51. Theodore to Lucretia, September 1, 1830, Clay Family Papers, LOC. Theodore to Lucretia, September 1, 1830, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

52. Petition of William M. Brand, Fayette County Circuit Court Records, Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, Kentucky; Bodley to Sheriff, Fayette County, October 1831, Witness Subpoenas, October 1831, Finding of Jury, October 3, 1831, Fayette County Circuit Court Records; Davenport, Petition of William M. Brand, Fayette County Circuit Court Records, Kentucky Department of Libraries and Archives, Frankfort, Kentucky; Bodley to Sheriff, Fayette County, October 1831, Witness Subpoenas, October 1831, Finding of Jury, October 3, 1831, Fayette County Circuit Court Records; Davenport, Ante-Bellum Kentucky, Ante-Bellum Kentucky, 147; Clay to Clay, October 31, 1830, Clay to Clay, December 13, 1832, 147; Clay to Clay, October 31, 1830, Clay to Clay, December 13, 1832, HCP HCP 8:284, 603. 8:284, 603.

53. Clay to Clay, September 1, 1830, Clay Family Papers, LOC. Clay to Clay, September 1, 1830, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

54. Clay to Williams, May 31, 1831, Lawrence to Clay, July 13, 1831, Clay to Brooke, August 15, 1831, Dearborn to Clay, September 3, 1831, Binns to Clay, September 10, 1831, Randall to Clay, September 13, 1831, Southard to Clay, September 18, 1831, McNairy to Clay, September 28, 1831, Worsley to Clay, October 22, 1831, Clay to Williams, May 31, 1831, Lawrence to Clay, July 13, 1831, Clay to Brooke, August 15, 1831, Dearborn to Clay, September 3, 1831, Binns to Clay, September 10, 1831, Randall to Clay, September 13, 1831, Southard to Clay, September 18, 1831, McNairy to Clay, September 28, 1831, Worsley to Clay, October 22, 1831, HCP HCP 8:353, 372, 385, 396, 399, 401, 404, 407, 421; Van Deusen, 8:353, 372, 385, 396, 399, 401, 404, 407, 421; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 24445; Williams to Payne, July 21, 1831, Payne Papers; 24445; Williams to Payne, July 21, 1831, Payne Papers; United States Telegraph, United States Telegraph, November 19, 1831; Clay to Clay, November 30, 1831, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Kirwan, November 19, 1831; Clay to Clay, November 30, 1831, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 8991. 8991.

55. Tazewell to Tazewell, January 29, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Smith, Tazewell to Tazewell, January 29, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 324, 332; Clay to Erwin, December 25, 1831, Clay to Clay, December 7, 1831, January 8, 1832, May 20, 1832, Clay to Clay, January 17, 1832, March 26, 1832, April 9, 1832, June 7, 1832, Clay to Hunt, February 13, 1832, Clay to Clay, February 21, 1832, April 7, 1832, Erwin to Clay, April 1, 1832, Clay to Brown, October 23, 1832, 324, 332; Clay to Erwin, December 25, 1831, Clay to Clay, December 7, 1831, January 8, 1832, May 20, 1832, Clay to Clay, January 17, 1832, March 26, 1832, April 9, 1832, June 7, 1832, Clay to Hunt, February 13, 1832, Clay to Clay, February 21, 1832, April 7, 1832, Erwin to Clay, April 1, 1832, Clay to Brown, October 23, 1832, HCP HCP 8:427, 43738, 442, 446, 462, 465, 48081, 486, 488, 489, 520, 529, 587; Clay to Clay, February 28, 1832, Clay Family Papers, LOC. 8:427, 43738, 442, 446, 462, 465, 48081, 486, 488, 489, 520, 529, 587; Clay to Clay, February 28, 1832, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

56. Smith, Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 325. 325.

57. Johnston to Clay, December 12, 1831, Clay to Livingston, December 13, 1831, Brown to Clay, December 16, 1831, Johnston to Clay, December 12, 1831, Clay to Livingston, December 13, 1831, Brown to Clay, December 16, 1831, HCP HCP 8:431, 432, 433; Masur, 1831, 9596; Tregle, 8:431, 432, 433; Masur, 1831, 9596; Tregle, Louisiana in Age of Jackson, Louisiana in Age of Jackson, 254; Sergeant to Webster, April 9, 1831, Miner to Webster, September 8, 1831, Spencer to Webster, October 24, 1831, Webster, 254; Sergeant to Webster, April 9, 1831, Miner to Webster, September 8, 1831, Spencer to Webster, October 24, 1831, Webster, Papers, Papers, 3:109, 122, 13032; McCormick, 3:109, 122, 13032; McCormick, Presidential Game, Presidential Game, 137; 137; Daily National Journal, Daily National Journal, December 16, 1831. December 16, 1831.

58. Knupfer, Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 145. 145.

59. Prentiss, Prentiss, Memoir, Memoir, 1:125. 1:125.

60. Perley's Reminiscences, Perley's Reminiscences, 1:14344. 1:14344.

61. Moore to Edwards, December 31, 1831, Ninian Wirt Edwards, Moore to Edwards, December 31, 1831, Ninian Wirt Edwards, History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833: and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards History of Illinois, from 1778 to 1833: and Life and Times of Ninian Edwards (Springfield: Illinois State Journal, 1870), 509. (Springfield: Illinois State Journal, 1870), 509.

62. Theodore D. Jervey, Theodore D. Jervey, Robert Y. Hayne and His Times Robert Y. Hayne and His Times (New York: Macmillan, 1909), 300. (New York: Macmillan, 1909), 300.

63. Bates to Bates, February 28, 1828, Bates Papers. Bates to Bates, February 28, 1828, Bates Papers.

64. Johnston to Floyd, December 16, 1831, John B. Floyd Papers, W&M; Booker to Austin, August 20, 1831, Austin-Twyman Papers; Parker to Tazewell, February 6, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Clay to Snowden, September 25, 1831, Johnston to Floyd, December 16, 1831, John B. Floyd Papers, W&M; Booker to Austin, August 20, 1831, Austin-Twyman Papers; Parker to Tazewell, February 6, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Clay to Snowden, September 25, 1831, HCP HCP 8:405. 8:405.

65. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Samuel Flagg Bemis, John Quincy Adams and the Union John Quincy Adams and the Union (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 28286. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 28286.

66. Clay to Adams, July 26, 1831, Clay to Adams, July 26, 1831, HCP HCP 8:379. 8:379.

67. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 8:443. 8:443.

68. Ibid., 8:44447; Bemis, Ibid., 8:44447; Bemis, Adams and the Union, Adams and the Union, 244. 244.

69. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 58; Felix A. Nigro, "The Van Buren Confirmation Before the Senate," 58; Felix A. Nigro, "The Van Buren Confirmation Before the Senate," Western Political Quarterly Western Political Quarterly 14 (March 1961): 151; Merrill D. Peterson, 14 (March 1961): 151; Merrill D. Peterson, Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 Olive Branch and Sword: The Compromise of 1833 (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 27; Floyd to Calhoun, January 2, 1832, Calhoun, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1982), 27; Floyd to Calhoun, January 2, 1832, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 11:537. 11:537.

70. Edwin A. Miles, "Andrew Jackson and Senator George Poindexter," Edwin A. Miles, "Andrew Jackson and Senator George Poindexter," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 24 (February 1958): 54; Nigro, "Van Buren Confirmation," 15255; Van Deusen, 24 (February 1958): 54; Nigro, "Van Buren Confirmation," 15255; Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 58; Clay to Porter, January 14, 1832, Speech, January 25, 1832, 58; Clay to Porter, January 14, 1832, Speech, January 25, 1832, HCP HCP 8:445, 450. 8:445, 450.

71. Nigro, "Van Buren Confirmation,"152, 157. Nigro, "Van Buren Confirmation,"152, 157.

72. Tazewell to Tazewell, January 29, 1832, Parker to Tazewell, February 6, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Howe, Tazewell to Tazewell, January 29, 1832, Parker to Tazewell, February 6, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 378; Jackson to Coffee, January 27, 1832, Bassett, 378; Jackson to Coffee, January 27, 1832, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:402; Van Deusen, 4:402; Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 58. 58.

73. Comment in Senate, December 20, 1831, Niles to Clay, January 17, 1832, Comment in Senate, December 20, 1831, Niles to Clay, January 17, 1832, HCP HCP 8:435, 446; Van Deusen, 8:435, 446; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 250; Parks, 250; Parks, Grundy, Grundy, 187; Saunders to Mangum, January 23, 1832, Mangum, 187; Saunders to Mangum, January 23, 1832, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 1:463. 1:463.

74. John A. Munroe, John A. Munroe, Louis McLane: Federalist and Jacksonian Louis McLane: Federalist and Jacksonian (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 313; (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1973), 313; Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 22 Cong., 1 sess., 256. 22 Cong., 1 sess., 256.

75. Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 22 Cong., 1 sess., 25764, 27377. 22 Cong., 1 sess., 25764, 27377.

76. Ibid., 266. Ibid., 266.

77. Ibid., 29697. Ibid., 29697.

78. Munroe, Munroe, Louis McLane, Louis McLane, 332. 332.

79. O'Brien to Mangum, Mangum, O'Brien to Mangum, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 1:495. 1:495.

80. Daniel Feller, Daniel Feller, The Public Lands in Jacksonian Politics The Public Lands in Jacksonian Politics (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 107, 147, 149; Van Atta, "Western Lands," 656; Van Deusen, (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1984), 107, 147, 149; Van Atta, "Western Lands," 656; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 253; Peterson, 253; Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 3132.

81. Clay to Brooke, March 28, 1832, Clay to Brooke, March 28, 1832, HCP HCP 8:48182; Chambers, 8:48182; Chambers, Bullion Benton, Bullion Benton, 19091; Feller, 19091; Feller, Public Lands, Public Lands, 15051; Van Deusen, 15051; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 25354; Richard G. Miller, "The Tariff of 1832: The Issue That Failed," 25354; Richard G. Miller, "The Tariff of 1832: The Issue That Failed," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 49 (July 1979): 223; Clay to Wolcott, April 18, 1832, Henry Clay Papers, Duke. 49 (July 1979): 223; Clay to Wolcott, April 18, 1832, Henry Clay Papers, Duke.

82. Peterson, Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 3338; Niven, Calhoun, Calhoun, 185; Bemis, 185; Bemis, Adams and the Union, Adams and the Union, 246; Wickham to Tazewell, June 18, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Clay to Brooke, June 29, 1832, Clay Papers, Duke. 246; Wickham to Tazewell, June 18, 1832, Tazewell Family Papers; Clay to Brooke, June 29, 1832, Clay Papers, Duke.

83. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 47; Latner, 47; Latner, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 108; Feller, 108; Feller, Jacksonian Promise, Jacksonian Promise, 43; Lawrence Frederick Kohl, 43; Lawrence Frederick Kohl, The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era The Politics of Individualism: Parties and the American Character in the Jacksonian Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 19192; Grundy to Jackson, October 22, 1829, Ingham to Jackson, November 26, 1829, November 27, 1829, Berrien to Jackson, November 27, 1829, Bassett, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 19192; Grundy to Jackson, October 22, 1829, Ingham to Jackson, November 26, 1829, November 27, 1829, Berrien to Jackson, November 27, 1829, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:83, 9295. Ironically, one of the leaders of the pro-bank faction in Tennessee was Andrew Erwin, father of Clay's son-in-law James Erwin. See Charles G. Sellers, Jr., "Banking and Politics in Jackson's Tennessee, 18171827," 4:83, 9295. Ironically, one of the leaders of the pro-bank faction in Tennessee was Andrew Erwin, father of Clay's son-in-law James Erwin. See Charles G. Sellers, Jr., "Banking and Politics in Jackson's Tennessee, 18171827," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 41 (June 1954): 82. 41 (June 1954): 82.

84. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 62; Clay to Biddle, September 11, 1830, 62; Clay to Biddle, September 11, 1830, HCP HCP 8:26364. 8:26364.

85. Jackson to Van Buren, December 6, 1831, Jackson to Randolph, December 22, 1831, Bassett, Jackson to Van Buren, December 6, 1831, Jackson to Randolph, December 22, 1831, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:379, 387; Smith, 4:379, 387; Smith, Blair, Blair, 67; Belohlavek, 67; Belohlavek, Dallas, Dallas, 39; William O. Lynch, 39; William O. Lynch, Fifty Years of Party Warfare Fifty Years of Party Warfare (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931), 407; Howe, (Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1931), 407; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 37778; Edwin J. Perkins, "Lost Opportunities for Compromise in the Bank War: A Reassessment of Jackson's Veto Message," 37778; Edwin J. Perkins, "Lost Opportunities for Compromise in the Bank War: A Reassessment of Jackson's Veto Message," Business History Review Business History Review 61 (1987): 53335; Clay to Biddle, December 15, 1831, Clay to Brooke, December 25, 1831, 61 (1987): 53335; Clay to Biddle, December 15, 1831, Clay to Brooke, December 25, 1831, HCP HCP 8:43233, 437; Catterall, 8:43233, 437; Catterall, Second Bank of the United States, Second Bank of the United States, 21517; Holt, 21517; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 16. 16.

86. Howe, Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 378; Walter Buckingham Smith, 378; Walter Buckingham Smith, Economic Aspects of the Second Bank of the United States Economic Aspects of the Second Bank of the United States (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953), 154; Perkins, "Lost Opportunities," 537; Clay to Brooke, June 29, 1832, Clay Papers, Duke; Clay to Conover, June 30, 1832, (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1953), 154; Perkins, "Lost Opportunities," 537; Clay to Brooke, June 29, 1832, Clay Papers, Duke; Clay to Conover, June 30, 1832, HCP HCP 8:547; Jean Wilburn, 8:547; Jean Wilburn, Biddle's Bank: The Crucial Years Biddle's Bank: The Crucial Years (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 6. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 6.

87. Van Buren, Van Buren, Autobiography, Autobiography, 625; Watson, 625; Watson, Liberty and Power, Liberty and Power, 143. 143.

88. Richard P. Longaker, "Andrew Jackson and the Judiciary," Richard P. Longaker, "Andrew Jackson and the Judiciary," Political Science Quarterly Political Science Quarterly 71 (September 1956): 35051; Amy Bridges, 71 (September 1956): 35051; Amy Bridges, A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origin of Machine Politics A City in the Republic: Antebellum New York and the Origin of Machine Politics (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 26; Feller, (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 26; Feller, Jacksonian Promise, Jacksonian Promise, 170; Lynn L. Marshall, "The Authorship of Jackson's Bank Veto Message," 170; Lynn L. Marshall, "The Authorship of Jackson's Bank Veto Message," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 50 (December 1963): 46677. 50 (December 1963): 46677.

89. Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 22 Cong., 1 sess., 122140, 125667, 1272. 22 Cong., 1 sess., 122140, 125667, 1272.

90. Ibid., 1293. Ibid., 1293.

91. Ibid., 1294. Ibid., 1294.

92. Ibid., 129496. Ibid., 129496.

93. McCaulley to Clay, July 15, 1832, Clay to Brooke, July 20, 1832, McCaulley to Clay, July 15, 1832, Clay to Brooke, July 20, 1832, HCP HCP 8:551, 554. 8:551, 554.

94. Robert S. Conte, "The Celebrated White Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier: Nineteenth Century Travel Accounts," Robert S. Conte, "The Celebrated White Sulphur Springs of Greenbrier: Nineteenth Century Travel Accounts," West Virginia History West Virginia History 42 (SpringSummer 1981): 191201. 42 (SpringSummer 1981): 191201.

95. Biddle to Clay, August 1, 1832, Biddle to Clay, August 1, 1832, HCP HCP 8:556; Washington 8:556; Washington Globe, Globe, July 23, 1832. July 23, 1832.

96. Clay to Brooke, April 9, 1832, April 13, 1832, Clay to Brooke, April 9, 1832, April 13, 1832, HCP HCP 8:489, 491; Green to Calhoun, September 7, 1829, Calhoun, 8:489, 491; Green to Calhoun, September 7, 1829, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 11:74; Robert Seager, "Henry Clay and the Politics of Compromise and Non-Compromise," 11:74; Robert Seager, "Henry Clay and the Politics of Compromise and Non-Compromise," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 85 (Winter 1987): 12; Clement Eaton, 85 (Winter 1987): 12; Clement Eaton, Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics Henry Clay and the Art of American Politics (Boston: Little, Brown, 1957), 1012. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1957), 1012.

97. Wirt to Carr, October 25, 1832, Kennedy, Wirt to Carr, October 25, 1832, Kennedy, Wirt, Wirt, 2:37980; Ronald P. Formisano, 2:37980; Ronald P. Formisano, The Transition of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s1840s The Transition of Political Culture: Massachusetts Parties, 1790s1840s (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 205; Van Deusen, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983), 205; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 261; Clay to Sloane, October 4, 1831, Clay to Watson et al., October 8, 1831, 261; Clay to Sloane, October 4, 1831, Clay to Watson et al., October 8, 1831, HCP HCP 8:396, 415; Lee Benson, 8:396, 415; Lee Benson, The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case The Concept of Jacksonian Democracy: New York as a Test Case (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 6061. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1961), 6061.

98. Latner, Latner, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 138; Perry M. Goldman, "Political Virtue in the Age of Jackson," 138; Perry M. Goldman, "Political Virtue in the Age of Jackson," Political Science Quarterly Political Science Quarterly 87 (March 1972): 47. 87 (March 1972): 47.

99. Clay to Clay to National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, January 24, 1832, January 24, 1832, HCP HCP 8:44849. 8:44849.

100. Clay to Hammond, August 27, 1832, Clay to Thompson, August 27, 1832, Clay to Webster, August 27, 1832, Clay to Dearborn, September 6, 1832, Clay to Lawrence, September 6, 1832, Clay to Conover, September 8, 1832, ibid., 8:563, 56566, 56972, 11:240; McCalla to Blair, August 29, 1832, Francis Preston Blair Papers, LOC. Clay to Hammond, August 27, 1832, Clay to Thompson, August 27, 1832, Clay to Webster, August 27, 1832, Clay to Dearborn, September 6, 1832, Clay to Lawrence, September 6, 1832, Clay to Conover, September 8, 1832, ibid., 8:563, 56566, 56972, 11:240; McCalla to Blair, August 29, 1832, Francis Preston Blair Papers, LOC.

101. Webster to Clay, October 22, 1832, Papers of Daniel Webster, UVA; Clay to unknown recipient, October 27, 1832, Dearborn to Clay, October 29, 1832, October 30, 1832, Everett and Everett to Clay, October 29, 1832, Webster to Clay, October 22, 1832, Papers of Daniel Webster, UVA; Clay to unknown recipient, October 27, 1832, Dearborn to Clay, October 29, 1832, October 30, 1832, Everett and Everett to Clay, October 29, 1832, HCP HCP 8:59091, 592, 593; Sprague to Dearborn, October 23, 1832, Joseph E. Sprague Letter, LOC. 8:59091, 592, 593; Sprague to Dearborn, October 23, 1832, Joseph E. Sprague Letter, LOC.

102. Howe, Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 385; Van Deusen, 385; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 262. 262.

103. Crittenden to Clay, November 17, 1832, Crittenden to Clay, November 17, 1832, HCP HCP 8:599. 8:599.

104. Clay to Mayer, January 21, 1832, ibid., 8:447. Clay to Mayer, January 21, 1832, ibid., 8:447.

105. Clay to Spencer, May 12, 1832, ibid., 8:511. Clay to Spencer, May 12, 1832, ibid., 8:511.

106. Clay to Hammond, November 17, 1832, ibid., 8:599. Clay to Hammond, November 17, 1832, ibid., 8:599.

107. Knupfer, Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 12122, 129; Williams to Floyd, April 16, 1832, George Frederick Holmes Papers, W&M; Clay to Greene, May 15, 1832, 12122, 129; Williams to Floyd, April 16, 1832, George Frederick Holmes Papers, W&M; Clay to Greene, May 15, 1832, HCP HCP 8:513. 8:513.

108. Clay to Brown, December 9, 1832, Clay to Brown, December 9, 1832, HCP HCP 8:602. 8:602.

109. Clay to Caldwell, December 9, 1832, ibid. Clay to Caldwell, December 9, 1832, ibid.

110. Freehling, Freehling, Prelude to Civil War, Prelude to Civil War, 26264; Ellis, 26264; Ellis, Union at Risk, Union at Risk, 46; Jackson to Coffee, July 17, 1832, Bassett, 46; Jackson to Coffee, July 17, 1832, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:462; Clay to Brooke, March 28, 1832, 4:462; Clay to Brooke, March 28, 1832, HCP HCP 8:482. 8:482.

111. Stoddart to Clay, November 12, 1832, Clay to Brooke, December 12, 1832, Stoddart to Clay, November 12, 1832, Clay to Brooke, December 12, 1832, HCP HCP 8:59798, 603; Smith, 8:59798, 603; Smith, Blair, Blair, 265. 265.

112. Peterson, Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 52; Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 111; Clay to Barbour, March 10, 1832, Clay to Davis, March 10, 1832, Draft Proposal, December 1832, 111; Clay to Barbour, March 10, 1832, Clay to Davis, March 10, 1832, Draft Proposal, December 1832, HCP HCP 8:472, 473, 604; Paul C. Nagel, 8:472, 473, 604; Paul C. Nagel, One Nation Indivisible: The Union in American Thought, One Nation Indivisible: The Union in American Thought, 17761861 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 2930. 17761861 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1971), 2930.

113. Clay to Clay, January 3, 1833, Clay to Helm, January 5, 1833, Clay to Brooke, January 17, 1833, January 24, 1833, Clay to Clay, January 3, 1833, Clay to Helm, January 5, 1833, Clay to Brooke, January 17, 1833, January 24, 1833, HCP HCP 8:608, 609, 61314, 615; Knupfer, 8:608, 609, 61314, 615; Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 120; Charles Henry Ambler, 120; Charles Henry Ambler, The Life and Diary of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia, an Apostle of Secession, and the Father of the Oregon Country The Life and Diary of John Floyd, Governor of Virginia, an Apostle of Secession, and the Father of the Oregon Country (Richmond, VA: Richmond Press, 1918), 210. (Richmond, VA: Richmond Press, 1918), 210.

114. Peterson, Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 6566; Smith, Blair, Blair, 267; Cole, 267; Cole, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 171. 171.

115. Clay to Webster, February 5, 1833, Clay to Webster, February 5, 1833, HCP HCP 8:618; Webster to Hopkinson, February 9, 1833, Webster, 8:618; Webster to Hopkinson, February 9, 1833, Webster, Papers, Papers, 3:213; Peterson, 3:213; Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 5455, 68; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 8:524; Niven, 8:524; Niven, Calhoun, Calhoun, 193; Howe, 193; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 407. 407.

116. Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 22 Cong., 2 sess., 432, 46273. 22 Cong., 2 sess., 432, 46273.

117. Ibid., 47374, 478; Draft Proposal, December 1832, Ibid., 47374, 478; Draft Proposal, December 1832, HCP HCP 8:604; David E. Ericson, "The Nullification Crisis, American Republicanism, and the Force Bill Debate," 8:604; David E. Ericson, "The Nullification Crisis, American Republicanism, and the Force Bill Debate," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 61 (May 1995): 253; Hammett to White, February 12, 1833, William Hammett Letters, VHS. 61 (May 1995): 253; Hammett to White, February 12, 1833, William Hammett Letters, VHS.

118. Peterson, Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 7276; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 268; Niven, 268; Niven, Calhoun, Calhoun, 194; Clay to Brooke, February 14, 1833, 194; Clay to Brooke, February 14, 1833, HCP HCP 8:623; Cole, 8:623; Cole, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 169; Ellis, 169; Ellis, Union at Risk, Union at Risk, 174. 174.

119. Latner, Latner, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 159; Richard B. Latner, "The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion," 159; Richard B. Latner, "The Nullification Crisis and Republican Subversion," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 43 (February 1977): 2425, 33; Speech, February 25, 1833, 43 (February 1977): 2425, 33; Speech, February 25, 1833, HCP HCP 8:62627; Ellis, 8:62627; Ellis, Union at Risk, Union at Risk, 173. 173.

120. Comment, February 21, 1833, Comment, February 21, 1833, HCP HCP 8:625; Cole, 8:625; Cole, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 173; Major L. Wilson, 173; Major L. Wilson, The Presidency of Martin Van Buren The Presidency of Martin Van Buren (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984), 11; Peterson, (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1984), 11; Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 78. South Carolina repealed its ordinance of nullification for the tariff and, in a symbolic gesture, nullified the Force Act. See Ellis, Union at Risk, Union at Risk, 177. 177.

121. Peterson, Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 83; Feller, Public Lands, Public Lands, 164; Major L. Wilson, "'Liberty and Union': An Analysis of Three Concepts Involved in the Nullification Controversy," 164; Major L. Wilson, "'Liberty and Union': An Analysis of Three Concepts Involved in the Nullification Controversy," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 33 (August 1967): 35354; Howe, 33 (August 1967): 35354; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 409. 409.

122. Knupfer, Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 145; Ellis, 145; Ellis, Union at Risk, Union at Risk, 9495; Paul Murray, 9495; Paul Murray, The Whig Party in Georgia, The Whig Party in Georgia, 18251853 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), 34; Hammett to White, February 11, 1833, Hammett Letters; Ambler, 18251853 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1948), 34; Hammett to White, February 11, 1833, Hammett Letters; Ambler, Diary of John Floyd, Diary of John Floyd, 212; Thomas B. Jones, "Henry Clay and Continental Expansion, 18201844," 212; Thomas B. Jones, "Henry Clay and Continental Expansion, 18201844," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 73 (1975): 25859; 73 (1975): 25859; United States Telegraph, United States Telegraph, February 28, 1833; Clay to Johnston, March 15, 1833, February 28, 1833; Clay to Johnston, March 15, 1833, HCP HCP 8:633; Patton to Tazewell, April 1833, Tazewell Family Papers; Hall to Macon, February 22, 1833, Macon Papers; Emanuel to Carter, March 28, 1834, Carter Family Papers, W&M. 8:633; Patton to Tazewell, April 1833, Tazewell Family Papers; Hall to Macon, February 22, 1833, Macon Papers; Emanuel to Carter, March 28, 1834, Carter Family Papers, W&M.

123. Comment, January 14, 1833, Comment, January 14, 1833, HCP HCP 8:613. 8:613.

124. Van Buren, Van Buren, Autobiography, Autobiography, 426; Van Deusen, 426; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 270; Peterson, 270; Peterson, Compromise of 1833 Compromise of 1833, 51; Bruce, Randolph of Roanoke, Randolph of Roanoke, 2:36; Knupfer, 2:36; Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 119; Clay to Brooke, March 11, 1833 119; Clay to Brooke, March 11, 1833, HCP 8:631. A story, perhaps apocryphal, made the rounds that Randolph had asked that when he was buried he be positioned facing west so that he could always keep an eye on Henry Clay. 8:631. A story, perhaps apocryphal, made the rounds that Randolph had asked that when he was buried he be positioned facing west so that he could always keep an eye on Henry Clay.

125. Robert Douthat Meade, "John Randolph of Roanoke: Some New Information," Robert Douthat Meade, "John Randolph of Roanoke: Some New Information," William and Mary Quarterly William and Mary Quarterly 13 (October 1933): 256; Lorenzo Sabine, 13 (October 1933): 256; Lorenzo Sabine, Notes on Duels and Dueling Notes on Duels and Dueling (Boston: Crosby, Nichols, 1955), 11011. (Boston: Crosby, Nichols, 1955), 11011.

CHAPTER NINE.

Whig 1. Clay to Williams, April 9, 1833, Clay to Biddle, April 10, 1833, Clay to Clay, April 14, 1833, Clay to Helm, April 20, 1833, Clay to Brooke, May 30, 1833, Clay to Williams, April 9, 1833, Clay to Biddle, April 10, 1833, Clay to Clay, April 14, 1833, Clay to Helm, April 20, 1833, Clay to Brooke, May 30, 1833, HCP HCP 8:636, 637, 638, 644. 8:636, 637, 638, 644.

2. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, January 2, 1832; Washington January 2, 1832; Washington Globe, Globe, November 20, 1833. November 20, 1833.

3. Kohn to Kohn, November 14, 1832, Carl Kohn Letterbook, Historic New Orleans Collection; Remark in Senate, June 27, 1832, Clay to Porter, July 2, 1833, Kohn to Kohn, November 14, 1832, Carl Kohn Letterbook, Historic New Orleans Collection; Remark in Senate, June 27, 1832, Clay to Porter, July 2, 1833, HCP HCP 8:545, 654; Howe, 8:545, 654; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 470; Nancy D. Baird, "Asiatic Cholera's First Visit to Kentucky: A Study in Panic and Fear," 470; Nancy D. Baird, "Asiatic Cholera's First Visit to Kentucky: A Study in Panic and Fear," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 48 (July 1974): 228. 48 (July 1974): 228.

4. Clay to Clay, June 7, 1833, Clay to Clay, June 7, 1833, HCP HCP 8:648; Baird, "Asiatic Cholera's First Visit to Kentucky," 23031. 8:648; Baird, "Asiatic Cholera's First Visit to Kentucky," 23031.

5. Natchez Natchez Daily Courier, Daily Courier, May 24, 31, 1833; May 24, 31, 1833; United States Telegraph, United States Telegraph, June 8, 1833; William Henry Sparks, June 8, 1833; William Henry Sparks, The Memories of Fifty Years: Containing Brief Biographical Notices of Distinguished Americans, and Anecdotes of Remarkable Men, The Memories of Fifty Years: Containing Brief Biographical Notices of Distinguished Americans, and Anecdotes of Remarkable Men, 3rd edition (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1872), 460; Clay to Porter, June 16, 1833, 3rd edition (Philadelphia: Claxton, Remsen & Haffelfinger, 1872), 460; Clay to Porter, June 16, 1833, HCP HCP 8:651. 8:651.

6. Letcher to Clay, December 26, 1829, Sibley to Clay, May 22, 1833, Clay to Everett, July 23, 1833, Letcher to Clay, December 26, 1829, Sibley to Clay, May 22, 1833, Clay to Everett, July 23, 1833, HCP HCP 8:163, 642, 651, 660. 8:163, 642, 651, 660.

7. Howe, Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 23; 23; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, June 22, 1833, July 13, 1833. June 22, 1833, July 13, 1833.

8. Clay to Clay, July 23, 1833, Clay to Brown, October 8, 1833, Clay to Erwin, October 13, 1833, Clay to Clay, July 23, 1833, Clay to Brown, October 8, 1833, Clay to Erwin, October 13, 1833, HCP HCP 8:659, 664, 665. 8:659, 664, 665.

9. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 9:25; 9:25; National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, October 16, 1833. October 16, 1833.

10. Clay to Webster, June 17, 1833, Webster to Clay, June 22, 1833, Speech, October 21, 1833, Clay to Clay, December 1, 1833, Clay to Webster, June 17, 1833, Webster to Clay, June 22, 1833, Speech, October 21, 1833, Clay to Clay, December 1, 1833, HCP HCP 8: 651, 653, 669, 11:25254; Quincy, 8: 651, 653, 669, 11:25254; Quincy, Life of Quincy, Life of Quincy, 301; Brooks, 301; Brooks, Ashland, Ashland, 15. 15.

11. Clay to Patrick, July 5, 1833, Clay to Clay, December 5, 1833, December 14, 1833, February 17, 1834, March 19, 1834, Clay to Erwin, October 13, 1833, December 21, 1833, Physick to Clay, April 19, 1834, Clay to Patrick, July 5, 1833, Clay to Clay, December 5, 1833, December 14, 1833, February 17, 1834, March 19, 1834, Clay to Erwin, October 13, 1833, December 21, 1833, Physick to Clay, April 19, 1834, HCP HCP 8:655, 665, 671, 67576, 681, 698, 706, 715; Van Deusen, 8:655, 665, 671, 67576, 681, 698, 706, 715; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 273. 273.

12. Curtis, "Political Travail of Martin Van Buren," 25354. Curtis, "Political Travail of Martin Van Buren," 25354.

13. Jackson to Polk, December 16, 1832, Hamilton to Jackson, February 28, 1833, Taney to Jackson, March 1833, Jackson to Cabinet, March 19, 1833, Jackson to White, March 24, 1833, McLane to Jackson, May 20, 1833, Kendall to Van Buren, June 9, 1833, Bassett, Jackson to Polk, December 16, 1832, Hamilton to Jackson, February 28, 1833, Taney to Jackson, March 1833, Jackson to Cabinet, March 19, 1833, Jackson to White, March 24, 1833, McLane to Jackson, May 20, 1833, Kendall to Van Buren, June 9, 1833, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:501, 5:22, 3241, 4647, 77101, 1068; Holt, 4:501, 5:22, 3241, 4647, 77101, 1068; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 24; McLane to Biddle, February 1, 1833, Louis McLane Papers, Duke; Kendall to Blair, May 12, 1829, Blair Papers, LOC. 24; McLane to Biddle, February 1, 1833, Louis McLane Papers, Duke; Kendall to Blair, May 12, 1829, Blair Papers, LOC.

14. Latner, Latner, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 170; McLane to Jackson, May 20, 1833, Jackson to Duane, June 26, 1833, July 12, 1833, July 17, 1833, July 22, 1833, July 23, 1833, September 21, 1833, September 23, 1833, Duane to Jackson, July 22, 1833, Jackson to Van Buren, August 16, 1833, September 8, 1833, September 15, 1833, September 22, 1833, Jackson to Taney, September 15, 1833, September 23, 1833, Bassett, 170; McLane to Jackson, May 20, 1833, Jackson to Duane, June 26, 1833, July 12, 1833, July 17, 1833, July 22, 1833, July 23, 1833, September 21, 1833, September 23, 1833, Duane to Jackson, July 22, 1833, Jackson to Van Buren, August 16, 1833, September 8, 1833, September 15, 1833, September 22, 1833, Jackson to Taney, September 15, 1833, September 23, 1833, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 5:77101, 11122, 12829, 13142, 159, 182, 18788, 2046; Jackson to Taney, March 12, 1833, August 11, 1833, Roger B. Taney Papers, MHS; Kearny to Smith, January 19, 1834, Philip Kearny Letter, Filson; Peter Temin, "The Economic Consequences of Bank War," 5:77101, 11122, 12829, 13142, 159, 182, 18788, 2046; Jackson to Taney, March 12, 1833, August 11, 1833, Roger B. Taney Papers, MHS; Kearny to Smith, January 19, 1834, Philip Kearny Letter, Filson; Peter Temin, "The Economic Consequences of Bank War," The Journal of Political Economy The Journal of Political Economy 76 (MarchApril 1968): 258. 76 (MarchApril 1968): 258.

15. Remark, December 9, 1833, Clay to Brown, December 10, 1833, Remark, December 9, 1833, Clay to Brown, December 10, 1833, HCP HCP 8:672, 673. 8:672, 673.

16. Jackson draft, September 1833, Bassett, Jackson draft, September 1833, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 5:192201; Parks, 5:192201; Parks, Grundy, Grundy, 222; Cole, 222; Cole, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 205; Adams, 205; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 9:51; Clay to Clayton, December 12, 1833, Clay to Erwin, December 21, 1833, 9:51; Clay to Clayton, December 12, 1833, Clay to Erwin, December 21, 1833, HCP HCP 674, 681, 698; Mangum to Montgomery, December 18, 1833, Mangum, 674, 681, 698; Mangum to Montgomery, December 18, 1833, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 2:55. 2:55.

17. Clay to Tazewell, February 1, 1834, Clay to Tazewell, February 1, 1834, HCP HCP 8: 693; Holt, 8: 693; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 24. 24.

18. Clay to Brooke, December 16, 1833, Clay to Brooke, December 16, 1833, HCP HCP 8:679. 8:679.

19. Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 23 Cong., 1 sess., 74, 94; Harrington, "Clay and the Classics," 244; Catterall, 23 Cong., 1 sess., 74, 94; Harrington, "Clay and the Classics," 244; Catterall, Second Bank of the United States, Second Bank of the United States, 335, Clay to Porter, December 26, 1833, 335, Clay to Porter, December 26, 1833, HCP HCP 8:683. 8:683.

20. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 281; Smith, 281; Smith, Blair, Blair, 86; Cole, 86; Cole, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 205; Clay to Brooke, February 10, 1834, 205; Clay to Brooke, February 10, 1834, HCP HCP 8:696. 8:696.

21. Niven, Niven, Calhoun, Calhoun, 209; Bartlett, 209; Bartlett, Calhoun, Calhoun, 205; Moore to McDowell, February 7, 1834, McDowell Papers. 205; Moore to McDowell, February 7, 1834, McDowell Papers.