CHAPTER ELEVEN.

Three Campaigns 1. Harrison's promise to serve a single term was applauded by Whig papers. See Harrison's promise to serve a single term was applauded by Whig papers. See Staunton Spectator Staunton Spectator reprinted in the Natchez reprinted in the Natchez Daily Courier, Daily Courier, June 8, 1840. June 8, 1840.

2. Clay to Clay, February 12, 1840, Clay to Clay, February 12, 1840, HCP HCP 9:386. 9:386.

3. Clay to Clay, January 24, February 12, 1840, ibid., 9:383, 386. Clay to Clay, January 24, February 12, 1840, ibid., 9:383, 386.

4. Tomlin to Barnes, November 21, 1840, Barnes Family Papers, W&M; Duralde to Clay, June 2, 1841, Clay Family Papers, UKY; Comment in Senate, June 30, 1838, Comment in Senate, July 10, 1840, Remark in Senate, July 11, 1840, Tomlin to Barnes, November 21, 1840, Barnes Family Papers, W&M; Duralde to Clay, June 2, 1841, Clay Family Papers, UKY; Comment in Senate, June 30, 1838, Comment in Senate, July 10, 1840, Remark in Senate, July 11, 1840, HCP HCP 9:210, 432. 9:210, 432.

5. Philadelphia Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, January 17, 1840; James K. McGuire, editor, January 17, 1840; James K. McGuire, editor, The Democratic Party of the State of New York, The Democratic Party of the State of New York, 2 volumes (New York: United States History Co., 1905), 1:239; the quotation is in "Political Portraits, No. XII, Silas Wright, Jr.," 2 volumes (New York: United States History Co., 1905), 1:239; the quotation is in "Political Portraits, No. XII, Silas Wright, Jr.," United States Magazine and Democratic Review United States Magazine and Democratic Review 5 (1839), 417; 5 (1839), 417; Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 26 Cong., 1 sess., 138; Clay to Clay, January 24, 1840, 26 Cong., 1 sess., 138; Clay to Clay, January 24, 1840, HCP HCP 9:383. 9:383.

6. Niven, Niven, Calhoun, Calhoun, 236; 236; Ohio Statesman, Ohio Statesman, February 28, 1840. February 28, 1840.

7. Clay's speech on January 20, 1840, was widely reported. It appeared in the Clay's speech on January 20, 1840, was widely reported. It appeared in the Virginia Free Press, Virginia Free Press, March 12, 1840. March 12, 1840.

8. Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, February 4, 1840. February 4, 1840.

9. Clay to Clay, ca. February 1840, February 18, 1840, Clay to Clay, ca. February 1840, February 18, 1840, HCP HCP 9:38890. 9:38890.

10. Clay to Clay, February 20, 1840, Clay to Clay, February 20, 1840, HCP HCP 9:391. 9:391.

11. New York New York Morning Herald, Morning Herald, February 24, 1840; Clay to Clay, February 20, 1840, February 24, 1840; Clay to Clay, February 20, 1840, HCP HCP 9:392. 9:392.

12. New York New York Morning Herald, Morning Herald, February 24, 1840; February 24, 1840; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, February 25, 1840; February 23, 1840, William Bolling Diary, VHS. February 25, 1840; February 23, 1840, William Bolling Diary, VHS.

13. February 25, 1840, Bolling Diary. February 25, 1840, Bolling Diary.

14. Philadelphia Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, March 2, 1840. March 2, 1840.

15. Boston Boston Courier, Courier, March 5, 1840. March 5, 1840.

16. Ibid. Ibid.

17. Clay to Clay, March 6, 1840, Clay to Clay, March 6, 1840, HCP HCP 9:395. 9:395.

18. Clay to Clay, April 2, 1840, ibid., 9:401. Clay to Clay, April 2, 1840, ibid., 9:401.

19. Barbour to Taliaferro, April 10, 1840, Barbour Family Papers; Porter to Clay, December 16, 1839, Barbour to Taliaferro, April 10, 1840, Barbour Family Papers; Porter to Clay, December 16, 1839, HCP HCP 9:367. 9:367.

20. Clay to Clay, April 25, 1840, Clay to Clay, April 25, 1840, HCP HCP 9:409. 9:409.

21. Cincinnati Cincinnati News News reprinted in the Natchez reprinted in the Natchez Daily Courier, Daily Courier, June 5, 1840; Fayetteville June 5, 1840; Fayetteville Observer, Observer, January 6, 1841; Boston January 6, 1841; Boston Daily Atlas, Daily Atlas, March 20, 1841. March 20, 1841.

22. Clay to Clay, February 20, 1840, Clay to Clay, February 20, 1840, HCP HCP 9:392. 9:392.

23. Gunderson, Gunderson, Log-Cabin Campaign, Log-Cabin Campaign, 5. 5.

24. Sargent to Wise, June 23, 1840, Letter of Nathan Sargent, LOC; Clay to Green, May 12, 1840, Sargent to Wise, June 23, 1840, Letter of Nathan Sargent, LOC; Clay to Green, May 12, 1840, HCP HCP 9:411; Knupfer, 9:411; Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 152. 152.

25. Cole, Cole, Van Buren, Van Buren, 37778; Smith, 37778; Smith, Blair, Blair, 139; Jackson to Blair, July 28, 1840, Andrew Jackson Letters, Duke. 139; Jackson to Blair, July 28, 1840, Andrew Jackson Letters, Duke.

26. Clay to Clay, July 7, 1840, Clay to Gholson, July 21, 1840, Clay to Clay, July 7, 1840, Clay to Gholson, July 21, 1840, HCP HCP 9:430, 433; see also page 431n4; 9:430, 433; see also page 431n4; New England Weekly Review, New England Weekly Review, July 25, 1840. July 25, 1840.

27. Clay to Sloane, July 27, 1840, Clay to Gholson, July 21, 1840, Clay to Committee of Gentlemen, July 23, 1840, Clay to Worthington, July 25, 1840, Clay to Sloane, July 27, 1840, Clay to Gholson, July 21, 1840, Clay to Committee of Gentlemen, July 23, 1840, Clay to Worthington, July 25, 1840, HCP HCP 9:433, 454, 435. 9:433, 454, 435.

28. Kirwan, Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 135. 135.

29. Colton, Colton, Life and Times, Life and Times, 1:113; Parks, 1:113; Parks, Grundy, Grundy, 339; Little, 339; Little, Ben Hardin, Ben Hardin, 176. 176.

30. Jonesborough Jonesborough Whig, Whig, August 26, 1840. August 26, 1840.

31. Speech in Nashville, August 17, 1840, Speech in Nashville, August 17, 1840, HCP HCP 9:440. By "Cuba allies," Clay was referring to the army's controversial use of Cuban bloodhounds to track down Seminole Indians in Florida. 9:440. By "Cuba allies," Clay was referring to the army's controversial use of Cuban bloodhounds to track down Seminole Indians in Florida.

32. Jackson's letter was reprinted in the Nashville Jackson's letter was reprinted in the Nashville Whig, Whig, August 21, 1840. August 21, 1840.

33. To the Public, August 20, 1840, To the Public, August 20, 1840, HCP HCP 9:44142. 9:44142.

34. For Jackson's continuing and absolute disdain for Clay and the Whigs, see Jackson to Blair, ca. 1841, Jackson Letters, McClung Collection, East Tennessee Historical Society. For Jackson's continuing and absolute disdain for Clay and the Whigs, see Jackson to Blair, ca. 1841, Jackson Letters, McClung Collection, East Tennessee Historical Society.

35. Chitwood, Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 194 194 36. Goebel, Goebel, Harrison, Harrison, 37880. 37880.

37. Ashley to Green, November 29, 1840, Green Family Papers. Ashley to Green, November 29, 1840, Green Family Papers.

38. Jackson to Blair, February 19, 1841, Jackson Letters, McClung Collection; Tucker to Clay, December 16, 1839, Jackson to Blair, February 19, 1841, Jackson Letters, McClung Collection; Tucker to Clay, December 16, 1839, HCP HCP 9:367. 9:367.

39. Clay to Otis, December 28, 1840, Clay to Otis, December 28, 1840, HCP HCP 9:468. 9:468.

40. Harrison to Clay, June 21, 1840, ibid., 9:424. Harrison to Clay, June 21, 1840, ibid., 9:424.

41. Harrison to Clay, November 2, 1840, Clay to Letcher, November 4, 1840, Harrison to Clay, November 15, 1840, ibid., 9:45051, 452; Van Deusen, Harrison to Clay, November 2, 1840, Clay to Letcher, November 4, 1840, Harrison to Clay, November 15, 1840, ibid., 9:45051, 452; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 337. 337.

42. Goodwin, Goodwin, Team of Rivals, Team of Rivals, 283. 283.

43. Kirwan, Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 142; New York 142; New York Morning Herald, Morning Herald, December 15, 1840; Mangum to Green, April 20, 1841, Mangum, December 15, 1840; Mangum to Green, April 20, 1841, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:145. 3:145.

44. Little, Little, Ben Hardin, Ben Hardin, 211. 211.

45. Ibid., 567; Wickliffe to Preston, January 20, 1841, Wickliffe-Preston Family Papers, UKY; Peter J. Sehlinger, Ibid., 567; Wickliffe to Preston, January 20, 1841, Wickliffe-Preston Family Papers, UKY; Peter J. Sehlinger, Kentucky's Last Cavalier: General William Preston, 18161887 Kentucky's Last Cavalier: General William Preston, 18161887 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 33. (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2004), 33.

46. Porter to Clay, November 29, 1840, Porter to Clay, November 29, 1840, HCP HCP 9:455. 9:455.

47. Clay to Porter, December 8, 1840, Clay to Brooke, December 8, 1840, ibid., 9:45859; Kirwan, Clay to Porter, December 8, 1840, Clay to Brooke, December 8, 1840, ibid., 9:45859; Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 138; George R. Poage, 138; George R. Poage, Henry Clay and the Whig Party Henry Clay and the Whig Party (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 1617. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1936), 1617.

48. Philadelphia Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, August 9, 1841. August 9, 1841.

49. Clay to Clayton, December 17, 1840, Clay to Clayton, December 17, 1840, HCP HCP 9:466. 9:466.

50. Buckner to Buckner, December 14, 1840, Buckner Family Papers. Buckner to Buckner, December 14, 1840, Buckner Family Papers.

51. Clay to Saltonstall, November 22, 1840, Clay to Saltonstall, November 22, 1840, HCP HCP 9:454; Adams, 9:454; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 10:372. 10:372.

52. Clay to Clay, January 19, 1841, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Clay to Clay, January 18, 1841, Clay to Clay, January 19, 1841, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Clay to Clay, January 18, 1841, HCP HCP 9:47879. 9:47879.

53. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 10:372, Clay to Letcher, December 13, 1840, 10:372, Clay to Letcher, December 13, 1840, HCP HCP 9:462. 9:462.

54. Calhoun to Colhoun, December 26, 1840, Calhoun, Calhoun to Colhoun, December 26, 1840, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 15:402; Niven, 15:402; Niven, Calhoun, Calhoun, 239. 239.

55. New York New York Herald, Herald, December 21, 23, 1840. December 21, 23, 1840.

56. Porter to Clay, January 4, 1841, Porter to Clay, January 4, 1841, HCP HCP 9:471. 9:471.

57. New York New York Herald, Herald, December 23, 1840. December 23, 1840.

58. Clay to Clayton, December 29, 1840, Clay to Clayton, December 29, 1840, HCP HCP 9:468. 9:468.

59. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 10:387. 10:387.

60. The South-Western Sentinel, The South-Western Sentinel, quoted in the Montpelier quoted in the Montpelier Vermont Patriot, Vermont Patriot, May 25, 1840. May 25, 1840.

61. Boston Boston Daily Atlas, Daily Atlas, March 13, 1841. March 13, 1841.

62. New York New York Express Express reprinted in the Cleveland reprinted in the Cleveland Daily Herald, Daily Herald, January 12, 1841; Calhoun to Clemson, January 3, 1841, Calhoun, January 12, 1841; Calhoun to Clemson, January 3, 1841, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 15:40910. 15:40910.

63. Groves v. Slaughter, Groves v. Slaughter, 40 U.S. 449 (1841). 40 U.S. 449 (1841).

64. John Quincy Adams Diary, 41, entry of February 19, 1841, 254, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, online edition. John Quincy Adams Diary, 41, entry of February 19, 1841, 254, Adams Family Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society, online edition.

65. John Edward Semmes, John Edward Semmes, John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 18031891 John H. B. Latrobe and His Times, 18031891 (Baltimore: Norman, Remington, 1917), 36970. (Baltimore: Norman, Remington, 1917), 36970.

66. New York New York Express, Express, February 19, 1841. For Clay's appeal to ladies who flocked to hear him argue cases in any court throughout his career, see Greene to Greene, October 16, 1840, Green Family Papers. February 19, 1841. For Clay's appeal to ladies who flocked to hear him argue cases in any court throughout his career, see Greene to Greene, October 16, 1840, Green Family Papers.

67. Editors' note, Editors' note, HCP HCP 9:476; Adams Diary, 41, entry of February 19, 1841, 254. 9:476; Adams Diary, 41, entry of February 19, 1841, 254.

68. Groves v. Slaughter, Groves v. Slaughter, 40 U.S. 503 (1941). 40 U.S. 503 (1941).

69. Ibid. Ibid.

70. Tyler, Tyler, Letters and Times of the Tylers, Letters and Times of the Tylers, 2:10n4. 2:10n4.

71. Richmond Richmond Whig, Whig, March 6, 9, 1840; March 6, 9, 1840; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, May 27, 1840; Lyon Gardiner Tyler, editor, May 27, 1840; Lyon Gardiner Tyler, editor, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography, 5 volumes (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1915), 3:4142. 5 volumes (New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1915), 3:4142.

72. Clay to John M. Clayton, February 12, 23, 1841, Clay to John M. Clayton, February 12, 23, 1841, HCP HCP 9:499, 505. 9:499, 505.

73. Porter to Clay, January 4, 28, 1841, Clay to Porter, January 8, 1841, ibid., 9:471, 474, 48586; Clark to Clay, August 28, 1841, Mangum, Porter to Clay, January 4, 28, 1841, Clay to Porter, January 8, 1841, ibid., 9:471, 474, 48586; Clark to Clay, August 28, 1841, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 3:224. 3:224.

74. Porter to Clay, February 7, 20, 1841, Porter to Clay, February 7, 20, 1841, HCP HCP 9:497, 5023; Hone, 9:497, 5023; Hone, Diary, Diary, 1:319; Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, 1:319; Fitzwilliam Byrdsall, The History of the Loco-foco, or Equal Rights Party: Its Movements, Conventions and Proceedings The History of the Loco-foco, or Equal Rights Party: Its Movements, Conventions and Proceedings (New York: Clement & Packard, 1842), 81. (New York: Clement & Packard, 1842), 81.

75. Clay to Porter, February 7, 1841, Clay to Porter, February 7, 1841, HCP HCP 9:497. Clay had made his remark about duplicitous Whigs during his visit to New York in December. See New York 9:497. Clay had made his remark about duplicitous Whigs during his visit to New York in December. See New York Herald, Herald, December 23, 1840. December 23, 1840.

76. Clay to Clayton, February 12, 1841, ibid., 9:499. Clay to Clayton, February 12, 1841, ibid., 9:499.

77. Goebel, Goebel, Harrison, Harrison, 370; Philadelphia 370; Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, March 6, 1841. The March 6, 1841. The Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 26 Cong., 2 sess., 231, says that the Senate convened at 11:00, but it is likely that that is in error because of the several procedural matters that occupied it before commencing the inaugural ceremonies. 26 Cong., 2 sess., 231, says that the Senate convened at 11:00, but it is likely that that is in error because of the several procedural matters that occupied it before commencing the inaugural ceremonies.

78. Philadelphia Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, March 6, 1841. The proceedings of the special session of the Twenty-seventh Congress that sat March 4March 15 appear as a continuation of the March 6, 1841. The proceedings of the special session of the Twenty-seventh Congress that sat March 4March 15 appear as a continuation of the Congressional Globe Congressional Globe covering the Twenty-sixth Congress, second session. Therefore see covering the Twenty-sixth Congress, second session. Therefore see Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 26 Cong., 2 sess., 23236 here and afterward for this special session; Philadelphia 26 Cong., 2 sess., 23236 here and afterward for this special session; Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, March 6, 1841; Brown, "Southern Whigs," 377. March 6, 1841; Brown, "Southern Whigs," 377.

79. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 26 Cong., 2 sess., 192, 236. 26 Cong., 2 sess., 192, 236.

80. Ibid., 248. Ibid., 248.

81. Philadelphia Philadelphia North American and Daily Advertiser, North American and Daily Advertiser, March 13, 1841. March 13, 1841.

82. Ibid., March 12, 1841. Calhoun had changed his opinion by 1841. See Bartlett, Ibid., March 12, 1841. Calhoun had changed his opinion by 1841. See Bartlett, Calhoun, Calhoun, 287. 287.

83. Jean H. Baker, Jean H. Baker, James Buchanan James Buchanan (New York: Macmillan, 2004), 2526. (New York: Macmillan, 2004), 2526.

84. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 26 Cong., 2 sess., 24849; Boston 26 Cong., 2 sess., 24849; Boston Daily Atlas, Daily Atlas, March 13, 1841; Clay's pledge and bond is printed in the March 13, 1841; Clay's pledge and bond is printed in the Vermont Patriot, Vermont Patriot, November 2, 1844. November 2, 1844.

85. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 10:442; Smith, 10:442; Smith, Blair, Blair, 145. 145.

86. New York New York Herald, Herald, March 13, 1841; March 13, 1841; New England Weekly Review, New England Weekly Review, March 13, 1841; March 13, 1841; Ohio Statesman, Ohio Statesman, March 16, 1841. March 16, 1841.

87. Cong. Globe, Cong. Globe, 26 Cong., 2 sess., 25657; Elizabeth A. Linn and Nathan Sargent, 26 Cong., 2 sess., 25657; Elizabeth A. Linn and Nathan Sargent, The Life and Public Services of Dr. Lewis F. Linn, for Ten Years a Senator of the United States from the State of Missouri The Life and Public Services of Dr. Lewis F. Linn, for Ten Years a Senator of the United States from the State of Missouri (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 24445; Poage, (New York: D. Appleton, 1857), 24445; Poage, Clay and the Whig Party, Clay and the Whig Party, 26. 26.

88. "Notes for a Newspaper Editorial," February 4, 1841, Porter to Clay, February 20, 1841; "Notes for a Newspaper Editorial," February 4, 1841, Porter to Clay, February 20, 1841; HCP HCP 9:495, 503; Weed to Granger, February 8, 1841, Barnes, 9:495, 503; Weed to Granger, February 8, 1841, Barnes, Memoirs of Thurlow Weed, Memoirs of Thurlow Weed, 89; Graves to Preston, February 7, 1841, Wickliffe-Preston Family Papers. 89; Graves to Preston, February 7, 1841, Wickliffe-Preston Family Papers.

89. Harrison explained that the unsettled nature of the Tennessee delegation in Congress was a reason to delay an extra session. New representatives to be chosen in August would likely be Whigs, bolstering the party's majority in the House, and that alone was a reason to wait. The affiliation of Tennessee's two senators was also tied to the timing of an extra session; an early one was likely to yield Democrats. Harrison explained that the unsettled nature of the Tennessee delegation in Congress was a reason to delay an extra session. New representatives to be chosen in August would likely be Whigs, bolstering the party's majority in the House, and that alone was a reason to wait. The affiliation of Tennessee's two senators was also tied to the timing of an extra session; an early one was likely to yield Democrats.

90. Chitwood, Chitwood, Tyler, Tyler, 18889; Morgan, 18889; Morgan, Whig Embattled, Whig Embattled, 28. 28.

91. Clay to Harrison, March 13, 1841, Harrison to Clay, March 13, 1841, Clay to Harrison, March 13, 1841, Harrison to Clay, March 13, 1841, HCP HCP 9:514, 51516. 9:514, 51516.

92. Sargent, Sargent, Public Men and Events, Public Men and Events, 2:11516; Adams Diary, 41, entry of March 13, 1841, 276. 2:11516; Adams Diary, 41, entry of March 13, 1841, 276.

93. Clay to Harrison, March 15, 1841, Clay to Harrison, March 15, 1841, HCP HCP 9:51617. 9:51617.

94. Clay to Brooke, July 4, 1841, ibid., 9:557. Clay to Brooke, July 4, 1841, ibid., 9:557.

95. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, March 20, 1841; New York March 20, 1841; New York Herald, Herald, March 25, 1841. March 25, 1841.

96. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 301; Holt, 301; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 127. 127.

97. Jackson to Blair, April 19, 1841, Jackson Letters, McClung Collection. Jackson to Blair, April 19, 1841, Jackson Letters, McClung Collection.

98. Clay to Conover, April 8, 1841, Clay to Lawrence, April 13, 1841, Clay to Starkweather, April 15, 1841, Clay to Berrien, April 20, 1841, Clay to Tayloe, April 21, 1841, Clay to Conover, April 8, 1841, Clay to Lawrence, April 13, 1841, Clay to Starkweather, April 15, 1841, Clay to Berrien, April 20, 1841, Clay to Tayloe, April 21, 1841, HCP HCP 9:51819, 521. 9:51819, 521.

99. Clay to Tucker, April 15, 1841, ibid., 9:520. Clay to Tucker, April 15, 1841, ibid., 9:520.