56. Kendall to Clay, February 6, 1828, May 28, 1828, October 1, 1828, Todd to Clay, February 18, 1828, Blair to Clay, March 4, 1828, Marshall to Clay, May 1, 1828, Clay to Harvie, June 5, 1828, Kendall to Clay, February 6, 1828, May 28, 1828, October 1, 1828, Todd to Clay, February 18, 1828, Blair to Clay, March 4, 1828, Marshall to Clay, May 1, 1828, Clay to Harvie, June 5, 1828, HCP HCP 7:81, 104, 13940, 25455, 3067, 32731, 480; Adams, 7:81, 104, 13940, 25455, 3067, 32731, 480; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 8:28. 8:28.

57. Clay to Erwin, June 19, 1824, April 21, 1827, August 4, 1827, Erwin to Clay, May 21, 1827, Clay to Everett, May 2, 1827, Receipt from Decatur, June 5, 1827, Decatur to Clay, September 15, 1827, Clay to Adams, July 7, 1828, Clay to Erwin, June 19, 1824, April 21, 1827, August 4, 1827, Erwin to Clay, May 21, 1827, Clay to Everett, May 2, 1827, Receipt from Decatur, June 5, 1827, Decatur to Clay, September 15, 1827, Clay to Adams, July 7, 1828, HCP HCP 3:781, 6:471, 507, 576, 649, 849, 103839, 7:375. 3:781, 6:471, 507, 576, 649, 849, 103839, 7:375.

58. Barraud to Baker, 1828, Barraud Family Papers, W&M; Clay to Crowninshield, March 18, 1827, Speech, June 20, 1827, Porter to Clay, November 22, 1827, Barraud to Baker, 1828, Barraud Family Papers, W&M; Clay to Crowninshield, March 18, 1827, Speech, June 20, 1827, Porter to Clay, November 22, 1827, HCP HCP 6:320, 700703, 13034. 6:320, 700703, 13034.

59. Glyndon G. Van Deusen, Glyndon G. Van Deusen, The Jacksonian Era, 18281848 The Jacksonian Era, 18281848 (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), 33; William Seale, (New York: Harper & Row, 1959), 33; William Seale, The President's House: A History, The President's House: A History, 2 volumes (Washington, DC: White House Historical Association, 1986), 1:17273. 2 volumes (Washington, DC: White House Historical Association, 1986), 1:17273.

60. Michael F. Holt, Michael F. Holt, The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 10; Clay to Everett, May 22, 1827, Clay to Connant, October 29, 1827, Clay to Brooke, November 24, 1827, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 10; Clay to Everett, May 22, 1827, Clay to Connant, October 29, 1827, Clay to Brooke, November 24, 1827, HCP HCP 6:580, 1197, 1312; Barbour to Stuart, December 16, 1827, Papers of Alexander H. H. Stuart, UVA; Polk to Jackson, April 13, 1828, Jackson, 6:580, 1197, 1312; Barbour to Stuart, December 16, 1827, Papers of Alexander H. H. Stuart, UVA; Polk to Jackson, April 13, 1828, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:44446; Harry L. Watson, 6:44446; Harry L. Watson, Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict: The Emergence of the Second Party System in Cumberland County North Carolina Jacksonian Politics and Community Conflict: The Emergence of the Second Party System in Cumberland County North Carolina (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 152; Warshauer, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1981), 152; Warshauer, Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law, Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law, 5859. 5859.

61. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 22728; Norma Basch, "Marriage, Morals, and Politics in the Election of 1828," 22728; Norma Basch, "Marriage, Morals, and Politics in the Election of 1828," The Journal of American History The Journal of American History 80 (December 1993), 891, 896; Clay to Hammond, December 23, 1826, Hammond to Clay, January 3, 1827, 80 (December 1993), 891, 896; Clay to Hammond, December 23, 1826, Hammond to Clay, January 3, 1827, HCP HCP 5:102324, 6:5; Jackson to Call, May 3, 1827, Jackson, 5:102324, 6:5; Jackson to Call, May 3, 1827, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:31516; 6:31516; United States Telegraph, United States Telegraph, July 7, 1827. July 7, 1827.

62. Houston to Jackson, January 5, 1827, Hayne to Jackson, June 5, 1827, Jackson, Houston to Jackson, January 5, 1827, Hayne to Jackson, June 5, 1827, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:25657, 33233; Eaton to Jackson, January 21, 1828, Bassett, 6:25657, 33233; Eaton to Jackson, January 21, 1828, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 3:38990; Clay to Erwin, August 4, 1827, Johnston to Clay, September 13, 1827, 3:38990; Clay to Erwin, August 4, 1827, Johnston to Clay, September 13, 1827, HCP HCP 6:850, 1030. 6:850, 1030.

63. Whittlesey to Clay, March 13, 1827, Sergeant to Clay, August 23, 1827, Johnston to Clay, September 13, 1827, Rochester to Clay, October 9, 1827, Clay to Webster, October 25, 1827, Whittlesey to Clay, March 13, 1827, Sergeant to Clay, August 23, 1827, Johnston to Clay, September 13, 1827, Rochester to Clay, October 9, 1827, Clay to Webster, October 25, 1827, HCP HCP 6:300, 1030, 1130, 1187; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," 6:300, 1030, 1130, 1187; Major Wilson, "Republicanism and the Idea of Party in the Jacksonian Period," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 8 (Winter 1988), 439; Van Deusen, 8 (Winter 1988), 439; Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 29; Holt, 29; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 89. 89.

64. Porter to Clay, February 27, 1827, Brown to Clay, May 12, 1827, Porter to Clay, February 27, 1827, Brown to Clay, May 12, 1827, HCP HCP 6:24546, 54447. 6:24546, 54447.

65. Lynn Hudson Parsons, Lynn Hudson Parsons, The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828 The Birth of Modern Politics: Andrew Jackson, John Quincy Adams, and the Election of 1828 (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 138; Clay to Brooke, January 18, 1828, February 2, 1828, March 1, 1828, Brooke to Clay, February 28, 1828, (New York: Oxford University Press, 2009), 138; Clay to Brooke, January 18, 1828, February 2, 1828, March 1, 1828, Brooke to Clay, February 28, 1828, HCP HCP 7:45, 73, 124, 135; Clay to Marshall, April 28, 1828, John Marshall Papers, W&M; Sweeny to Hooe, October 29, 1828, Papers of John Hooe, UVA. 7:45, 73, 124, 135; Clay to Marshall, April 28, 1828, John Marshall Papers, W&M; Sweeny to Hooe, October 29, 1828, Papers of John Hooe, UVA.

66. Hammond to Clay, August 29, 1827, Fendall to Clay, September 1, 1827, Crittenden to Clay, September 6, 1827, Randolph to Clay, September 12, 1827, Clay to Randolph, September 15, 1827, Hammond to Clay, August 29, 1827, Fendall to Clay, September 1, 1827, Crittenden to Clay, September 6, 1827, Randolph to Clay, September 12, 1827, Clay to Randolph, September 15, 1827, HCP HCP 6:974, 987, 1010, 1025, 1033; Cabell to Mercer, September 27, 1827, Cabell Papers. 6:974, 987, 1010, 1025, 1033; Cabell to Mercer, September 27, 1827, Cabell Papers.

67. Dangerfield, Dangerfield, Era of Good Feelings, Era of Good Feelings, 4056; Van Deusen, 4056; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 215; Pickering to Randolph, April 12, 1828, Randolph Papers, UVA; Baxter, 215; Pickering to Randolph, April 12, 1828, Randolph Papers, UVA; Baxter, American System, American System, 6364; Daniel Feller, 6364; Daniel Feller, The Jacksonian Promise: America, 18151840 The Jacksonian Promise: America, 18151840 (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 72. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1995), 72.

68. Dangerfield, Dangerfield, Era of Good Feelings, Era of Good Feelings, 4059; Branch to Jackson, May 23, 1828, Jackson, 4059; Branch to Jackson, May 23, 1828, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:45960; Hayne to Jackson, September 3, 1828, Bassett, 6:45960; Hayne to Jackson, September 3, 1828, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 3:43235. 3:43235.

69. Hammond to Clay, August 10, 1827, Clay to Trumbull, December 27, 1827, Clay to Featherstonhaugh, February 18, 1828, Hammond to Clay, August 10, 1827, Clay to Trumbull, December 27, 1827, Clay to Featherstonhaugh, February 18, 1828, HCP HCP 6:877, 138485, 7:102; Van Deusen, 6:877, 138485, 7:102; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 216. 216.

70. New York Times, New York Times, July 9, 1911; Clay to Erwin, February 1, 1827, Clay to Sloane, May 20, 1827, Clay to Southard, July 9, 1827, Clay to Dallam, September 1, 1827, Brown to Clay, September 6, 1827, Clay to Adams, September 24, 1827, Clay to Henry, September 27, 1827, Clay to Brown, October 28, 1827, Speech in Baltimore, May 13, 1828, Clay to Hammond, May 31, 1828, Speech in Virginia, summer 1828, Clay to Southard, July 2, 1828, Speech at Cincinnati, August 30, 1828, July 9, 1911; Clay to Erwin, February 1, 1827, Clay to Sloane, May 20, 1827, Clay to Southard, July 9, 1827, Clay to Dallam, September 1, 1827, Brown to Clay, September 6, 1827, Clay to Adams, September 24, 1827, Clay to Henry, September 27, 1827, Clay to Brown, October 28, 1827, Speech in Baltimore, May 13, 1828, Clay to Hammond, May 31, 1828, Speech in Virginia, summer 1828, Clay to Southard, July 2, 1828, Speech at Cincinnati, August 30, 1828, HCP HCP 6:155, 57273, 754, 985, 1007, 1063, 107376, 1194, 7:27273, 314, 34849, 37374, 44851; Adams, 6:155, 57273, 754, 985, 1007, 1063, 107376, 1194, 7:27273, 314, 34849, 37374, 44851; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:113, 115, 291, 358. 7:113, 115, 291, 358.

71. George Ticknor, George Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor, Life, Letters, and Journals of George Ticknor, 2 volumes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 1:381. 2 volumes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1909), 1:381.

72. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:439, 517. 7:439, 517.

73. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:517; Clay to Adams, May 8, 1828, Physick and Chapman to Clay, May 11, 1828, 7:517; Clay to Adams, May 8, 1828, Physick and Chapman to Clay, May 11, 1828, HCP HCP 7:262, 270. 7:262, 270.

74. Johnston to Clay, May 9, 1828, Johnston to Clay, May 9, 1828, HCP HCP 7:263. 7:263.

75. Clay to Crittenden, January 25, 1827, Van Rensselaer to Clay, March 17, 1827, Hammond to Clay, March 28, 1827, Clay to Hammond, April 21, 1827, Learned to Clay, September 27, 1827, Street to Clay, October 8, 1827, Clay to Adams, May 8, 1828, Clay to Southard, July 2, 1828, ibid., 6:118, 315, 372, 473, 107781, 112526, 7:26263, 374; Adams, Clay to Crittenden, January 25, 1827, Van Rensselaer to Clay, March 17, 1827, Hammond to Clay, March 28, 1827, Clay to Hammond, April 21, 1827, Learned to Clay, September 27, 1827, Street to Clay, October 8, 1827, Clay to Adams, May 8, 1828, Clay to Southard, July 2, 1828, ibid., 6:118, 315, 372, 473, 107781, 112526, 7:26263, 374; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:547. 6:547.

76. Clay to Webster, June 13, 1828, Erwin to Clay, July 9, 1828, Clay to Webster, June 13, 1828, Erwin to Clay, July 9, 1828, HCP HCP 7:350, 37778. 7:350, 37778.

77. Erwin to Mentelle, October 27, 1827, Clay Family Papers, UKY; Erwin to Clay, July 17, 1827, Clay to Erwin, September 4, 1828, Clay to Breckinridge, October 1, 1828, Erwin to Mentelle, October 27, 1827, Clay Family Papers, UKY; Erwin to Clay, July 17, 1827, Clay to Erwin, September 4, 1828, Clay to Breckinridge, October 1, 1828, HCP HCP 6:799, 7:456, 478. 6:799, 7:456, 478.

78. Rochester to Clay, October 12, 1827, Clay to Brooke, November 24, 1827, Rochester to Clay, October 12, 1827, Clay to Brooke, November 24, 1827, HCP HCP 6:1141, 131112; Wilson, "Idea of Party," 43941; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, "'Not a Ragged Mob': The Inauguration of 1829," 6:1141, 131112; Wilson, "Idea of Party," 43941; David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler, "'Not a Ragged Mob': The Inauguration of 1829," White House History White House History 15 (Fall 2004): 17. 15 (Fall 2004): 17.

79. Whittlesey to Clay, August 15, 1828, Clay to Wattles, November 10, 1828, Clay to Beatty, November 13, 1828, Whittlesey to Clay, August 15, 1828, Clay to Wattles, November 10, 1828, Clay to Beatty, November 13, 1828, HCP HCP 7:429, 534, 536. 7:429, 534, 536.

80. Clay to Beatty, November 13, 1828, ibid., 7:536. Clay to Beatty, November 13, 1828, ibid., 7:536.

81. Clay to Sloane, November 12, 1828, ibid.; Heidler and Heidler, "Inauguration of 1829," 18. Clay to Sloane, November 12, 1828, ibid.; Heidler and Heidler, "Inauguration of 1829," 18.

82. Clay to Brooke, November 18, 1828, Clay to Brooke, November 18, 1828, HCP HCP 7:541. 7:541.

83. Niles to Clay, November 22, 1828, Clay to Niles, November 25, 1828, ibid., 7:54445, 548. Niles to Clay, November 22, 1828, Clay to Niles, November 25, 1828, ibid., 7:54445, 548.

84. Clay to Beall, November 18, 1828, Clay to Beatty, November 22, 1828, ibid., 7:544, 11:214; Smith, Clay to Beall, November 18, 1828, Clay to Beatty, November 22, 1828, ibid., 7:544, 11:214; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 246, 249. 246, 249.

85. Clay to Barbour, December 29, 1828, Clay Papers, UVA; Adams, Clay to Barbour, December 29, 1828, Clay Papers, UVA; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 8:78, 82. 8:78, 82.

86. Clay to Webster, November 30, 1828, Crittenden to Clay, December 3, 1828, Clay to Brooke, December 29, 1828, January 10, 1829, Clay to Webster, November 30, 1828, Crittenden to Clay, December 3, 1828, Clay to Brooke, December 29, 1828, January 10, 1829, HCP HCP 7:55253, 554, 575, 595; Bates to Bates, January 4, 1829, Edward Bates Papers, VHS. 7:55253, 554, 575, 595; Bates to Bates, January 4, 1829, Edward Bates Papers, VHS.

87. Robert V. Remini, Robert V. Remini, Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 18221832 Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Freedom, 18221832 (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 15051, 154; Robertson to Cabell, February 26, 1829, Cabell Papers. (New York: Harper & Row, 1981), 15051, 154; Robertson to Cabell, February 26, 1829, Cabell Papers.

88. Smith, Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 256, 259; Adams, 256, 259; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 8:95. 8:95.

89. Clay to Plumer, February 23, 1829, Clay to Plumer, February 23, 1829, HCP HCP 7:626; Memoir of Great-granddaughter, Clay-Russell Papers. 7:626; Memoir of Great-granddaughter, Clay-Russell Papers.

90. Davis to Bancroft, January 29, 1826, Webster, Davis to Bancroft, January 29, 1826, Webster, Papers, Papers, 2:81. 2:81.

91. Smith, Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 277. 277.

92. Ibid., 211, 246; Brown to Clay, May 12, 1827, Ibid., 211, 246; Brown to Clay, May 12, 1827, HCP HCP 6:545. 6:545.

93. Smith, Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 27778. 27778.

94. Donald B. Cole, Donald B. Cole, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 2831; Clay to Brooke, February 21, 1829, Brooke to Clay, February 23, 1829, Clay to Caldwell, February 24, 1829, (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1993), 2831; Clay to Brooke, February 21, 1829, Brooke to Clay, February 23, 1829, Clay to Caldwell, February 24, 1829, HCP HCP 7:62425, 626, 627; 7:62425, 626, 627; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, March 21, 1829; William T. Barry, "Letters of William T. Barry, 18061810, 18291831," March 21, 1829; William T. Barry, "Letters of William T. Barry, 18061810, 18291831," American Historical Review American Historical Review 16 (January 1911): 327. 16 (January 1911): 327.

95. Jackson to Coffee, March 19, 1829, Bassett, Jackson to Coffee, March 19, 1829, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:13; Cambreleng to Van Buren, March 1, 1829, Van Buren Papers; Van Deusen, 4:13; Cambreleng to Van Buren, March 1, 1829, Van Buren Papers; Van Deusen, Jacksonian Era, Jacksonian Era, 3738; Cole, 3738; Cole, Van Buren, Van Buren, 204; Richard B. Latner, 204; Richard B. Latner, The Presidency of Andrew Jackson The Presidency of Andrew Jackson (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979), 61; Catherine Allgor, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1979), 61; Catherine Allgor, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 206. (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000), 206.

96. Boyle to Clay, October 1, 1825, Overton to Clay, January 30, 1827, Wharton to Clay, March 6, 1829, Clay to Wharton, March 24, 1829, Boyle to Clay, October 1, 1825, Overton to Clay, January 30, 1827, Wharton to Clay, March 6, 1829, Clay to Wharton, March 24, 1829, HCP HCP 4:7046, 6:139, 8:23, 11:222; Smith, 4:7046, 6:139, 8:23, 11:222; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 303. 303.

97. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 8:103. 8:103.

98. Heidler and Heidler, "Inauguration of 1829," 15, 2022. Heidler and Heidler, "Inauguration of 1829," 15, 2022.

99. Clay to U.S. Circuit Court, February 18, 1829, Condon to Clay, March 1, 1829, Clay to U.S. Circuit Court, February 18, 1829, Condon to Clay, March 1, 1829, HCP HCP 7:623, 632. 7:623, 632.

100. Jill LePore, Jill LePore, A Is for America: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States A Is for America: Letters and Other Characters in the Newly United States (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 12830; Terry Alford, (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2002), 12830; Terry Alford, Prince Among Slaves: The True Story of an African Prince Sold into Slavery in the American South Prince Among Slaves: The True Story of an African Prince Sold into Slavery in the American South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Speech, January 20, 1827, Rahahman to Clay, April 6, 1829, Mechlin to Clay, April 22, 1829, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986); Speech, January 20, 1827, Rahahman to Clay, April 6, 1829, Mechlin to Clay, April 22, 1829, HCP HCP 6:9294, 8:28, 34. 6:9294, 8:28, 34.

101. Clay to U.S. Circuit Court, February 18, 1829, Condon to Clay, March 1, 1829, Clay to Davis, July 8, 1829, Clay to Fendall, August 7, 1830, September 10, 1830, December 5, 1830, Clay to U.S. Circuit Court, February 18, 1829, Condon to Clay, March 1, 1829, Clay to Davis, July 8, 1829, Clay to Fendall, August 7, 1830, September 10, 1830, December 5, 1830, HCP HCP 7:623, 63133, 8:72, 253, 26162, 309; Richard L. Troutman, "The Emancipation of Slaves by Henry Clay," 7:623, 63133, 8:72, 253, 26162, 309; Richard L. Troutman, "The Emancipation of Slaves by Henry Clay," Journal of Negro History Journal of Negro History 40 (April 1955), 18081. The 1869 census had Aaron and Lottie Dupuy living in Lexington. 40 (April 1955), 18081. The 1869 census had Aaron and Lottie Dupuy living in Lexington.

102. Speech, March 7, 1829, Speech, March 7, 1829, HCP HCP 8:45. 8:45.

CHAPTER EIGHT.

Losing the Bank, Saving the Union 1. Prentiss to Prentiss, September 3, 1836, George Lewis Prentiss, Prentiss to Prentiss, September 3, 1836, George Lewis Prentiss, Memoir of S. S. Prentice, Memoir of S. S. Prentice, 2 volumes (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1855), 1:173. 2 volumes (New York: Scribner's Sons, 1855), 1:173.

2. Livestock Agreement, November 20, 1827, Stud Fees, October 12, 1832, Clay-Russell Papers; Clay to Thorton, November 2, 1828, Clay to Ewing, May 4, 1829, Clay to Brown, April 17, 1830, Clay to Treadwell, April 23, 1831, Clay to Jones, July 5, 1831, Berryman to Clay, October 5, 1831, Payne to Clay, October 12, 1832, Livestock Agreement, November 20, 1827, Stud Fees, October 12, 1832, Clay-Russell Papers; Clay to Thorton, November 2, 1828, Clay to Ewing, May 4, 1829, Clay to Brown, April 17, 1830, Clay to Treadwell, April 23, 1831, Clay to Jones, July 5, 1831, Berryman to Clay, October 5, 1831, Payne to Clay, October 12, 1832, HCP HCP 7:525, 8:3738, 192, 336, 371, 415, 582. During Clay's later years and in the years after his death, his son John Morrison Clay made Ashland Farms one of the most famous thoroughbred racehorse farms in the country. 7:525, 8:3738, 192, 336, 371, 415, 582. During Clay's later years and in the years after his death, his son John Morrison Clay made Ashland Farms one of the most famous thoroughbred racehorse farms in the country.

3. Clay to Clay, February 6, 1828, October 21, 1828, ibid., 7:80 Clay to Clay, February 6, 1828, October 21, 1828, ibid., 7:80 4. Clay to Clay, April 2, 1827, December 2, 1829, March 29, 1830, ibid., 6:385, 8:13132, 185. Clay to Clay, April 2, 1827, December 2, 1829, March 29, 1830, ibid., 6:385, 8:13132, 185.

5. Clay to Clay, October 21, 1828, November 14, 1828, December 16, 1828, December 20, 1828, January 26, 1829, February 9, 1829, Clay to Clay, May 24, 1830 ibid., 7:511, 536, 569, 571, 606, 616, 8:213. Clay to Clay, October 21, 1828, November 14, 1828, December 16, 1828, December 20, 1828, January 26, 1829, February 9, 1829, Clay to Clay, May 24, 1830 ibid., 7:511, 536, 569, 571, 606, 616, 8:213.

6. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:297; Clay to Clay, March 27, 1827, 7:297; Clay to Clay, March 27, 1827, HCP HCP 6:36566. 6:36566.

7. Erwin to Clay, July 9, 1829, Johnston to Clay, July 14, 1828, Erwin to Clay, July 9, 1829, Johnston to Clay, July 14, 1828, HCP HCP 7:377, 385. 7:377, 385.

8. Clay to Clay, September 18, 1829, ibid., 8:103. Clay to Clay, September 18, 1829, ibid., 8:103.

9. Clay to Clay, October 31, 1830, ibid., 8:284. Clay to Clay, October 31, 1830, ibid., 8:284.

10. Erwin to Clay, May 15, 1830, ibid., 8:208. Erwin to Clay, May 15, 1830, ibid., 8:208.

11. Anne had four living children by 1830: Henry Clay Erwin, born in 1827, James Erwin, Jr., born in 1828, Lucretia Hart Erwin, born in 1829, and Andrew Eugene Erwin, born in 1830. Anne had four living children by 1830: Henry Clay Erwin, born in 1827, James Erwin, Jr., born in 1828, Lucretia Hart Erwin, born in 1829, and Andrew Eugene Erwin, born in 1830.

12. Claiborne to Clay, June 20, 1827, Clay to Erwin, September 3, 1827, Clay to Southard, December 2, 1830, Claiborne to Clay, June 20, 1827, Clay to Erwin, September 3, 1827, Clay to Southard, December 2, 1830, HCP HCP 6:703, 991, 8:308; Duralde to Clay, August 25, 1827, March 18, 1830, Clay Family Papers, LOC. 6:703, 991, 8:308; Duralde to Clay, August 25, 1827, March 18, 1830, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

13. Watkins to Clay, September 13, 1827, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Clay to Clay, August 10, 1827, Clay to Clay, October 15, 1827, Clay to Clay, October 24, 1829, Clay to Hammond, August 27, 1832, Clay to Clay, August 28, 1832, Watkins to Clay, September 13, 1827, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Clay to Clay, August 10, 1827, Clay to Clay, October 15, 1827, Clay to Clay, October 24, 1829, Clay to Hammond, August 27, 1832, Clay to Clay, August 28, 1832, HCP HCP 6:876, 1149, 8:563, 56667. 6:876, 1149, 8:563, 56667.

14. Claiborne to Clay, Clay to Clay, November 28, 1829, Clay to Clay, December 2, 1829, December 23, 1829, Claiborne to Clay, Clay to Clay, November 28, 1829, Clay to Clay, December 2, 1829, December 23, 1829, HCP HCP 8:117, 130, 131, 161; Smith and Clay, 8:117, 130, 131, 161; Smith and Clay, Clay Family, Clay Family, 31. 31.

15. Brown to Clay, August 13, 1827, Thomas J. Clay Collection of the Henry Clay Papers; Brown to Clay, August 30, 1827, October 13, 1827, October 28, 1830, Johnston to Clay, October 13, 1830, Brown to Clay, August 13, 1827, Thomas J. Clay Collection of the Henry Clay Papers; Brown to Clay, August 30, 1827, October 13, 1827, October 28, 1830, Johnston to Clay, October 13, 1830, HCP HCP 6:981, 1144; Brown to Price, December 29, 1828, February 10, 1829, November 3, 1830, Price Papers; Brown to Clay, February 9, 1830, Clay Family Papers, UKY; Baxter, 6:981, 1144; Brown to Price, December 29, 1828, February 10, 1829, November 3, 1830, Price Papers; Brown to Clay, February 9, 1830, Clay Family Papers, UKY; Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 85; 85; Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, Raleigh Register and North Carolina Gazette, May 12, 1831. May 12, 1831.

16. Meyer, Meyer, Johnson, Johnson, 248; Clay to Adams, April 16, 1829, Clay to Hammond, September 9, 1829, 248; Clay to Adams, April 16, 1829, Clay to Hammond, September 9, 1829, HCP HCP 8:27, 97; Webster to Agg, August 10, 1829, Webster, 8:27, 97; Webster to Agg, August 10, 1829, Webster, Papers, Papers, 2:422. 2:422.

17. Clay to Sloane, May 30, 1829, Clay to Harrison, June 2, 1829, Clay to Sloane, May 30, 1829, Clay to Harrison, June 2, 1829, HCP HCP 8:6162, 64. 8:6162, 64.

18. McLean to Graham, April 30, 1829, Graham Family Papers; Barry to Taylor, May 16, 1829, "Letters of Barry," 332; Harry L. Watson, "Old Hickory's Democracy," McLean to Graham, April 30, 1829, Graham Family Papers; Barry to Taylor, May 16, 1829, "Letters of Barry," 332; Harry L. Watson, "Old Hickory's Democracy," Wilson Quarterly Wilson Quarterly 9 (1985): 122; Clay to Clay, April 19, 1829, Clay to Wharton, April 19, 1829, 9 (1985): 122; Clay to Clay, April 19, 1829, Clay to Wharton, April 19, 1829, HCP HCP 8:29, 31. 8:29, 31.

19. Clay to Brooke, March 12, 1829, Clay to Brooke, March 12, 1829, HCP HCP 8:8; Kendall to Kendall, February 14, 1829, March 22, 1829, Kendall, 8:8; Kendall to Kendall, February 14, 1829, March 22, 1829, Kendall, Autobiography, Autobiography, 283, 287, 303. 283, 287, 303.

20. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, June 19, 1829. June 19, 1829.

21. Baxter, Baxter, Clay the Lawyer, Clay the Lawyer, 89; Wickliffe to Clay, March 15, 1829, 89; Wickliffe to Clay, March 15, 1829, HCP HCP 8:9; Colton, 8:9; Colton, Clay, Clay, 1:9091, Lexington 1:9091, Lexington Gazette, Gazette, March 20, 1829. March 20, 1829.

22. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, July 21, 1829; Colton, July 21, 1829; Colton, Clay, Clay, 1:9293. 1:9293.

23. Brooke to Clay, October 19, 1829, Brent to Clay, December 5, 1829, Brooke to Clay, October 19, 1829, Brent to Clay, December 5, 1829, HCP HCP 8:115, 133; Slidell to Cambreleng, October 11, 1829, John Slidell Letter, Historic New Orleans Collection. 8:115, 133; Slidell to Cambreleng, October 11, 1829, John Slidell Letter, Historic New Orleans Collection.

24. Clay to Johnston, December 25, 1829, March 11, 1830, Speech, March 13, 1830, Clay to Johnston, December 25, 1829, March 11, 1830, Speech, March 13, 1830, HCP HCP 8:162, 179; Joseph G. Tregle, Jr., 8:162, 179; Joseph G. Tregle, Jr., Louisiana in the Age of Jackson: A Clash of Cultures and Personalities Louisiana in the Age of Jackson: A Clash of Cultures and Personalities (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 24044; (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1999), 24044; New-Hampshire Statesman and Concord Register, New-Hampshire Statesman and Concord Register, February 20, 1830. February 20, 1830.

25. Norvell to Harrison, January 12, 1830, Jesse Burton Harrison Papers, VHS; Williams to Crawford, January 29, 1830, Crawford to unknown recipient, February 4, 1830, William Harris Crawford Papers, Duke; Calhoun to Monroe, February 21, 1830, James Monroe Papers, W&M; Letcher to Washington, April 26, 1830, Robert P. Letcher Miscellaneous Papers, Filson; Calhoun to Hamilton, March 28, 1830, Calhoun, Norvell to Harrison, January 12, 1830, Jesse Burton Harrison Papers, VHS; Williams to Crawford, January 29, 1830, Crawford to unknown recipient, February 4, 1830, William Harris Crawford Papers, Duke; Calhoun to Monroe, February 21, 1830, James Monroe Papers, W&M; Letcher to Washington, April 26, 1830, Robert P. Letcher Miscellaneous Papers, Filson; Calhoun to Hamilton, March 28, 1830, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 11:142; Clay to Letcher, April 1, 1830, 11:142; Clay to Letcher, April 1, 1830, HCP HCP 11:229. 11:229.

26. Ervin to Crawford, April 30, 1830, Crawford Papers, Duke; Crawford to Leigh, December 24, 1829, Leigh Papers, VHS; Crawford to Clay, March 31, 1830, Clay to Brooke, May 23, 1830, Clay to Brooke, April 24, 1831, Ervin to Crawford, April 30, 1830, Crawford Papers, Duke; Crawford to Leigh, December 24, 1829, Leigh Papers, VHS; Crawford to Clay, March 31, 1830, Clay to Brooke, May 23, 1830, Clay to Brooke, April 24, 1831, HCP HCP 8:18586, 210, 338. 8:18586, 210, 338.

27. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 186; Norma Lois Peterson, 186; Norma Lois Peterson, Littleton Waller Tazewell Littleton Waller Tazewell (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983), 188; Jackson Memorandum, February 1831, Bassett, (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 1983), 188; Jackson Memorandum, February 1831, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:23136; Cole, 4:23136; Cole, Presidency of Jackson, Presidency of Jackson, 8182. 8182.

28. Brown to Macon, April 29, 1830, Macon Papers. Brown to Macon, April 29, 1830, Macon Papers.

29. For Calhoun's early role in the tariff and nullification crisis, see William W. Freehling, For Calhoun's early role in the tariff and nullification crisis, see William W. Freehling, Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 18161836 Prelude to Civil War: The Nullification Controversy in South Carolina, 18161836 (New York: Harper & Row, 1965). (New York: Harper & Row, 1965).

30. Herman Belz, editor, Herman Belz, editor, The Webster-Hayne Debate on the Nature of the Union: Selected Documents The Webster-Hayne Debate on the Nature of the Union: Selected Documents (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000). (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2000).

31. Maxcy to Calhoun, April 6, 1829, Calhoun, Maxcy to Calhoun, April 6, 1829, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 11:15; Southard to Clay, July 23, 1829, Clay to Johnston, November 14, 1830, 11:15; Southard to Clay, July 23, 1829, Clay to Johnston, November 14, 1830, HCP HCP 8:80, 297. 8:80, 297.

32. Clay to Thomas, October 5, 1829, Clay to Thomas, October 5, 1829, HCP HCP 11:228. 11:228.

33. Clay to Webster, April 29, 1830, Clay to Washington, May 17, 1830, ibid., 8:196, 208. Clay to Webster, April 29, 1830, Clay to Washington, May 17, 1830, ibid., 8:196, 208.

34. Clay to Speed, May 1, 1831, ibid., 8:344. Clay to Speed, May 1, 1831, ibid., 8:344.

35. Marshall to Hillhouse, May 26, 1830, Marshall Papers; Clay to Johnston, October 8, 1829, Clay to Porter, June 13, 1830, Clay to Everett, August 14, 1830, Clay to Greene, November 11, 1830, Clay to Citizens of Vincennes, October 18, 1831, Marshall to Hillhouse, May 26, 1830, Marshall Papers; Clay to Johnston, October 8, 1829, Clay to Porter, June 13, 1830, Clay to Everett, August 14, 1830, Clay to Greene, November 11, 1830, Clay to Citizens of Vincennes, October 18, 1831, HCP HCP 8:113, 222, 249, 29596, 420; Peter B. Knupfer, 8:113, 222, 249, 29596, 420; Peter B. Knupfer, The Union as It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise The Union as It Is: Constitutional Unionism and Sectional Compromise (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 144. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1991), 144.

36. Knupfer, Knupfer, Union as It Is, Union as It Is, 22; Richard E. Ellis, 22; Richard E. Ellis, The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis The Union at Risk: Jacksonian Democracy, States' Rights, and the Nullification Crisis (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 166; Daniel Walker Howe provides invaluable insights into Clay's political philosophy in (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987), 166; Daniel Walker Howe provides invaluable insights into Clay's political philosophy in What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, where he coins the felicitous term we quote. See page 124. where he coins the felicitous term we quote. See page 124.

37. James C. Curtis, "In the Shadow of Old Hickory: The Political Travail of Martin Van Buren," James C. Curtis, "In the Shadow of Old Hickory: The Political Travail of Martin Van Buren," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 1 (Autumn 1982): 252; Van Deusen, 1 (Autumn 1982): 252; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 237. 237.

38. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 195; Clay to Webster, June 7, 1830, Clay to Beatty, June 8, 1830, Sergeant to Clay, July 7, 1830, 195; Clay to Webster, June 7, 1830, Clay to Beatty, June 8, 1830, Sergeant to Clay, July 7, 1830, HCP HCP 8:22021, 233; Norvell to Harrison, July 24, 1830, Harrison Papers; Combs to January, February 16, 1831, Leslie Combs Letters, Filson. 8:22021, 233; Norvell to Harrison, July 24, 1830, Harrison Papers; Combs to January, February 16, 1831, Leslie Combs Letters, Filson.

39. Clay to Conover, June 13, 1830, Clay to Everett, June 16, 1830, Clay to Evarts, August 23, 1830, Clay to Gunter, June 6, 1831, Clay to Conover, June 13, 1830, Clay to Everett, June 16, 1830, Clay to Evarts, August 23, 1830, Clay to Gunter, June 6, 1831, HCP HCP 8:222, 226, 255, 358; Reginald Horsman, "The Indian Policy of an 'Empire of Liberty,'" in Frederick E. Hoxie, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, editors, 8:222, 226, 255, 358; Reginald Horsman, "The Indian Policy of an 'Empire of Liberty,'" in Frederick E. Hoxie, Ronald Hoffman, and Peter J. Albert, editors, Native Americans and the Early Republic Native Americans and the Early Republic (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 59; Ronald N. Satz, (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999), 59; Ronald N. Satz, American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era American Indian Policy in the Jacksonian Era (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974), 3940; Martin and Ridge to Ross, December 28, 1831, John Ross, (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1974), 3940; Martin and Ridge to Ross, December 28, 1831, John Ross, The Papers of Chief John Ross, The Papers of Chief John Ross, 2 volumes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 1:234; Adams, 2 volumes (Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985), 1:234; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:90, 219. 7:90, 219.

40. Patterson to Clay, June 13, 1831, Patterson to Clay, June 13, 1831, HCP HCP 8:362. 8:362.

41. Clay to Williams, May 31, 1831, ibid., 8:35253; Jackson to Van Buren, July 23, 1831, Bassett, Clay to Williams, May 31, 1831, ibid., 8:35253; Jackson to Van Buren, July 23, 1831, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 4:316; Story to Marshall, May 29, 1831, Marshall Papers; Thomas P. Govan, "John M. Berrien and the Administration of Andrew Jackson," 4:316; Story to Marshall, May 29, 1831, Marshall Papers; Thomas P. Govan, "John M. Berrien and the Administration of Andrew Jackson," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 5 (November 1939): 452. For a full discussion of the Eaton affair, see John F. Marszalek, 5 (November 1939): 452. For a full discussion of the Eaton affair, see John F. Marszalek, The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House The Petticoat Affair: Manners, Mutiny, and Sex in Andrew Jackson's White House (New York: Free Press, 1997). (New York: Free Press, 1997).

42. Quoted in Howe, Quoted in Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 339; the actual quote from Shakespeare's 339; the actual quote from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra, Antony and Cleopatra, Act II, Scene 2, is "Age cannot wither nor custom stale her infinite variety." Act II, Scene 2, is "Age cannot wither nor custom stale her infinite variety."

43. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Jackson Era, Jackson Era, 5556; Louis P. Masur, 1831 5556; Louis P. Masur, 1831, Year of Eclipse (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 89; Howe, (New York: Hill and Wang, 2001), 89; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 26667; Holt, 26667; Holt, American Whig Party, American Whig Party, 13. 13.

44. Speech, April 16, 1821, Resolutions, March 9, 1822, Speech, April 16, 1821, Resolutions, March 9, 1822, HCP HCP 3:74, 17778; Ranck, 3:74, 17778; Ranck, Lexington, Lexington, 143. 143.

45. Southwick to Clay, December 3, 1827, Clay to Porter, March 24, 1828, Clay to Lawrence, November 21, 1830, Clay to Bailhache, November 24, 1830, Clay to Everett, June 12, 1831, August 20, 1831, Southwick to Clay, December 3, 1827, Clay to Porter, March 24, 1828, Clay to Lawrence, November 21, 1830, Clay to Bailhache, November 24, 1830, Clay to Everett, June 12, 1831, August 20, 1831, HCP HCP 6:1339, 7:186, 8:300, 303, 360, 388. 6:1339, 7:186, 8:300, 303, 360, 388.

46. Sergeant to Clay, October 3, 1831, Johnston to Clay, October 8, 1831, ibid., 8:411, 417; Wirt to Chase, November 11, 1831, Wirt to Carr, January 5, 1832, John P. Kennedy, Sergeant to Clay, October 3, 1831, Johnston to Clay, October 8, 1831, ibid., 8:411, 417; Wirt to Chase, November 11, 1831, Wirt to Carr, January 5, 1832, John P. Kennedy, Memoir of the Life of William Wirt, Memoir of the Life of William Wirt, 2 volumes (Philadelphia: Lee and Blanchard, 1850), 2:330, 333, 349, 35859, 366; Wirt to Carr, September 30, 1831, October 5, 1831, Wirt Letterbook, MHS; Wirt to Carr, March 24, November 27, 1831, William Wirt Letters, LOV. 2 volumes (Philadelphia: Lee and Blanchard, 1850), 2:330, 333, 349, 35859, 366; Wirt to Carr, September 30, 1831, October 5, 1831, Wirt Letterbook, MHS; Wirt to Carr, March 24, November 27, 1831, William Wirt Letters, LOV.

47. Kennedy, Kennedy, Wirt, Wirt, 2:365; Van Deusen, 2:365; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 244; Clay to Johnston, August 20, 1831, Clay to Conover, August 26, 1831, Clay to Metcalfe, September 9, 1831, Clay to Southard, September 30, 1831, Clay to Greene, November 14, 1831, 244; Clay to Johnston, August 20, 1831, Clay to Conover, August 26, 1831, Clay to Metcalfe, September 9, 1831, Clay to Southard, September 30, 1831, Clay to Greene, November 14, 1831, HCP HCP 8:389, 39192, 398, 40910, 424. 8:389, 39192, 398, 40910, 424.

48. Clay to Jamison, April 8, 1828, Clay to Jamison, April 8, 1828, HCP HCP 7:217. 7:217.

49. Clay to Clay, November 11, 1825, Clay Family Papers, LOC. Clay to Clay, November 11, 1825, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

50. Clay to Clay, March 15, 1827, January 16, 1828, February 25, 1828, February 10, 1829, December 13, 1829, Statement of Assets, July 10, 1851, Clay to Clay, March 15, 1827, January 16, 1828, February 25, 1828, February 10, 1829, December 13, 1829, Statement of Assets, July 10, 1851, HCP HCP 6:307, 7:38, 118, 616. 6:307, 7:38, 118, 616.