93. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 4:471; Speech, December 6, 1819, 4:471; Speech, December 6, 1819, HCP HCP 2:726. 2:726.

94. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 12728; Adams, 12728; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 4:276; Bemis, 4:276; Bemis, Adams, Foreign Policy, Adams, Foreign Policy, 33637. 33637.

95. Watkins to Clay, October 5, 1820, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers. Watkins to Clay, October 5, 1820, Thomas J. Clay Collection, Henry Clay Papers.

96. Speech, December 30, 1819, Speech, December 30, 1819, HCP HCP 2:74048; 2:74048; AC, AC, 16 Cong., 1 sess., 849. 16 Cong., 1 sess., 849.

97. Clay to Kendall, January 8, 1820, Clay to Beatty, January 22, 1820, Clay to Hardin, February 5, 1820, Clay to Kendall, January 8, 1820, Clay to Beatty, January 22, 1820, Clay to Hardin, February 5, 1820, HCP HCP 2:752, 766, 775; Adams, 2:752, 766, 775; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 4:52526. 4:52526.

98. Clay to Hardin, February 5, 1820, Clay to Combs, February 5, 1820, Clay to Hardin, February 5, 1820, Clay to Combs, February 5, 1820, HCP HCP 2:77475; Cunningham, 2:77475; Cunningham, Presidency of Monroe, Presidency of Monroe, 98. 98.

99. Clay to Holley, February 17, 1820, Clay to Holley, February 17, 1820, HCP HCP 2:781; Yancey to Austin, February 10, 1820, Austin-Twyman Papers, W&M. 2:781; Yancey to Austin, February 10, 1820, Austin-Twyman Papers, W&M.

100. AC, AC, 16 Cong., 1 sess., 158687; Pleasants to Cabell, March 28, 1820, Joseph C. Cabell Papers, UVA; Taylor to Austin, March 28, 1820, Austin-Twyman Papers; Calhoun to DeSaussure, April 28, 1820, Henry William DeSaussure Papers, SCHS. 16 Cong., 1 sess., 158687; Pleasants to Cabell, March 28, 1820, Joseph C. Cabell Papers, UVA; Taylor to Austin, March 28, 1820, Austin-Twyman Papers; Calhoun to DeSaussure, April 28, 1820, Henry William DeSaussure Papers, SCHS.

101. AC, AC, 16 Cong., 1 sess., 158890. 16 Cong., 1 sess., 158890.

102. Clay to Hunt, January 22, 1819, Clay to Beatty, March 4, 1820, Clay to Hunt, January 22, 1819, Clay to Beatty, March 4, 1820, HCP HCP 2:662, 788; 2:662, 788; Louisville Public Advertiser, Louisville Public Advertiser, January 12, 1820; Adams, January 12, 1820; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 5:110. 5:110.

103. AC, AC, 16 Cong., 1 sess., 171931; 222830; Van Deusen, 16 Cong., 1 sess., 171931; 222830; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 12930; Bemis, 12930; Bemis, Adams, Foreign Policy, Adams, Foreign Policy, 35152; Alvin Laroy Duckett, 35152; Alvin Laroy Duckett, John Forsyth: Political Tactician John Forsyth: Political Tactician (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1962), 5662; Cresson, (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1962), 5662; Cresson, Monroe, Monroe, 32225; Clay to Crittenden, January 29, 1820, Clay to Kendall, April 16, 1820, 32225; Clay to Crittenden, January 29, 1820, Clay to Kendall, April 16, 1820, HCP HCP 2:769, 823; Randolph B. Campbell, "The Spanish American Aspect of Henry Clay's American System," 2:769, 823; Randolph B. Campbell, "The Spanish American Aspect of Henry Clay's American System," Americas Americas 24 (July 1967): 47. 24 (July 1967): 47.

104. Gronert, "Blue-Grass Region," 32122; Wade, Gronert, "Blue-Grass Region," 32122; Wade, Urban Frontier, Urban Frontier, 169, 177; Clay to Harrison, September 11, 1831, Papers of George P. Fisher, LOC. 169, 177; Clay to Harrison, September 11, 1831, Papers of George P. Fisher, LOC.

105. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, June 28, 1820; Advertisement, June 5, 1820, Clay to Cheves, March 15, 1820, November 5, 1820, June 23, 1822, Cheves to Clay, February 23, 1821, June 28, 1820; Advertisement, June 5, 1820, Clay to Cheves, March 15, 1820, November 5, 1820, June 23, 1822, Cheves to Clay, February 23, 1821, HCP HCP 2:794, 869, 87075, 900901, 3:4748, 238. 2:794, 869, 87075, 900901, 3:4748, 238.

106. Clay to Leigh, December 7, 1819, December 18, 1819, December 26, 1819, May 1, 1820, receipt, January 14, 1820, Clay to Leigh, December 7, 1819, December 18, 1819, December 26, 1819, May 1, 1820, receipt, January 14, 1820, HCP HCP 2:72627, 733, 73536, 754, 849; Leigh to Clay, December 11, 1819, Benjamin Watkins Leigh Papers, VHS. 2:72627, 733, 73536, 754, 849; Leigh to Clay, December 11, 1819, Benjamin Watkins Leigh Papers, VHS.

107. Clay to Dougherty, October 28, 1820, Clay to Dougherty, October 28, 1820, HCP HCP 2:895. 2:895.

108. Advertisement, October 2, 1820, Morrison to Clay, February 12, 1821, Advertisement, October 2, 1820, Morrison to Clay, February 12, 1821, HCP HCP 2:891, 3:3334; Account Settlement, June 29, 1821, Hart Papers. 2:891, 3:3334; Account Settlement, June 29, 1821, Hart Papers.

109. Clay to Ridgely, January 23, 1821, Clay to Ridgely, January 23, 1821, HCP HCP 3:1415. 3:1415.

110. Clay's old friend William Plumer cast the only vote against Monroe. He voted for John Quincy Adams because he did not like Monroe and believed Adams more qualified for the position. Clay's old friend William Plumer cast the only vote against Monroe. He voted for John Quincy Adams because he did not like Monroe and believed Adams more qualified for the position.

111. Crawford to Gallatin, April 23, 1817, Gallatin, Crawford to Gallatin, April 23, 1817, Gallatin, Writings, Writings, 2:35. 2:35.

112. Floyd to McDowell, January 4, 1821, Papers of James McDowell, UVA; Remarks, January 23, 1821, Floyd to McDowell, January 4, 1821, Papers of James McDowell, UVA; Remarks, January 23, 1821, HCP HCP 3:15; C. Edward Skeen, "Calhoun, Crawford, and the Politics of Retrenchment," 3:15; C. Edward Skeen, "Calhoun, Crawford, and the Politics of Retrenchment," South Carolina Historical Magazine South Carolina Historical Magazine 73 (July 1972): 142, 147; Heidler and Heidler, 73 (July 1972): 142, 147; Heidler and Heidler, Old Hickory's War, Old Hickory's War, 230. 230.

113. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 14142; Moore, 14142; Moore, Missouri Controversy, Missouri Controversy, 146; William N. Chambers, 146; William N. Chambers, Old Bullion Benton, Senator from the New West: Thomas Hart Benton, 17821858 Old Bullion Benton, Senator from the New West: Thomas Hart Benton, 17821858 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 1012. (Boston: Little, Brown, 1956), 1012.

114. Cabell to Cocke, December 2, 1820, Pleasants to Cabell, February 4, 1821, Cabell Papers. Cabell to Cocke, December 2, 1820, Pleasants to Cabell, February 4, 1821, Cabell Papers.

115. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 14243; George Dangerfield, 14243; George Dangerfield, The Era of Good Feelings The Era of Good Feelings (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 238; (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1952), 238; AC, AC, 16 Cong., 2 sess., 107880, 10931146. 16 Cong., 2 sess., 107880, 10931146.

116. AC, AC, 16 Cong., 2 sess., 114754. 16 Cong., 2 sess., 114754.

117. Ibid., 114763; Adams, Ibid., 114763; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 5:27677. 5:27677.

118. AC, AC, 16 Cong., 2 sess., 1219, 1228, 123638; Van Deusen, 16 Cong., 2 sess., 1219, 1228, 123638; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 14648; Clay to Cheves, March 5, 1821, 14648; Clay to Cheves, March 5, 1821, HCP HCP 3:5859. 3:5859.

119. Clay to Monroe, March 1, 1821, Anderson to Clay, July 12, 1822, Clay to Adams, March 18, 1821, Clay to Monroe, March 1, 1821, Anderson to Clay, July 12, 1822, Clay to Adams, March 18, 1821, HCP HCP 3:54, 70, 258; Adams, 3:54, 70, 258; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 5:311, 329. 5:311, 329.

120. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 5:32326, 330. 5:32326, 330.

CHAPTER SIX.

"I Injured Both Him and Myself"

1. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 5:30; 5:30; St. Louis Enquirer, St. Louis Enquirer, May 19, 1821. May 19, 1821.

2. Van Deusen, Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 130; Hoskins, "Hispanic American Policy," 46870; Ernest R. May, 130; Hoskins, "Hispanic American Policy," 46870; Ernest R. May, The Making of the Monroe Doctrine The Making of the Monroe Doctrine (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975), 180. (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1975), 180.

3. Clay to Morris, February 25, 1822, March 8, 1822, March 21, 1822, Clay to Morris, February 25, 1822, March 8, 1822, March 21, 1822, HCP HCP 11:100, 1023. 11:100, 1023.

4. Calhoun to Clay, May 19, 1821, Marriage Bond, April 22, 1822, Clay to Clay, December 13, 1822, ibid., 3:83, 198, 338. Calhoun to Clay, May 19, 1821, Marriage Bond, April 22, 1822, Clay to Clay, December 13, 1822, ibid., 3:83, 198, 338.

5. Clay to Rodes, October 21, 1823, ibid., 3:502. Clay to Rodes, October 21, 1823, ibid., 3:502.

6. National Intelligencer, National Intelligencer, July 4, 1823; Clay to Graham, May 20, 1823, Graham Family Papers, VHS. July 4, 1823; Clay to Graham, May 20, 1823, Graham Family Papers, VHS.

7. Baxter, Baxter, Clay and the American System, Clay and the American System, 4445; Credentials, December 22, 1821, Clay and Bibb to Randolph, January 31, 1822, 4445; Credentials, December 22, 1821, Clay and Bibb to Randolph, January 31, 1822, HCP HCP 3:151, 158. 3:151, 158.

8. Paul W. Gates, "Tenants of the Log Cabin," Paul W. Gates, "Tenants of the Log Cabin," Mississippi Valley Historical Review Mississippi Valley Historical Review 49 (June 1962): 2021; Baxter, 49 (June 1962): 2021; Baxter, Clay and the American System, Clay and the American System, 4546; Cary to Cary, February 11, 1822, Carr-Cary Family Papers, UVA; Speech, February 7, 1822, Clay to Brooke, March 9, 1823, 4546; Cary to Cary, February 11, 1822, Carr-Cary Family Papers, UVA; Speech, February 7, 1822, Clay to Brooke, March 9, 1823, HCP HCP 3:16170, 39293; Clay to Grundy, July 7, 1822, Felix Grundy Papers, LOC; Clay to Burnet, August 27, 1822, Letters of Jacob Burnet, UVA; Clay to Leigh, February 15, 1823, Letters to Benjamin Watkins Leigh, UVA; Hernando de Soto, 3:16170, 39293; Clay to Grundy, July 7, 1822, Felix Grundy Papers, LOC; Clay to Burnet, August 27, 1822, Letters of Jacob Burnet, UVA; Clay to Leigh, February 15, 1823, Letters to Benjamin Watkins Leigh, UVA; Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 15152. (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 15152.

9. Osborn v. United States, Osborn v. United States, 34 U.S. 573 (1824). 34 U.S. 573 (1824).

10. Paul E. Doutrich III, "A Pivotal Decision: The 1824 Gubernatorial Election in Kentucky," Paul E. Doutrich III, "A Pivotal Decision: The 1824 Gubernatorial Election in Kentucky," Filson Club History Quarterly Filson Club History Quarterly 65 (January 1982): 1618, 22; Mary W. M. Hargreaves, 65 (January 1982): 1618, 22; Mary W. M. Hargreaves, The Presidency of John Quincy Adams The Presidency of John Quincy Adams (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985), 15; Thomas William Howard, "Indiana Newspapers and the Presidential Election of 1824," (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 1985), 15; Thomas William Howard, "Indiana Newspapers and the Presidential Election of 1824," Indiana Magazine of History Indiana Magazine of History 63 (September 1967): 18889. 63 (September 1967): 18889.

11. Warfield to Clay, December 18, 1821, Overton to Clay, January 16, 1822, Beatty to Clay, April 17, 1822, Warfield to Clay, December 18, 1821, Overton to Clay, January 16, 1822, Beatty to Clay, April 17, 1822, HCP HCP 3:14849, 156, 193. 3:14849, 156, 193.

12. Clay to Porter, April 14, 1822, Clay to Beatty, April 16, 1822, April 30, 1822, Hynes to Clay, June 30, 1822, Hammond to Clay, July 1, 1822, Benton to Clay, July 12, 1822, Leigh to Clay, November 9, 1822, ibid., 3:19092, 243, 245, 318, 11:107, 10910, 115; Clay to Burnet, October 5, 1822, Burnet Letters; Clay to Porter, April 14, 1822, Clay to Beatty, April 16, 1822, April 30, 1822, Hynes to Clay, June 30, 1822, Hammond to Clay, July 1, 1822, Benton to Clay, July 12, 1822, Leigh to Clay, November 9, 1822, ibid., 3:19092, 243, 245, 318, 11:107, 10910, 115; Clay to Burnet, October 5, 1822, Burnet Letters; Augusta Chronicle, Augusta Chronicle, October 31, 1822. October 31, 1822.

13. AC, AC, 17 Cong., 1 sess., 733; Hecht, 17 Cong., 1 sess., 733; Hecht, Adams, Adams, 33738; Benton to Clay, April 9, 1822, 33738; Benton to Clay, April 9, 1822, HCP HCP 11:1034. 11:1034.

14. Benton to Clay, May 2, 1822, Kendall to Clay, June 20, 1822, Clay to Kendall, June 23, 1822, Clay to Hardin, June 23, 1822, Clay to Russell, July 9, 1822, September 4, 1822, Benton to Clay, May 2, 1822, Kendall to Clay, June 20, 1822, Clay to Kendall, June 23, 1822, Clay to Hardin, June 23, 1822, Clay to Russell, July 9, 1822, September 4, 1822, HCP HCP 3:204, 237, 23839, 25356, 283; Hecht, 3:204, 237, 23839, 25356, 283; Hecht, Adams, Adams, 342. 342.

15. Clay to Gales and Seaton, November 15, 1822, Clay to Porter, February 4, 1823, Clay to Gales and Seaton, November 15, 1822, Clay to Porter, February 4, 1823, HCP HCP 3:322, 367; James Henry Rigali, "Restoring the Republic of Virtue: The Presidential Election of 1824," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 2004, 18991; Adams, 3:322, 367; James Henry Rigali, "Restoring the Republic of Virtue: The Presidential Election of 1824," Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington, 2004, 18991; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:49; Van Deusen, 6:49; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 171. 171.

16. For a thorough examination of Jackson as a national symbol, see John William Ward, For a thorough examination of Jackson as a national symbol, see John William Ward, Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age Andrew Jackson: Symbol for an Age (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955). (New York: Oxford University Press, 1955).

17. Hynes to Clay, July 31, 1822, Clay to Porter, August 10, 1822, Clay to Meigs, August 21, 1822, Meigs to Clay, September 3, 1822, Hynes to Clay, July 31, 1822, Clay to Porter, August 10, 1822, Clay to Meigs, August 21, 1822, Meigs to Clay, September 3, 1822, HCP HCP 3:265, 274, 282, 11:117. 3:265, 274, 282, 11:117.

18. Clay to Meigs, September 11, 1822, Clay to Sloane, October 22, 1822, Clay to Anderson, January 5, 1823, ibid., 3:285, 11:12021, 129; John Lauritz Larson, Clay to Meigs, September 11, 1822, Clay to Sloane, October 22, 1822, Clay to Anderson, January 5, 1823, ibid., 3:285, 11:12021, 129; John Lauritz Larson, Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States Internal Improvement: National Public Works and the Promise of Popular Government in the Early United States (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 153; Everett S. Brown, "The Presidential Election of 18241825," (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), 153; Everett S. Brown, "The Presidential Election of 18241825," Political Science Quarterly Political Science Quarterly 40 (September 1925): 389; Richard P. McCormick, 40 (September 1925): 389; Richard P. McCormick, The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era The Second American Party System: Party Formation in the Jacksonian Era (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966), 262. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1966), 262.

19. Clay to Porter, October 22, 1822, Porter to Clay, January 29, 1823, Clay to Kendall, February 16, 1823, Clay to Porter, October 22, 1822, Porter to Clay, January 29, 1823, Clay to Kendall, February 16, 1823, HCP HCP 3:300301, 356, 38283; Richard P. McCormick, 3:300301, 356, 38283; Richard P. McCormick, The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics The Presidential Game: The Origins of American Presidential Politics (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 11618; Lillian B. Miller, (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984), 11618; Lillian B. Miller, "If Elected-": Unsuccessful Candidates for the Presidency, "If Elected-": Unsuccessful Candidates for the Presidency, 17961968 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972), 87. 17961968 (Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1972), 87.

20. Clay to Porter, February 2, 1823, February 3, 1823, March 18, 1823, June 15, 1823, Porter to Clay, February 3, 1823, February 8, 1823, Astor to Clay, March 26, 1823, Tracy to Clay, April 27, 1823, Clay to Porter, February 2, 1823, February 3, 1823, March 18, 1823, June 15, 1823, Porter to Clay, February 3, 1823, February 8, 1823, Astor to Clay, March 26, 1823, Tracy to Clay, April 27, 1823, HCP HCP 3:36266, 37172, 4013, 412, 43234; Maxcy to Gaston, July 2, 1823, William Gaston Papers, UNC. 3:36266, 37172, 4013, 412, 43234; Maxcy to Gaston, July 2, 1823, William Gaston Papers, UNC.

21. Clay to Brooke, January 8, 1823, February 26, 1823, August 28, 1823, Brooke to Clay, February 19, 1823, Clay to Brooke, January 8, 1823, February 26, 1823, August 28, 1823, Brooke to Clay, February 19, 1823, HCP HCP 3:35051, 384, 38788, 477. 3:35051, 384, 38788, 477.

22. Carroll to Clay, February 19, 1823, Woods to Clay, May 22, 1823, Clay to Trimble, May 28, 1823, Benton to Clay, July 23, 1823, Clay to Godman, August 9, 1823, Wharton to Clay, August 13, 1823, Clay to Hammond, August 21, 1823, Clay to Jones, August 23, 1823, ibid., 3:385, 419, 460, 465, 46667, 471, 11:141, 151; Jackson to Coffee, March 10, 1823, Jackson, Carroll to Clay, February 19, 1823, Woods to Clay, May 22, 1823, Clay to Trimble, May 28, 1823, Benton to Clay, July 23, 1823, Clay to Godman, August 9, 1823, Wharton to Clay, August 13, 1823, Clay to Hammond, August 21, 1823, Clay to Jones, August 23, 1823, ibid., 3:385, 419, 460, 465, 46667, 471, 11:141, 151; Jackson to Coffee, March 10, 1823, Jackson, Papers, Papers, 5:258; Calhoun to Jackson, March 30, 1823, Jackson to Calhoun, August 20, 1823, Calhoun, 5:258; Calhoun to Jackson, March 30, 1823, Jackson to Calhoun, August 20, 1823, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 7:550, 8:236; Jackson to Coffee, April 28, 1823, John Coffee Family Papers, LOC; 7:550, 8:236; Jackson to Coffee, April 28, 1823, John Coffee Family Papers, LOC; Providence Gazette, Providence Gazette, December 2, 1823. December 2, 1823.

23. Albert Ray Newsome, Albert Ray Newsome, The Presidential Election of 1824 in North Carolina The Presidential Election of 1824 in North Carolina (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), 104; Risjord, (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1939), 104; Risjord, Old Republicans, Old Republicans, 176; Plumer to Hale, April 5, 1820, Everett S. Brown, editor, 176; Plumer to Hale, April 5, 1820, Everett S. Brown, editor, The Missouri Compromises and Presidential Politics, 18201825: From the Letters of William Plumer, Jr. The Missouri Compromises and Presidential Politics, 18201825: From the Letters of William Plumer, Jr. (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1926), 47. (St. Louis: Missouri Historical Society, 1926), 47.

24. Chase C. Mooney, Chase C. Mooney, William H. Crawford, William H. Crawford, 17721834 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974), 241. 17721834 (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1974), 241.

25. Ibid.; Clay to Creighton, January 1, 1824, Ibid.; Clay to Creighton, January 1, 1824, HCP HCP 11:166; Saunders to Yancey, December 20, 1823, Yancey Papers; 11:166; Saunders to Yancey, December 20, 1823, Yancey Papers; Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner, Washington Republican and Congressional Examiner, December 23, 1823; Beecher to Ewing, January 2, 1824, Papers of Thomas Ewing Family, LOC. December 23, 1823; Beecher to Ewing, January 2, 1824, Papers of Thomas Ewing Family, LOC.

26. Clay to Epes Sargent, August 20, 1842, Clay to Epes Sargent, August 20, 1842, HCP HCP 9:758. 9:758.

27. Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, November 8, 1823, November 29, 1823; Carroll to Clay, October 1, 1823, Clay to Leigh, October 20, 1823, Clay to Porter, December 11, 1823, November 8, 1823, November 29, 1823; Carroll to Clay, October 1, 1823, Clay to Leigh, October 20, 1823, Clay to Porter, December 11, 1823, HCP HCP 3:492, 501, 535; Saunders to Yancey, December 20, 1823, Yancey Papers; Van Deusen, 3:492, 501, 535; Saunders to Yancey, December 20, 1823, Yancey Papers; Van Deusen, Clay, Clay, 182. 182.

28. Clay to Erwin, December 29, 1823, Clay to Erwin, December 29, 1823, HCP HCP 11:16465; Saunders to Ruffin, February 5, 1824, Seawell to Ruffin, March 1, 1824, Thomas Ruffin Papers, UNC; Johnson to Walworth, February 22, 1824, John Telemachus Johnson Papers, Filson; 11:16465; Saunders to Ruffin, February 5, 1824, Seawell to Ruffin, March 1, 1824, Thomas Ruffin Papers, UNC; Johnson to Walworth, February 22, 1824, John Telemachus Johnson Papers, Filson; Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, November 15, 1823; McCormick, November 15, 1823; McCormick, Second American Party System, Second American Party System, 13940; Kim T. Phillips, "The Pennsylvania Origins of the Jackson Movement," 13940; Kim T. Phillips, "The Pennsylvania Origins of the Jackson Movement," Political Science Quarterly Political Science Quarterly 91 (Autumn 1976): 49596. 91 (Autumn 1976): 49596.

29. Argus of Western America, Argus of Western America, December 31, 1823; Calhoun to Fisher, December 2, 1823, "Correspondence of John C. Calhoun, George McDuffie, and Charles Fisher Relating to the Presidential Campaign of 1824," edited by Albert Ray Newsome, December 31, 1823; Calhoun to Fisher, December 2, 1823, "Correspondence of John C. Calhoun, George McDuffie, and Charles Fisher Relating to the Presidential Campaign of 1824," edited by Albert Ray Newsome, North Carolina Historical Review North Carolina Historical Review 7 (October 1930): 484; Williams to Yancey, November 30, 1823, Yancey Papers; Brown, "Election of 1824," 391; Saunders to Yancey, December 4, 1823, "Letters of Romulus M. Saunders to Bartlett Yancey, 18211828," edited by Albert Ray Newsome, 7 (October 1930): 484; Williams to Yancey, November 30, 1823, Yancey Papers; Brown, "Election of 1824," 391; Saunders to Yancey, December 4, 1823, "Letters of Romulus M. Saunders to Bartlett Yancey, 18211828," edited by Albert Ray Newsome, North Carolina Historical Review North Carolina Historical Review (1931): 435; Mangum to Cameron, December 10, 1823, (1931): 435; Mangum to Cameron, December 10, 1823, Papers of Willie Person Mangum, Papers of Willie Person Mangum, edited by Thomas Henry Shanks, 5 volumes (Raleigh: North Carolina State Department of Archives and History, 1950), 1:8283; Rochester to Clay, December 20, 1823, edited by Thomas Henry Shanks, 5 volumes (Raleigh: North Carolina State Department of Archives and History, 1950), 1:8283; Rochester to Clay, December 20, 1823, HCP HCP 3:54647. 3:54647.

30. Buchanan to Ewing, February 25, 1824, Ewing Family Papers; Robert V. Remini, Buchanan to Ewing, February 25, 1824, Ewing Family Papers; Robert V. Remini, Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party Martin Van Buren and the Making of the Democratic Party (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 4344. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1959), 4344.

31. Clay to Kendall, April 16, 1820, Clay to Kendall, April 16, 1820, HCP HCP 2:823; McCormick, 2:823; McCormick, Presidential Game, Presidential Game, 108; Sydnor, "One-Party Period," 440; William G. Morgan, "The Decline of the Congressional Nominating Caucus," 108; Sydnor, "One-Party Period," 440; William G. Morgan, "The Decline of the Congressional Nominating Caucus," Tennessee Historical Quarterly Tennessee Historical Quarterly 24 (1965): 24647. 24 (1965): 24647.

32. Saunders to Yancey, December 4, 1823, "Letters of Saunders," 435; Webster to Mason, November 30, 1823, Webster, Saunders to Yancey, December 4, 1823, "Letters of Saunders," 435; Webster to Mason, November 30, 1823, Webster, Papers, Papers, 1:337; Clay to Erwin, December 29, 1823, Clay to Brooke, January 22, 1824, 1:337; Clay to Erwin, December 29, 1823, Clay to Brooke, January 22, 1824, HCP HCP 3:6023, 11:164; Clay to Stuart, December 19, 1823, Henry Clay Papers, Duke; Campbell to Campbell, January 27, 1824, Campbell Family Papers, Duke. 3:6023, 11:164; Clay to Stuart, December 19, 1823, Henry Clay Papers, Duke; Campbell to Campbell, January 27, 1824, Campbell Family Papers, Duke.

33. McDuffie to unknown recipient, December 26, 1823, "Correspondence of Calhoun, McDuffie, and Fisher," 49394; Brown, "Election of 1824," 39293; Johnson to Walworth, February 22, 1824, John Telemachus Johnson Papers; McDuffie to unknown recipient, December 26, 1823, "Correspondence of Calhoun, McDuffie, and Fisher," 49394; Brown, "Election of 1824," 39293; Johnson to Walworth, February 22, 1824, John Telemachus Johnson Papers; Mississippi State Gazette, Mississippi State Gazette, March 13, 1824. March 13, 1824.

34. Barbour to Clay, December 4, 1823, Clay to Brooke, December 20, 1823, Barbour to Clay, December 4, 1823, Clay to Brooke, December 20, 1823, HCP HCP 3:53031, 546; Sean Wilentz, 3:53031, 546; Sean Wilentz, The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 243; Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 910; Hoskins, "Hispanic American Policy," 47071; Randolph B. Campbell, "Henry Clay and the Poinsett Pledge Controversy of 1826," (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 243; Campbell, "Spanish American Aspect," 910; Hoskins, "Hispanic American Policy," 47071; Randolph B. Campbell, "Henry Clay and the Poinsett Pledge Controversy of 1826," Americas Americas 28 (April 1972): 42930. 28 (April 1972): 42930.

35. Webster to Everett, December 5, 1823, Webster, Webster to Everett, December 5, 1823, Webster, Papers, Papers, 1:33839; Sylvia Neely, "The Politics of Liberty in the Old World and the New: Lafayette's Return to America in 1824," 1:33839; Sylvia Neely, "The Politics of Liberty in the Old World and the New: Lafayette's Return to America in 1824," Journal of the Early Republic Journal of the Early Republic 6 (Summer 1986): 167; Remarks, January 20, 1824, Speech, January 23, 1824, 6 (Summer 1986): 167; Remarks, January 20, 1824, Speech, January 23, 1824, HCP HCP 3:59799, 60311; May, 3:59799, 60311; May, Monroe Doctrine, Monroe Doctrine, 236. 236.

36. Clay to Harrison, March 10, 1824, Henry Clay Family Papers, LOC. Clay to Harrison, March 10, 1824, Henry Clay Family Papers, LOC.

37. Wirt to Cabell, December 6, 1823, Cabell Papers; Brown to Price, December 23, 1823, February 4, 1824, May 23, 1824, Price Papers. Wirt to Cabell, December 6, 1823, Cabell Papers; Brown to Price, December 23, 1823, February 4, 1824, May 23, 1824, Price Papers.

38. Johnson to Walworth, February 22, 1824, John Telemachus Johnson Papers. Johnson to Walworth, February 22, 1824, John Telemachus Johnson Papers.

39. Baker, "Washington National Road," 443; Larson, Baker, "Washington National Road," 443; Larson, Internal Improvement, Internal Improvement, 149. 149.

40. AC, AC, 18 Cong., 1 sess., 102230. 18 Cong., 1 sess., 102230.

41. Ibid., 12961311; Randolph to Garnett, January 16, 1824, Randolph Papers, UVA; Russell Kirk, Ibid., 12961311; Randolph to Garnett, January 16, 1824, Randolph Papers, UVA; Russell Kirk, John Randolph of Roanoke: A Study in American Politics, with Selected Speeches and Letters John Randolph of Roanoke: A Study in American Politics, with Selected Speeches and Letters (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1978), 172. (Indianapolis: Liberty Press, 1978), 172.

42. AC, AC, 18 Cong., 1 sess., 131213. 18 Cong., 1 sess., 131213.

43. McFarland and Neal, "Tariff Policies," 2528; Risjord, McFarland and Neal, "Tariff Policies," 2528; Risjord, Old Republicans, Old Republicans, 244; Howe, 244; Howe, What Hath God Wrought, What Hath God Wrought, 271. 271.

44. Van Atta, "Western Lands," 645, 649; Clay to Carey, January 2, 1824, Van Atta, "Western Lands," 645, 649; Clay to Carey, January 2, 1824, HCP HCP 11:166; Strahan et al., "Clay Speakership," 57678. 11:166; Strahan et al., "Clay Speakership," 57678.

45. Speech, March 3031, 1824, Speech, March 3031, 1824, HCP HCP 3:683727. 3:683727.

46. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:258. 6:258.

47. Niles' Weekly Register, Niles' Weekly Register, April 24, 1824. April 24, 1824.

48. Charles M. Wiltse, "John C. Calhoun and the 'A.B. Plot,'" Charles M. Wiltse, "John C. Calhoun and the 'A.B. Plot,'" Journal of Southern History Journal of Southern History 13 (February 1947): 4661; Cobb to Jackson, February 23, 1824, Jackson and Prince Family Papers, UNC; R. Carlyle Buley, 13 (February 1947): 4661; Cobb to Jackson, February 23, 1824, Jackson and Prince Family Papers, UNC; R. Carlyle Buley, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, The Old Northwest: Pioneer Period, 18151840, 2 volumes (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1950), 2:1617; William B. Hatcher, 18151840, 2 volumes (Indianapolis: Indiana Historical Society, 1950), 2:1617; William B. Hatcher, Edward Livingston: Jeffersonian Republican and Jacksonian Democrat Edward Livingston: Jeffersonian Republican and Jacksonian Democrat (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1940), 3078; Adams, (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1940), 3078; Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:35657; Clay to Brooke, May 28, 1824, 6:35657; Clay to Brooke, May 28, 1824, HCP HCP 3:767; Calhoun to Garnett, June 6, 1824, Calhoun, 3:767; Calhoun to Garnett, June 6, 1824, Calhoun, Papers, Papers, 9:139; Troup to Macon, June 15, 1824, Nathaniel Macon Papers, Duke. 9:139; Troup to Macon, June 15, 1824, Nathaniel Macon Papers, Duke.

49. Mangum to Polk, February 8, 1824, Brown-Ewell Family Papers, Filson; Haywood to Mangum, February 23, 1824, Mangum, Mangum to Polk, February 8, 1824, Brown-Ewell Family Papers, Filson; Haywood to Mangum, February 23, 1824, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 1:120; Mangum to Ruffin, January 20, 1824, Hamilton, 1:120; Mangum to Ruffin, January 20, 1824, Hamilton, Papers of Ruffin, Papers of Ruffin, 1:287; Clay to Bache, February 17, 1824, Clay to Blair, February 29, 1824, Clay to Erwin, June 19, 1824, 1:287; Clay to Bache, February 17, 1824, Clay to Blair, February 29, 1824, Clay to Erwin, June 19, 1824, HCP HCP 3:645, 11:171. 3:645, 11:171.

50. McCormick, McCormick, Presidential Game, Presidential Game, 10910; Robert P. Hay, "The Presidential Question: Letters to Southern Editors, 182324," 10910; Robert P. Hay, "The Presidential Question: Letters to Southern Editors, 182324," Tennessee Historical Quarterly Tennessee Historical Quarterly 31 (1972): 171. 31 (1972): 171.

51. Adams, Adams, Memoirs, Memoirs, 6:372; McCormick, 6:372; McCormick, Presidential Game, Presidential Game, 12122; Duckett, 12122; Duckett, Forsyth, Forsyth, 32. 32.

52. Ingham to Gaston, April 24, 1824, Gaston Papers; Robert P. Hay, "The Case for Andrew Jackson in 1824: Eaton's Ingham to Gaston, April 24, 1824, Gaston Papers; Robert P. Hay, "The Case for Andrew Jackson in 1824: Eaton's Wyoming Letters, Wyoming Letters," Tennessee Historical Quarterly Tennessee Historical Quarterly 29 (1970): 14651; Philo-Jackson (pseudonym), 29 (1970): 14651; Philo-Jackson (pseudonym), The Presidential Election, Written for the Benefit of the People of the United States but Particularly for Those of the State of Kentucky; Relating, Also, to the Constitution of the United States, and to Internal Improvements, The Presidential Election, Written for the Benefit of the People of the United States but Particularly for Those of the State of Kentucky; Relating, Also, to the Constitution of the United States, and to Internal Improvements, sixth series (Frankfort, KY: unknown publisher, 1824), 1819. sixth series (Frankfort, KY: unknown publisher, 1824), 1819.

53. Cahawba Press and Alabama State Intelligencer, Cahawba Press and Alabama State Intelligencer, June 7, 1823. June 7, 1823.

54. Mangum to Cameron, December 10, 1823, Mangum, Mangum to Cameron, December 10, 1823, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 1:83. 1:83.

55. Saunders to Yancey, February 1, 1823, Yancey Papers. Saunders to Yancey, February 1, 1823, Yancey Papers.

56. Lenoir to Lenoir, February 16, 1824, Lenoir Family Papers, UNC. Lenoir to Lenoir, February 16, 1824, Lenoir Family Papers, UNC.

57. Seawell to Ruffin, Thomas Ruffin Papers; Haywood to Mangum, February 23, 1824, Mangum, Seawell to Ruffin, Thomas Ruffin Papers; Haywood to Mangum, February 23, 1824, Mangum, Papers, Papers, 1:120. 1:120.

58. Johnston to Clay, August 30, 1824, Johnston to Clay, August 30, 1824, HCP HCP 3:820. 3:820.

59. Clay to Johnston, June 15, 1824, ibid., 3:777. Clay to Johnston, June 15, 1824, ibid., 3:777.

60. Clay to Johnston, August 31, 1824, Clay to Porter, September 2, 1824, Clay to Johnston, August 31, 1824, Clay to Porter, September 2, 1824, HCP HCP 3:82123, 825; Peter L. Bernstein, 3:82123, 825; Peter L. Bernstein, Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation Wedding of the Waters: The Erie Canal and the Making of a Great Nation (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 29697; Robin Kolodny, "The Several Elections of 1824," (New York: W. W. Norton, 2005), 29697; Robin Kolodny, "The Several Elections of 1824," Congress and the Presidency Congress and the Presidency 23 (Fall 1996): 153. 23 (Fall 1996): 153.

61. Clay to Porter, September 2, 1824, Clay to Johnston, September 3, 1824, September 10, 1824, Johnston to Clay, September 4, 1824, September 11, 1824, Clay to Henry, September 14, 1824, Clay to Porter, September 2, 1824, Clay to Johnston, September 3, 1824, September 10, 1824, Johnston to Clay, September 4, 1824, September 11, 1824, Clay to Henry, September 14, 1824, HCP HCP 3:825, 826, 829, 833, 836, 838; Remini, 3:825, 826, 829, 833, 836, 838; Remini, Van Buren and Democratic Party, Van Buren and Democratic Party, 65. 65.

62. Ruffin to Yancey, September 21, 1824, Dickins to Yancey, November 21, 1824, Yancey Papers; Lowrie to Gallatin, September 25, 1824, Adams, Ruffin to Yancey, September 21, 1824, Dickins to Yancey, November 21, 1824, Yancey Papers; Lowrie to Gallatin, September 25, 1824, Adams, Gallatin, Gallatin, 6023; Gallatin to Lowrie, October 2, 1824, 6023; Gallatin to Lowrie, October 2, 1824, Writings of Gallatin, Writings of Gallatin, 2:294; 2:294; Providence Gazette, Providence Gazette, October 16, 1824; Charles Henry Ambler, October 16, 1824; Charles Henry Ambler, Thomas Ritchie: A Study in Virginia Politics Thomas Ritchie: A Study in Virginia Politics (Richmond: Bell Books & Stationery Company, 1913), 9495; Clay to Hammond, October 25, 1824, (Richmond: Bell Books & Stationery Company, 1913), 9495; Clay to Hammond, October 25, 1824, HCP HCP 3:87072. 3:87072.

63. Clay to Crittenden, September 17, 1824, Clay to Johnston, September 19, 1824, October 2, 1824, Clay to Featherstonhaugh, October 10, 1824, Clay to Crittenden, September 17, 1824, Clay to Johnston, September 19, 1824, October 2, 1824, Clay to Featherstonhaugh, October 10, 1824, HCP HCP 3:842, 854, 11:18082. 3:842, 854, 11:18082.

64. Argus of Western America, Argus of Western America, December 8, 1824; Donald J. Ratcliffe, December 8, 1824; Donald J. Ratcliffe, The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 18181828 The Politics of Long Division: The Birth of the Second Party System in Ohio, 18181828 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000), 80, 105; Howard, "Indiana Newspapers," 195, 206. (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2000), 80, 105; Howard, "Indiana Newspapers," 195, 206.

65. Ruffin to Yancey, December 3, 1824, Thomas Ruffin Papers. Ruffin to Yancey, December 3, 1824, Thomas Ruffin Papers.

66. Jefferson to Holmes, April 22, 1820, Merrill D. Peterson, editor, Jefferson to Holmes, April 22, 1820, Merrill D. Peterson, editor, Jefferson: Writings Jefferson: Writings (New York: Viking, 1984), 1434. (New York: Viking, 1984), 1434.

67. Madison shared Jefferson's opinions about the current state of politics. Madison to Todd, December 2, 1824, Lucia Beverly Cutts, editor, Madison shared Jefferson's opinions about the current state of politics. Madison to Todd, December 2, 1824, Lucia Beverly Cutts, editor, Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States Memoirs and Letters of Dolly Madison, Wife of James Madison, President of the United States (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1886), 167. (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1886), 167.