68. Memorandum, December 1824, Daniel Webster, Memorandum, December 1824, Daniel Webster, The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster, The Private Correspondence of Daniel Webster, edited by Fletcher Webster, 2 volumes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1857), 1:371. edited by Fletcher Webster, 2 volumes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1857), 1:371.

69. Clay to Brooke, November 26, 1824, Clay to Brooke, November 26, 1824, HCP HCP 3:888. 3:888.

70. McCormick, McCormick, Second American Party System, Second American Party System, 116; "Correspondence of Calhoun, McDuffie, and Fisher," 481; Thurlow Weed, 116; "Correspondence of Calhoun, McDuffie, and Fisher," 481; Thurlow Weed, Life of Thurlow Weed Including His Autobiography and a Memoir, Life of Thurlow Weed Including His Autobiography and a Memoir, 2 volumes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 18831884), 1:12627; Remini, 2 volumes (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 18831884), 1:12627; Remini, Van Buren and Democratic Party, Van Buren and Democratic Party, 7479; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, 7479; Glyndon G. Van Deusen, Thurlow Weed: Wizard of the Lobby Thurlow Weed: Wizard of the Lobby (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), 30. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1947), 30.

71. "Correspondence of Calhoun, McDuffie, and Fisher," 481; Remini, "Correspondence of Calhoun, McDuffie, and Fisher," 481; Remini, Van Buren and Democratic Party, Van Buren and Democratic Party, 82; Wilentz, 82; Wilentz, American Democracy, American Democracy, 250. 250.

72. William to Yancey, December 6, 1824, Yancey Papers; Clay to Stuart, December 6, 1824, William to Yancey, December 6, 1824, Yancey Papers; Clay to Stuart, December 6, 1824, HCP HCP 3:891. 3:891.

73. Joseph G. Tregle, Jr., "Andrew Jackson and the Continuing Battle of New Orleans," Joseph G. Tregle, Jr., "Andrew Jackson and the Continuing Battle of New Orleans," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 1 (Winter 1981): 381; Clay to Ford, December 13, 1824, Clay to Brooke, December 22, 1824, 1 (Winter 1981): 381; Clay to Ford, December 13, 1824, Clay to Brooke, December 22, 1824, HCP HCP 3:896, 900; Saunders to Yancey, December 10, 1824, "Letters of Saunders," 445. 3:896, 900; Saunders to Yancey, December 10, 1824, "Letters of Saunders," 445.

74. McCormick, McCormick, Second American Party System, Second American Party System, 314; Clay to Brooke, December 22, 1824, 314; Clay to Brooke, December 22, 1824, HCP HCP 3:900. 3:900.

75. Martin Van Buren, Martin Van Buren, The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren, The Autobiography of Martin Van Buren, edited by John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920), 145; Weed, edited by John C. Fitzpatrick (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1920), 145; Weed, Autobiography, Autobiography, 1:128. 1:128.

76. Clay to Erwin, December 13, 1824, Clay to Leigh, December 22, 1824, Clay to Erwin, December 13, 1824, Clay to Leigh, December 22, 1824, HCP HCP 3:895, 901. 3:895, 901.

77. Edgar Ewing Brandon, Edgar Ewing Brandon, Lafayette, Guest of the Nation: A Contemporary Account of the Triumphal Tour of General Lafayette Through the United States in 18241825 as Reported by Local Newspapers, Lafayette, Guest of the Nation: A Contemporary Account of the Triumphal Tour of General Lafayette Through the United States in 18241825 as Reported by Local Newspapers, 3 volumes (Oxford, OH: Oxford Historical Press, 19501957), 1:34; Stanley J. Idzerda, Anne C. Loveland, and Marc H. Miller, 3 volumes (Oxford, OH: Oxford Historical Press, 19501957), 1:34; Stanley J. Idzerda, Anne C. Loveland, and Marc H. Miller, Lafayette, Hero of Two Worlds: The Art and Pageantry of His Farewell Tour of America, 18241825 Lafayette, Hero of Two Worlds: The Art and Pageantry of His Farewell Tour of America, 18241825 (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1989), 52, 54, 63. (Hanover, NH: University Press of New England, 1989), 52, 54, 63.

78. Idzerda et al., Idzerda et al., Lafayette, Lafayette, 55; Lafayette to Clay, December 26, 1815, Address, December 10, 1824, Clay to 55; Lafayette to Clay, December 26, 1815, Address, December 10, 1824, Clay to National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, February 23, 1852, February 23, 1852, HCP HCP 2:11215, 3:893, 10:95455. 2:11215, 3:893, 10:95455.

79. Mangum to Ruffin, December 15, 1824, Thomas Ruffin Papers. Mangum to Ruffin, December 15, 1824, Thomas Ruffin Papers.

80. Clay to McClure, December 28, 1824, Clay to McClure, December 28, 1824, HCP HCP 3:906; McCormick, 3:906; McCormick, Presidential Game, Presidential Game, 127; Adams, 127; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:44647, 45253, 45557; Albert D. Kirwan, 6:44647, 45253, 45557; Albert D. Kirwan, John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union John J. Crittenden: The Struggle for the Union (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1962), 6869; Paul C. Nagel, (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1962), 6869; Paul C. Nagel, John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 292. (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1997), 292.

81. Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser, Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser, January 11, 1825; Paul F. Boller, Jr., January 11, 1825; Paul F. Boller, Jr., Presidential Campaigns, from George Washington to George W. Bush Presidential Campaigns, from George Washington to George W. Bush (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 38; McLane to McLane, January 13, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), 38; McLane to McLane, January 13, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC.

82. Clay to Adams, January 9, 1825, Adams to Clay, January 9, 1825, Clay to Adams, January 9, 1825, Adams to Clay, January 9, 1825, HCP HCP 4:11. 4:11.

83. The most complete explanation of Clay's motives appears in a letter to fellow Kentuckian and future Jacksonian, Francis Preston Blair. Even though Clay obviously did not intend the letter for publication, he offered arguments to placate Kentucky over his decision to oppose Jackson in the House. See Clay to Blair, January 8, 1825, The most complete explanation of Clay's motives appears in a letter to fellow Kentuckian and future Jacksonian, Francis Preston Blair. Even though Clay obviously did not intend the letter for publication, he offered arguments to placate Kentucky over his decision to oppose Jackson in the House. See Clay to Blair, January 8, 1825, HCP HCP 4:910. 4:910.

84. McKee to Brown, January 26, 1825, Samuel Brown Papers, Filson; Green to Polk, January 29, 1825, Brown-Ewell Family Papers. For Jackson's behavior in New Orleans, see Matthew Warshauer, McKee to Brown, January 26, 1825, Samuel Brown Papers, Filson; Green to Polk, January 29, 1825, Brown-Ewell Family Papers. For Jackson's behavior in New Orleans, see Matthew Warshauer, Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law: Nationalism, Civil Liberties, and Partisanship Andrew Jackson and the Politics of Martial Law: Nationalism, Civil Liberties, and Partisanship (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006). (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 2006).

85. Clay to Featherstonhaugh, January 21, 1825, Clay to Brooke, January 28, 1825, Clay to Blair, January 29, 1825, Clay to Featherstonhaugh, January 21, 1825, Clay to Brooke, January 28, 1825, Clay to Blair, January 29, 1825, HCP HCP 4:34, 45, 47. 4:34, 45, 47.

86. William G. Morgan, "John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers and the 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge," William G. Morgan, "John Quincy Adams v. Andrew Jackson: Their Biographers and the 'Corrupt Bargain' Charge," Tennessee Historical Quarterly Tennessee Historical Quarterly 26 (1967): 4344. 26 (1967): 4344.

87. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:46465; Brown, "Election of 1824," 400. 6:46465; Brown, "Election of 1824," 400.

88. McLane to McLane, January 2, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC. McLane to McLane, January 2, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC.

89. Buchanan to Elder, January 2, 1825, Buchanan, Buchanan to Elder, January 2, 1825, Buchanan, Works, Works, 1:120; Jackson to Coffee, January 6, 1825, Jackson, 1:120; Jackson to Coffee, January 6, 1825, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:78; Macon to Tait, January 9, 1825, Macon Papers; Mangum to Cameron, January 10, 1825, Cameron Family Papers, UNC. 6:78; Macon to Tait, January 9, 1825, Macon Papers; Mangum to Cameron, January 10, 1825, Cameron Family Papers, UNC.

90. Saunders to Yancey, January 11, 1825, January 18, 1825, "Letters of Saunders," 44950; Barry to Clay, January 10, 1825, Clay to Stuart, January 15, 1825, Saunders to Yancey, January 11, 1825, January 18, 1825, "Letters of Saunders," 44950; Barry to Clay, January 10, 1825, Clay to Stuart, January 15, 1825, HCP HCP 4:1112, 19; Adams, 4:1112, 19; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:46769, 47378; McLane to McLane, January 13, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC; Taylor to Austin, January 23, 1825, Austin-Twyman Papers; 6:46769, 47378; McLane to McLane, January 13, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC; Taylor to Austin, January 23, 1825, Austin-Twyman Papers; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, January 25, 1825; Ware to Brown, January 29, 1825, Samuel Brown Papers. January 25, 1825; Ware to Brown, January 29, 1825, Samuel Brown Papers.

91. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:483; Philadelphia 6:483; Philadelphia Columbian Observer, Columbian Observer, January 25, 1825; Logan to Tazewell, January 31, 1825, Tazewell Family Papers, LOV; January 25, 1825; Logan to Tazewell, January 31, 1825, Tazewell Family Papers, LOV; Winyaw Intelligencer, Winyaw Intelligencer, February 5, 1825; Cobb to Jackson, February 6, 1825, Jackson and Prince Family Papers. February 5, 1825; Cobb to Jackson, February 6, 1825, Jackson and Prince Family Papers.

92. Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, Kremer's Card, February 3, 1825, Clay to Erwin, February 25, 1825, Clay to Gales and Seaton, January 30, 1825, Kremer's Card, February 3, 1825, Clay to Erwin, February 25, 1825, HCP HCP 4:48, 52, 82. 4:48, 52, 82.

93. Massachusetts Spy and Worcester Advertiser, Massachusetts Spy and Worcester Advertiser, February 16, 1825; Adams, February 16, 1825; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:494. 6:494.

94. Appeal to the House, February 3, 1825, Appeal to the House, February 3, 1825, HCP HCP 4:5354. 4:5354.

95. McLane to McLane, February 5, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC; McLane to McLane, February 5, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC; Providence Gazette, Providence Gazette, February 5, 1825; Clay to unknown recipient, February 4, 1825, Clay to Brooke, December 5, 1824, February 4, 1825, February 5, 1825; Clay to unknown recipient, February 4, 1825, Clay to Brooke, December 5, 1824, February 4, 1825, HCP HCP 3:891, 4:556; Leigh to Lee, November 29, 1824, Benjamin Watkins Leigh Papers, VHS. 3:891, 4:556; Leigh to Lee, November 29, 1824, Benjamin Watkins Leigh Papers, VHS.

96. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:495; William E. Foley, "The Political Philosophy of David Barton," 6:495; William E. Foley, "The Political Philosophy of David Barton," Missouri Historical Review Missouri Historical Review 58 (1964): 287; Alan S. Weiner, "John Scott, Thomas Hart Benton, David Barton and the Presidential Election of 1824: A Case Study in Pressure Politics," 58 (1964): 287; Alan S. Weiner, "John Scott, Thomas Hart Benton, David Barton and the Presidential Election of 1824: A Case Study in Pressure Politics," Missouri Historical Review Missouri Historical Review 60 (July 1966): 48183. 60 (July 1966): 48183.

97. Weiner, "Election of 1824," 48687; Weiner, "Election of 1824," 48687; Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser, Southern Patriot and Commercial Advertiser, February 16, 1825. February 16, 1825.

98. Van Buren, Van Buren, Autobiography, Autobiography, 151; McLane to McLane, February 9, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC. 151; McLane to McLane, February 9, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC.

99. Van Buren, Van Buren, Autobiography, Autobiography, 15152; Boller, 15152; Boller, Presidential Campaigns, Presidential Campaigns, 3839; McLane to McLane, February 11, February 12, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC; Forsyth to O'Connor, February 25, 1825, John Forsyth Letters, UGA. 3839; McLane to McLane, February 11, February 12, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC; Forsyth to O'Connor, February 25, 1825, John Forsyth Letters, UGA.

100. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:501. 6:501.

101. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, February 11, 1825; Smith, February 11, 1825; Smith, Forty Years, Forty Years, 183. 183.

102. Gibbs to Ball, February 16, 1825, John Ball Papers, SCHS. Gibbs to Ball, February 16, 1825, John Ball Papers, SCHS.

103. Jackson to Lewis, February 14, 1825, Jackson, Jackson to Lewis, February 14, 1825, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:2930. 6:2930.

104. Clay to Brown, January 23, 1825, Clay to Brooke, February 14, 1825, February 18, 1825, Crittenden to Clay, February 15, 1825, Kendall to Clay, February 19, 1825, Creighton to Clay, February 19, 1825, Clay to Hubbard, February 25, 1825, Clay to Brown, January 23, 1825, Clay to Brooke, February 14, 1825, February 18, 1825, Crittenden to Clay, February 15, 1825, Kendall to Clay, February 19, 1825, Creighton to Clay, February 19, 1825, Clay to Hubbard, February 25, 1825, HCP HCP 4:39, 6769, 7374, 7677, 82; 4:39, 6769, 7374, 7677, 82; New York Daily Advertiser, New York Daily Advertiser, March 5, 1825; Adams, March 5, 1825; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:505, 5089; Webster to Mason, February 14, 1825, Mason to Webster, February 20, 1825, Webster, 6:505, 5089; Webster to Mason, February 14, 1825, Mason to Webster, February 20, 1825, Webster, Papers, Papers, 2:23, 28; Brockenbrough to Ruffin, February 19, 1825, Francis G. Ruffin Papers, UNC. 2:23, 28; Brockenbrough to Ruffin, February 19, 1825, Francis G. Ruffin Papers, UNC.

105. Jackson to Lewis, February 14, 1825, Jackson, Jackson to Lewis, February 14, 1825, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:2930. 6:2930.

106. Louisiana Gazette, Louisiana Gazette, February 28, 1825, March 1, 1825. February 28, 1825, March 1, 1825.

107. Henry Stuart Foote, Henry Stuart Foote, Casket of Reminiscences Casket of Reminiscences (Washington, DC: Chronicle Publishing Company, 1874), 2728. (Washington, DC: Chronicle Publishing Company, 1874), 2728.

108. McLane to McLane, February 12, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC. McLane to McLane, February 12, 1825, McLane Papers, LOC.

CHAPTER SEVEN.

A Thousand Cuts 1. Clay to Whittlesey, March 26, 1825, Clay to Whittlesey, March 26, 1825, HCP HCP 4:17879; Saunders to Yancey, February 22, 1825, Yancey Papers; 4:17879; Saunders to Yancey, February 22, 1825, Yancey Papers; Daily National Journal, Daily National Journal, March 9, 1825; Calhoun to Sterling, February 4, 1826, Calhoun, March 9, 1825; Calhoun to Sterling, February 4, 1826, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 10:72; Cocke to Gilmer, November 19, 1827, Tyler Family Scapbook, W&M. 10:72; Cocke to Gilmer, November 19, 1827, Tyler Family Scapbook, W&M.

2. Kremer to Jackson, March 8, 1825, Bassett, Kremer to Jackson, March 8, 1825, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 3:28182; Atmore to Bryan, January 14, 1826, John Heritage Bryan Papers, Duke. 3:28182; Atmore to Bryan, January 14, 1826, John Heritage Bryan Papers, Duke.

3. Address to the People, March 26, 1825, Address to the People, March 26, 1825, HCP HCP 4:14365. 4:14365.

4. Clay to Todd, March 27, 1825, Eaton to Clay, March 28, 1825, March 31, 1825, Clay to Eaton, March 30, 1825, April 1, 1825, Clay to Brooke, April 6, 1825, Clay to Todd, March 27, 1825, Eaton to Clay, March 28, 1825, March 31, 1825, Clay to Eaton, March 30, 1825, April 1, 1825, Clay to Brooke, April 6, 1825, HCP HCP 4:189, 19192, 196202, 221. 4:189, 19192, 196202, 221.

5. The Microscope, The Microscope, March 19, 1825; March 19, 1825; Louisville Public Advertiser, Louisville Public Advertiser, March 16, 1825; Brooke to Forsyth, March 13, 1825, Brooke Family Papers, VHS; Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825, Armstrong and Potts to Clay, March 9, 1825, Scott to Clay, March 9, 1825, Marshall to Clay, April 4, 1825, Mercer to Clay, April 7, 1825, Clay to Gaines, April 29, 1825, March 16, 1825; Brooke to Forsyth, March 13, 1825, Brooke Family Papers, VHS; Blair to Clay, March 7, 1825, Armstrong and Potts to Clay, March 9, 1825, Scott to Clay, March 9, 1825, Marshall to Clay, April 4, 1825, Mercer to Clay, April 7, 1825, Clay to Gaines, April 29, 1825, HCP HCP 4:91, 9798, 212, 228, 30910; Harrison to Este, March 3, 1825, Bruce Papers. 4:91, 9798, 212, 228, 30910; Harrison to Este, March 3, 1825, Bruce Papers.

6. Clay to Brooke, April 6, 1825, Clay to Vance, April 19, 1825, Kendall to Clay, April 28, 1825, Clay to Brown, May 9, 1825, Clay to Brooke, April 6, 1825, Clay to Vance, April 19, 1825, Kendall to Clay, April 28, 1825, Clay to Brown, May 9, 1825, HCP HCP 4:221, 269, 3056, 33536; Van Deusen, 4:221, 269, 3056, 33536; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 19697. 19697.

7. Clay to Brown, May 9, 1825, Clay to Brown, May 9, 1825, HCP HCP 4:33536; Erwin to Mentelle, July 23, [1823?], Henry Clay Family Papers, UKY. 4:33536; Erwin to Mentelle, July 23, [1823?], Henry Clay Family Papers, UKY.

8. Clay to Hammond, May 23, 1825, Clay to Southard, June 17, 1825, Clay to Hammond, May 23, 1825, Clay to Southard, June 17, 1825, HCP HCP 4:388, 4089, 447; 4:388, 4089, 447; Augusta Chronicle, Augusta Chronicle, June 29, 1825; Davenport, June 29, 1825; Davenport, Ante-Bellum Kentucky, Ante-Bellum Kentucky, 26; Friend, 26; Friend, Maysville Road, Maysville Road, 157; Railey, 157; Railey, Woodford County, Woodford County, 184; Clay to Barbour, May 22, 1825, Papers of Henry Clay, UVA. 184; Clay to Barbour, May 22, 1825, Papers of Henry Clay, UVA.

9. Dickson D. Bruce, Jr., Dickson D. Bruce, Jr., The Kentucky Tragedy: A Story of Conflict and Change in Antebellum America The Kentucky Tragedy: A Story of Conflict and Change in Antebellum America (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 12830; (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2006), 12830; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, July 28, 1825, November 18, 1826; Kendall to Clay, February 19, 1825, July 28, 1825, November 18, 1826; Kendall to Clay, February 19, 1825, HCP HCP 4:66, 77; 4:66, 77; Argus of Western America, Argus of Western America, January 19, 1825; Andrew Forest Muir, "Isaac B. Desha, Fact and Fancy," January 19, 1825; Andrew Forest Muir, "Isaac B. Desha, Fact and Fancy," Filson Club Quarterly Filson Club Quarterly 30 (October 1956): 31921. 30 (October 1956): 31921.

10. Frank F. Mathias, "Clay and His Kentucky Power Base," Frank F. Mathias, "Clay and His Kentucky Power Base," Register of the Kentucky Historical Society Register of the Kentucky Historical Society 78 (Spring 1980): 126; Kendall to Clay, October 4, 1825, 78 (Spring 1980): 126; Kendall to Clay, October 4, 1825, HCP HCP 4:71820; Doutrich, "1824 Gubernatorial Election," 2028; Buckner to Buckner, June 4, 1826, Buckner Family Papers, Filson. 4:71820; Doutrich, "1824 Gubernatorial Election," 2028; Buckner to Buckner, June 4, 1826, Buckner Family Papers, Filson.

11. Duralde to Clays, August 8, 1825, Duralde to Clays, August 8, 1825, HCP HCP 4:57071. 4:57071.

12. Clay to Adams, June 28, 1825, July 21, 1825, Clay to Clay, August 24, 1825, Clay to Erwin, August 28, 1825, ibid., 4:48990, 546, 589, 598; Adams, Clay to Adams, June 28, 1825, July 21, 1825, Clay to Clay, August 24, 1825, Clay to Erwin, August 28, 1825, ibid., 4:48990, 546, 589, 598; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:46. 7:46.

13. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:4648; Duralde to Clays, August 8, 1825, Clay to Clay, August 24, 1825, Clay to Erwin, August 28, 1825, 7:4648; Duralde to Clays, August 8, 1825, Clay to Clay, August 24, 1825, Clay to Erwin, August 28, 1825, HCP HCP 4:57171, 58990, 598. 4:57171, 58990, 598.

14. Clay to Bascom, August 30, 1825, Clay to Erwin, August 30, 1825, Clay to Parker, September 3, 1825, Webster to Clay, September 28, 1825, Clay to Brown, November 14, 1825, Clay to Bascom, August 30, 1825, Clay to Erwin, August 30, 1825, Clay to Parker, September 3, 1825, Webster to Clay, September 28, 1825, Clay to Brown, November 14, 1825, HCP HCP 4:600, 601, 616, 69899, 823. 4:600, 601, 616, 69899, 823.

15. Maureau to Clay, September 19, 1825, Eustis to Clay, September 20, 1825, ibid., 4:659, 665; Maureau to Clay, September 19, 1825, Eustis to Clay, September 20, 1825, ibid., 4:659, 665; Philadelphia Aurora and Franklin Gazette, Philadelphia Aurora and Franklin Gazette, October 20, 1825. October 20, 1825.

16. Clay to Mentelle, October 24, 1825, Clay to Brown, November 14, 1825, Clay to Mentelle, October 24, 1825, Clay to Brown, November 14, 1825, HCP HCP 4:756, 822; Adams, 4:756, 822; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:5152; Brown to Price, December 12, 1825, November 23, 1826, Price Papers; Story to Denison, March 15, 1826, William N. Story, 7:5152; Brown to Price, December 12, 1825, November 23, 1826, Price Papers; Story to Denison, March 15, 1826, William N. Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story, Life and Letters of Joseph Story, 2 volumes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1851), 1:495. 2 volumes (Boston: Little, Brown, 1851), 1:495.

17. Paul C. Nagel, "The Election of 1824: A Reconsideration Based on Newspaper Opinion," Paul C. Nagel, "The Election of 1824: A Reconsideration Based on Newspaper Opinion," Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 26 (August 1960): 328; Benton, 26 (August 1960): 328; Benton, Thirty Years' View; or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from Thirty Years' View; or, A History of the Working of the American Government for Thirty Years, from 1820 to 1850, 2 volumes (New York: D. Appleton, 18541856), 1:47; Larson, 1820 to 1850, 2 volumes (New York: D. Appleton, 18541856), 1:47; Larson, Internal Improvements, Internal Improvements, 149. 149.

18. Peterson, Peterson, Great Triumvirate, Great Triumvirate, 14647; Hammond to Clay, November 1, 1825, Creighton to Clay, November 14, 1825, 14647; Hammond to Clay, November 1, 1825, Creighton to Clay, November 14, 1825, HCP HCP 4:78083, 825; James E. Lewis, Jr., 4:78083, 825; James E. Lewis, Jr., The American Union and the Problem of Neighborhood: The United States and the Collapse of the Spanish Empire, 17831829 The American Union and the Problem of Neighborhood: The United States and the Collapse of the Spanish Empire, 17831829 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 199. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1998), 199.

19. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:61; Clay to Brown, December 12, 1825, Clay to Lafayette, December 13, 1825, 7:61; Clay to Brown, December 12, 1825, Clay to Lafayette, December 13, 1825, HCP HCP 4:895, 9056; Kevin R. Gutzman, "Preserving the Patrimony: William Branch Giles and Virginia Versus the Federal Tariff," 4:895, 9056; Kevin R. Gutzman, "Preserving the Patrimony: William Branch Giles and Virginia Versus the Federal Tariff," Virginia Magazine of History and Biography Virginia Magazine of History and Biography 104 (Summer 1996): 35253. 104 (Summer 1996): 35253.

20. Clay to Hammond, December 10, 1825, Clay to Hammond, December 10, 1825, HCP HCP 4:891. 4:891.

21. Samuel Flagg Bemis, Samuel Flagg Bemis, The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy, The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy, 10 volumes (New York: Pageant Book Company, 1958), 4:12428; Paul A. Varg, 10 volumes (New York: Pageant Book Company, 1958), 4:12428; Paul A. Varg, United States Foreign Relations, 18201860 United States Foreign Relations, 18201860 (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1979), 64; Smith to Clay, June 25, 1825, Clay to Gallatin, February 24, 1827, (East Lansing: Michigan State University Press, 1979), 64; Smith to Clay, June 25, 1825, Clay to Gallatin, February 24, 1827, HCP HCP 4:46875, 6:237; Gallatin, 4:46875, 6:237; Gallatin, Diary, Diary, 267; Raymond Walters, Jr., 267; Raymond Walters, Jr., Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat Albert Gallatin: Jeffersonian Financier and Diplomat (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 33031. (New York: Macmillan, 1957), 33031.

22. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:5960; Brown to Clay, September 13, 1827, 7:5960; Brown to Clay, September 13, 1827, HCP HCP 6:1028. 6:1028.

23. Clay to Robertson, December 7, 1825, Clay to Robertson, December 7, 1825, HCP HCP 4:88283; Lewis, 4:88283; Lewis, Problem of Neighborhood, Problem of Neighborhood, 193; John J. Johnson, 193; John J. Johnson, A Hemisphere Apart: The Foundations of United States Policy Toward Latin America A Hemisphere Apart: The Foundations of United States Policy Toward Latin America (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 12627; Van Deusen, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), 12627; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 202. 202.

24. Bemis, Bemis, Secretaries of State, Secretaries of State, 4:13132, 137; Adams, 4:13132, 137; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:71. 7:71.

25. Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 10; Bemis, Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 10; Bemis, Secretaries of State, Secretaries of State, 4:137, 139. 4:137, 139.

26. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:53; Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 10; Lester D. Langley, 7:53; Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 10; Lester D. Langley, Struggle for the American Mediterranean: United StatesEuropean Rivalry in the GulfCaribbean, 17761904 Struggle for the American Mediterranean: United StatesEuropean Rivalry in the GulfCaribbean, 17761904 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1976), 47. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1976), 47.

27. Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 12; Jackson to Branch, Branch Family Papers, UNC; Clay to Webster, ca. January 31, 1826, Webster, Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 12; Jackson to Branch, Branch Family Papers, UNC; Clay to Webster, ca. January 31, 1826, Webster, Papers, Papers, 2:8283; McCormick, 2:8283; McCormick, Presidential Game, Presidential Game, 120; Henry Adams, 120; Henry Adams, John Randolph John Randolph (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1882), 285. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1882), 285.

28. Hoskins, "Hispanic American Policy," 47576; Van Deusen, Hoskins, "Hispanic American Policy," 47576; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 2089; Bemis, 2089; Bemis, Secretaries of State, Secretaries of State, 4:14953; Campbell, "Clay and Poinsett Pledge," 43839; Langley, 4:14953; Campbell, "Clay and Poinsett Pledge," 43839; Langley, American Mediterranean, American Mediterranean, 47. 47.

29. Johnson, Johnson, Hemisphere Apart, Hemisphere Apart, 39; Bemis, 39; Bemis, Secretaries of State, Secretaries of State, 4:13334, 154; Clay to Adams, July 2, 1827, Clay to Brown, August 10, 1827, Clay to Adams, August 23, 1827, 4:13334, 154; Clay to Adams, July 2, 1827, Clay to Brown, August 10, 1827, Clay to Adams, August 23, 1827, HCP HCP 6:738, 871, 95051; Adams, 6:738, 871, 95051; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 7:277; J. Fred Rippy, 7:277; J. Fred Rippy, Joel R. Poinsett, Versatile American Joel R. Poinsett, Versatile American (Durham: Duke University Press, 1935; reprint edition, New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 1057, 12125. (Durham: Duke University Press, 1935; reprint edition, New York: Greenwood Press, 1968), 1057, 12125.

30. Eaton to Grundy, April 2, 1826, Felix Grundy Papers, UNC. Eaton to Grundy, April 2, 1826, Felix Grundy Papers, UNC.

31. Reg. of Deb., Reg. of Deb., 19 Cong., 1 sess., 2:401. 19 Cong., 1 sess., 2:401.

32. Clay to Brooke, March 10, 1826, Clay to Brooke, March 10, 1826, HCP HCP 7:154; Clay to Randolph, March 31, 1826, Jesup to Underwood, March 4, 1853, Clay Family Papers, LOC. 7:154; Clay to Randolph, March 31, 1826, Jesup to Underwood, March 4, 1853, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

33. Adams, Adams, Randolph, Randolph, 259; Randolph to Clay, April 1, 1826, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Benton, 259; Randolph to Clay, April 1, 1826, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Benton, Thirty Years' View, Thirty Years' View, 1:70; Bruce, 1:70; Bruce, Randolph, Randolph, 1:515. 1:515.

34. Jesup to Tattnall, April 3, 1826, April 4, 1826, Tattnall to Jesup, April 3, 1826, Duel Terms, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Benton, Jesup to Tattnall, April 3, 1826, April 4, 1826, Tattnall to Jesup, April 3, 1826, Duel Terms, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Benton, Thirty Years' View, Thirty Years' View, 1:7174. 1:7174.

35. Benton, Benton, Thirty Years' View, Thirty Years' View, 1:74. 1:74.

36. Benton to Tucker, July 16, 1826, Clay Family Papers, LOC. Benton to Tucker, July 16, 1826, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

37. Van Buren, Van Buren, Autobiography, Autobiography, 204; Van Deusen, 204; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 221; Benton, 221; Benton, Thirty Years' View, Thirty Years' View, 1:75. 1:75.

38. Jesup to Underwood, March 4, 1853, Clay Family Papers, LOC. Jesup to Underwood, March 4, 1853, Clay Family Papers, LOC.

39. Account by Seconds, April 10, 1826, Benton to Tucker, July 16, 1826, Jesup to Underwood, March 4, 1853, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Van Deusen, Account by Seconds, April 10, 1826, Benton to Tucker, July 16, 1826, Jesup to Underwood, March 4, 1853, Clay Family Papers, LOC; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 222; Benton, 222; Benton, Thirty Years' View, Thirty Years' View, 1:7576. 1:7576.

40. Montpelier Montpelier Vermont Watchman and State Gazette, Vermont Watchman and State Gazette, May 2, 1826; Louisville May 2, 1826; Louisville Public Advertiser, Public Advertiser, April 26, 1826. April 26, 1826.

41. McLeod to McLeod, September 1826, McLeod Family Papers, VHS. McLeod to McLeod, September 1826, McLeod Family Papers, VHS.

42. Jackson to Buchanan, April 6, 1826, Jackson to Houston, December 15, 1826, Jackson, Jackson to Buchanan, April 6, 1826, Jackson to Houston, December 15, 1826, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:163, 243. 6:163, 243.

43. Edward Pessen, Edward Pessen, Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics Jacksonian America: Society, Personality, and Politics (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1979), 179; John M. Belohlavek, (Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press, 1979), 179; John M. Belohlavek, George Mifflin Dallas: Jacksonian Patrician George Mifflin Dallas: Jacksonian Patrician (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977), 26. (University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1977), 26.

44. Buchanan to Jackson, May 29, 1825, Jackson to Buchanan, June 25, 1825, Green to Buchanan, October 12, 1826, Buchanan, Buchanan to Jackson, May 29, 1825, Jackson to Buchanan, June 25, 1825, Green to Buchanan, October 12, 1826, Buchanan, Works, Works, 1:13840, 217; Buchanan to Jackson, September 21, 1826, Jackson, 1:13840, 217; Buchanan to Jackson, September 21, 1826, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:21213; Memorandum, May 20, 1826, Bassett, 6:21213; Memorandum, May 20, 1826, Bassett, Correspondence, Correspondence, 3:301. Duff Green had family ties in Kentucky and in fact was related to Humphrey Marshall, a connection that might at least partially explain his strong animosity to Clay. See W. Stephen Belko, 3:301. Duff Green had family ties in Kentucky and in fact was related to Humphrey Marshall, a connection that might at least partially explain his strong animosity to Clay. See W. Stephen Belko, The Invincible Duff Green: Whig of the West The Invincible Duff Green: Whig of the West (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006), 1415. (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 2006), 1415.

45. Buchanan to Green, October 16, 1826, Buchanan, Buchanan to Green, October 16, 1826, Buchanan, Works, Works, 1:21819. 1:21819.

46. Jackson to Beverley, June 5, 1827, Jackson, Jackson to Beverley, June 5, 1827, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:33031; Report of interview, ca. April 15, 1827, Clay, 6:33031; Report of interview, ca. April 15, 1827, Clay, Papers, Papers, 6:44849; Watkins to Gurley, May 1, 1827, Gurley Family Papers, Tulane. 6:44849; Watkins to Gurley, May 1, 1827, Gurley Family Papers, Tulane.

47. Clay to Hammond, June 25, 1827, Clay to "the Public," July 4, 1827, Clay to Bealle, July 9, 1827, Clay to Hammond, June 25, 1827, Clay to "the Public," July 4, 1827, Clay to Bealle, July 9, 1827, HCP HCP 6:71819, 72830, 11:206. 6:71819, 72830, 11:206.

48. Jackson to Buchanan, July 15, 1827, Jackson, Jackson to Buchanan, July 15, 1827, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 6:35960; Buchanan to 6:35960; Buchanan to Lancaster Journal, Lancaster Journal, August 8, 1827, Buchanan to Jackson, August 10, 1827, Buchanan, August 8, 1827, Buchanan to Jackson, August 10, 1827, Buchanan, Works, Works, 1:26367, 269. 1:26367, 269.

49. Estill to Barbour, August 26, 1827, Tyler Family Scrapbook; Clay to Southard, August 12, 1827, Maury to Clay, August 14, 1827, Webster to Clay, August 22, 1827, Clay to Blackford, August 24, 1827, Clay to Dallam, September 1, 1827, Ingersoll to Clay, October 6, 1827, Estill to Barbour, August 26, 1827, Tyler Family Scrapbook; Clay to Southard, August 12, 1827, Maury to Clay, August 14, 1827, Webster to Clay, August 22, 1827, Clay to Blackford, August 24, 1827, Clay to Dallam, September 1, 1827, Ingersoll to Clay, October 6, 1827, HCP HCP 6:891, 902, 949, 95758, 985, 1118; McLaughlin to Ruffin, August 20, 1827, Hamilton, editor, 6:891, 902, 949, 95758, 985, 1118; McLaughlin to Ruffin, August 20, 1827, Hamilton, editor, Papers of Ruffin, Papers of Ruffin, 1:402; Leonard D. White, 1:402; Leonard D. White, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, The Jeffersonians: A Study in Administrative History, 18011829 (New York: Macmillan, 1959), 42. 18011829 (New York: Macmillan, 1959), 42.

50. Kendall to Clay, January 21, 1825, March 23, 1825, October 4, 1825, Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825, Blair to Clay, January 24, 1825, Clay to Blair, December 16, 1825, Kendall to Clay, January 21, 1825, March 23, 1825, October 4, 1825, Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825, Blair to Clay, January 24, 1825, Clay to Blair, December 16, 1825, HCP HCP 4:35, 41, 136, 719, 747, 11:193; Donald B. Cole, 4:35, 41, 136, 719, 747, 11:193; Donald B. Cole, A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy A Jackson Man: Amos Kendall and the Rise of American Democracy (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 97; Kendall to Flugel, April 4, 1839, Kendall Papers. (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2004), 97; Kendall to Flugel, April 4, 1839, Kendall Papers.

51. Kendall to Clay, March 23, 1825, October 4, 1825, December 25, 1825, Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825, excerpt from Kendall to Clay, March 23, 1825, October 4, 1825, December 25, 1825, Clay to Kendall, October 18, 1825, excerpt from Argus of Western America, HCP Argus of Western America, HCP 4:136, 71820, 74648, 943, 6:113132; Elbert B. Smith, 4:136, 71820, 74648, 943, 6:113132; Elbert B. Smith, Francis Preston Blair Francis Preston Blair (New York: Free Press, 1980), 30; Kirwan, (New York: Free Press, 1980), 30; Kirwan, Crittenden, Crittenden, 76; Daniels, "Kendall," 55; Donald B. Cole, 76; Daniels, "Kendall," 55; Donald B. Cole, Martin Van Buren and the American Political System Martin Van Buren and the American Political System (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 156. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 156.

52. Clay to Clay, February 22, 1827, Crittenden to Clay, November 15, 1827, Clay to Clay, February 22, 1827, Crittenden to Clay, November 15, 1827, HCP HCP 6:222, 126465. A story, perhaps apocryphal, made the rounds of Washington that after Blair had gone public with his support for Jackson in 1828, he and Clay ran into each other outside a Frankfort, Kentucky, tavern. Clay immediately extended his hand and said, "'How do you do, Mr. Blair?'" Blair stammered a bit and then extended his own hand, replying, "'Pretty well, I thank you sir. How did you find the roads from Lexington here?'" Clay answered, "'The roads are very bad, Mr. Blair, very bad, and I wish, sir, that you would mend your ways.'" Story from 6:222, 126465. A story, perhaps apocryphal, made the rounds of Washington that after Blair had gone public with his support for Jackson in 1828, he and Clay ran into each other outside a Frankfort, Kentucky, tavern. Clay immediately extended his hand and said, "'How do you do, Mr. Blair?'" Blair stammered a bit and then extended his own hand, replying, "'Pretty well, I thank you sir. How did you find the roads from Lexington here?'" Clay answered, "'The roads are very bad, Mr. Blair, very bad, and I wish, sir, that you would mend your ways.'" Story from Perley's Reminiscences, Perley's Reminiscences, 1:104. 1:104.

53. Clay to Blair, January 8, 1825, Clay to Blair, January 8, 1825, HCP HCP 4:9. 4:9.

54. Blair to Clay, October 3, 1827, November 14, 1827, Clay to Blair, October 11, 1827, October 19, 1827, ibid., 6:11067; Webster to Mason, January 9, 1828, Webster, Blair to Clay, October 3, 1827, November 14, 1827, Clay to Blair, October 11, 1827, October 19, 1827, ibid., 6:11067; Webster to Mason, January 9, 1828, Webster, Papers, Papers, 2:275; 2:275; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, January 5, 12, 1828. January 5, 12, 1828.

55. Marshall to Clay, January 5, 1828, Madison to Clay, January 6, 1828, Ogden to Clay, January 8, 1828, Clay to Crittenden, February 14, 1828, Clay to Brooke, February 22, 1828, Marshall to Clay, January 5, 1828, Madison to Clay, January 6, 1828, Ogden to Clay, January 8, 1828, Clay to Crittenden, February 14, 1828, Clay to Brooke, February 22, 1828, HCP HCP 7:12, 14, 18, 9495, 113; Cole, 7:12, 14, 18, 9495, 113; Cole, Kendall, Kendall, 106; Clark, 106; Clark, Kentucky, Kentucky, 150; Mathias, "Kentucky Power Base," 13031; Webster to Mason, January 9, 1828, Webster, 150; Mathias, "Kentucky Power Base," 13031; Webster to Mason, January 9, 1828, Webster, Papers, Papers, 2:275. 2:275.