Mangum, July 7, 1842, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:366; Holt, 3:366; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 135. 135.

4. Clay to Spencer, August 27, 1841, Clay to Spencer, August 27, 1841, HCP HCP 9:594. 9:594.

5. To the Whig caucus, September 13, 1841, ibid., 9:608. To the Whig caucus, September 13, 1841, ibid., 9:608.

6. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 344; Clay to Porter, October 24, 1841, 27 Cong., 1 sess., 344; Clay to Porter, October 24, 1841, HCP HCP 9:616. 9:616.

7. Clay to Tallmadge, October 30, 1841, Clay to Sargent, July 29, 1843, Clay to Tallmadge, October 30, 1841, Clay to Sargent, July 29, 1843, HCP HCP 9:619, 841. Alexander McLeod was acquitted in October 1841. Tensions eased, and the following year, Webster concluded the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that settled the Maine border dispute. 9:619, 841. Alexander McLeod was acquitted in October 1841. Tensions eased, and the following year, Webster concluded the Webster-Ashburton Treaty that settled the Maine border dispute.

8. Clay to Clayton, November 1, 1841, Clay to Clayton, November 1, 1841, HCP HCP 9:61920. 9:61920.

9. Oliver Hampton Smith, Oliver Hampton Smith, Early Indiana Trials: And Sketches Early Indiana Trials: And Sketches (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys, 1858), 59394. (Cincinnati: Moore, Wilstach, Keys, 1858), 59394.

10. Ibid., 59596. Dixon became seriously ill during the regular session of Congress and died on January 29, 1842. Ibid., 59596. Dixon became seriously ill during the regular session of Congress and died on January 29, 1842.

11. Clay to Nye, October 29, 1841, Clay to Nye, October 29, 1841, HCP HCP 9:618. 9:618.

12. The Southern Planter The Southern Planter (December 1841), 2:249, quoted in (December 1841), 2:249, quoted in HCP HCP 9:623. 9:623.

13. Clay to Clay, March 7, 1842, ibid., 9:672. Clay to Clay, March 7, 1842, ibid., 9:672.

14. Clay to Clay, June 6, 1841, Clay to Clay, December 24, 1841, ibid., 9:539, 624. Clay to Clay, June 6, 1841, Clay to Clay, December 24, 1841, ibid., 9:539, 624.

15. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 359; Poage, 359; Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 120; Clay to Editor, Philadelphia 120; Clay to Editor, Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, Clay to Clay, December 24, 1841, Deed of Trust for Ashland, November 15, 1842, Clay to Clay, March 13, 1842, Clay to Rogers, June 27, 1842, Clay to Clay, December 24, 1841, Deed of Trust for Ashland, November 15, 1842, Clay to Clay, March 13, 1842, Clay to Rogers, June 27, 1842, HCP HCP 9:623, 62425, 678, 720, 78990. 9:623, 62425, 678, 720, 78990.

16. Clay to Brooke, October 28, 1841, Clay to Brooke, October 28, 1841, HCP HCP 9:617. 9:617.

17. Brown, "Southern Whigs," 377; Green to Mangum, November 17, 1841, Mangum to Green, March 2, 1842, Mangum, Brown, "Southern Whigs," 377; Green to Mangum, November 17, 1841, Mangum to Green, March 2, 1842, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:252, 292; William J. Cooper, Jr., 3:252, 292; William J. Cooper, Jr., The South and the Politics of Slavery, 18281856 The South and the Politics of Slavery, 18281856 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 153, 163. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1978), 153, 163.

18. Clay to Clay, December 10, 24, 1841, Clay to Clay, December 10, 24, 1841, HCP HCP 9:623, 624; Madison to Taylor, December 27, 1841, Allen C. Clark, 9:623, 624; Madison to Taylor, December 27, 1841, Allen C. Clark, Life and Letters of Dolly Madison Life and Letters of Dolly Madison (Washington, DC: W. F. Roberts, 1914), 306; (Washington, DC: W. F. Roberts, 1914), 306; Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier, Pennsylvania Inquirer and Daily Courier, November 16, 1841; November 16, 1841; Milwaukee Journal, Milwaukee Journal, January 19, 1842. January 19, 1842.

19. Clay to Clay, December 26, 1841, Clay to Clay, December 26, 1841, HCP HCP 9:625. 9:625.

20. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 2 sess., 16466; Peterson, 27 Cong., 2 sess., 16466; Peterson, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, Presidencies of Harrison and Tyler, 97; Speech in Frankfort, October 26, 1842, 97; Speech in Frankfort, October 26, 1842, HCP HCP 11:288. 11:288.

21. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 2 sess., 62, 69. 27 Cong., 2 sess., 62, 69.

22. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 2 sess., 216. 27 Cong., 2 sess., 216.

23. Clay to Clay, February 13, 1842, Clay to Clay, February 13, 1842, HCP HCP 9:652. 9:652.

24. Davis to Payne, February 2, 1842, Payne Papers; Clay to Swartwout, January 14, 1842, Davis to Payne, February 2, 1842, Payne Papers; Clay to Swartwout, January 14, 1842, HCP HCP 9:631. 9:631.

25. Beverley to Clay, February 8, 1842, Beverley to Clay, February 8, 1842, HCP HCP 9:64849. 9:64849.

26. Clay to Beverley, February 17, 1842, Beverley to Clay, April 2, 1842, ibid., 9:659, 69697; Concord Clay to Beverley, February 17, 1842, Beverley to Clay, April 2, 1842, ibid., 9:659, 69697; Concord New-Hampshire Statesman and State Journal, New-Hampshire Statesman and State Journal, March 4, 1842. March 4, 1842.

27. Clay to Polk, May 20, 1843, Clay to Polk, May 20, 1843, HCP HCP 9:81819. The editors of the Clay Papers are not certain Clay sent this letter. It expressed his outrage over Polk's accusations and proposed that they debate the matter before a bipartisan panel, an event that never happened. See also 9:81819. The editors of the Clay Papers are not certain Clay sent this letter. It expressed his outrage over Polk's accusations and proposed that they debate the matter before a bipartisan panel, an event that never happened. See also Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, April 26, 1844. April 26, 1844.

28. Virginia Free Press, Virginia Free Press, September 9, 1841; Clay to Leigh, April 6, 1843, June 20, 1843, September 9, 1841; Clay to Leigh, April 6, 1843, June 20, 1843, HCP HCP 11:289, 9:826. 11:289, 9:826. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, February 25, 1842; Graves to Clay, February 26, 1842, Wise to Crittenden, February 26, 1842, Crittenden to Wise, February 27, 1842, Clay to Wise, February 28, 1842, Wise Family Papers, VHS; Wise to Clay, February 25, 1842, Clay to Plumer et al., August 1, 1844, February 25, 1842; Graves to Clay, February 26, 1842, Wise to Crittenden, February 26, 1842, Crittenden to Wise, February 27, 1842, Clay to Wise, February 28, 1842, Wise Family Papers, VHS; Wise to Clay, February 25, 1842, Clay to Plumer et al., August 1, 1844, HCP HCP 9:661, 10:92; 9:661, 10:92; Ohio Statesman, Ohio Statesman, March 16, 1842; "Mr. Wise's Speech," March 16, 1842; "Mr. Wise's Speech," William and Mary Quarterly William and Mary Quarterly 18 (April 1919): 22230. 18 (April 1919): 22230.

29. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 2 sess., 23536, Appendix, 145. 27 Cong., 2 sess., 23536, Appendix, 145.

30. Clay to Hughes, November 15, 1841, Clay to Hughes, November 15, 1841, HCP HCP 9:622. 9:622.

31. Clay to Tallmadge, October 30, 1841, Clay to Kentucky General Assembly, February 16, 1842, Clay to Tallmadge, October 30, 1841, Clay to Kentucky General Assembly, February 16, 1842, HCP HCP 9:61819, 626; Buckner to Buckner, March 2, 1842, Buckner Family Papers; Rives to Rives, March 8, 1842, Letters of William Cabell Rives, UVA. 9:61819, 626; Buckner to Buckner, March 2, 1842, Buckner Family Papers; Rives to Rives, March 8, 1842, Letters of William Cabell Rives, UVA.

32. Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, April 8, 1842. Clay to Porter, February 7, 1842, Clay to Webb, February 12, 1842, April 8, 1842. Clay to Porter, February 7, 1842, Clay to Webb, February 12, 1842, HCP HCP 9:647, 651; Kirwan, 9:647, 651; Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 16061. 16061.

33. Clay to Porter, October 24, 1841, Clay to Allen, October 29, 1841, Clay to Clay, March 27, 1842, Clay to Porter, October 24, 1841, Clay to Allen, October 29, 1841, Clay to Clay, March 27, 1842, HCP HCP 9:616, 617, 688. 9:616, 617, 688.

34. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 27 Cong., 2 sess., 37677. 27 Cong., 2 sess., 37677.

35. Kirwan, Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 161; Bartlett, 161; Bartlett, Calhoun, Calhoun, 296. 296.

36. Ohio Statesman, Ohio Statesman, April 20, 1842; Hinton to Mangum, April 5, 1842, Mangum, April 20, 1842; Hinton to Mangum, April 5, 1842, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:314. 3:314.

37. Clay to Clay, March 13, 1842, Clay to Clay, March 13, 1842, HCP HCP 9:677; New York 9:677; New York Weekly Herald, Weekly Herald, May 21, 1842; Concord May 21, 1842; Concord New-Hampshire Statesman and State Journal, New-Hampshire Statesman and State Journal, May 27, 1842. May 27, 1842.

38. Clay to Van Buren, March 17, 1842, May 12, 1842, Clay to Sargent, May 31, 1842, Clay to Crittenden, June 3, 1842, Clay to Van Buren, March 17, 1842, May 12, 1842, Clay to Sargent, May 31, 1842, Clay to Crittenden, June 3, 1842, HCP HCP 9:680, 702, 704, 706. 9:680, 702, 704, 706.

39. Van Buren, Van Buren, Autobiography, Autobiography, 534; New York 534; New York Weekly Herald, Weekly Herald, May 21, 1842. May 21, 1842.

40. Clay to Mangum, June 7, 1842, Clay to Mangum, June 7, 1842, HCP HCP 9:708; Philadelphia 9:708; Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, June 17, 1842; Lexington June 17, 1842; Lexington Intelligencer, Intelligencer, June 10, 1842. June 10, 1842.

41. "Speech in Lexington," June 9, 1842, "Speech in Lexington," June 9, 1842, HCP HCP 9:70816. 9:70816.

42. Clay to Butler, August 8, 1842, ibid., 9:752. Clay to Butler, August 8, 1842, ibid., 9:752.

43. Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, ibid., 9:722; Letcher to Crittenden, June 21, 1842, Coleman, Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, ibid., 9:722; Letcher to Crittenden, June 21, 1842, Coleman, Life of Crittenden, Life of Crittenden, 1:18283. 1:18283.

44. Clay to McLeod, November 19, 1843, McLeod Family Papers; Johnston to Mangum, September 14, 1843, Mangum, Clay to McLeod, November 19, 1843, McLeod Family Papers; Johnston to Mangum, September 14, 1843, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:468. 3:468.

45. Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, Mangum to Clay, June 15, July 4, 1842, Clay to Sargent, July 31, 1842, Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, Mangum to Clay, June 15, July 4, 1842, Clay to Sargent, July 31, 1842, HCP HCP 9:71718, 722, 72428, 749. 9:71718, 722, 72428, 749.

46. United States Congress, House, United States Congress, House, The Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1841 The Journal of the House of Representatives of the United States, 1841 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1789), 103236. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1789), 103236.

47. Morgan, Morgan, A Whig Embattled, A Whig Embattled, 47; Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, Clay to Berrien, July 21, 1842, 47; Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, Clay to Berrien, July 21, 1842, HCP HCP 9:722, 739. 9:722, 739.

48. Crittenden to Clay, August 3, 1842, Clay to Mangum, July 11, 1842, Crittenden to Clay, August 3, 1842, Clay to Mangum, July 11, 1842, HCP HCP 9:731, 749. 9:731, 749.

49. Walker to Clay, April 13, 1842, Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, ibid., 9:698, 721; Crittenden to Letcher, June 23, 1842, Coleman, Walker to Clay, April 13, 1842, Crittenden to Clay, July 2, 1842, ibid., 9:698, 721; Crittenden to Letcher, June 23, 1842, Coleman, Crittenden, Crittenden, 1:184. 1:184.

50. Pensacola Pensacola Gazette, Gazette, May 15, 1841. May 15, 1841.

51. Quoted in Quoted in Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, September 30, 1842. September 30, 1842.