31. Hine and Faragher (2000), 528 32. Fulton (1997), 46-47,153-54.

33. Stegner quoted in Schrag (1999), 30.

34. Schrag (1999), 33-35, 47; Lotchin (1992), 315.

35. Quoted in Wyatt (1997), 211.

36. Schrag (1999), 54-55.

37. Robert Fishman, "Foreword," in Fogelson (1967, 1993), OOV. For an excellent account of the disturbances and the "black-Korean conflict" see Nancy Ablemann and John Lie, Blue Dreams: Korean Americans and the Los Angeles Riots (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1997)- 38. Starr (2004), 238-41, 261-62; Kotkin and Grabowicz (1982), 9; 250-51, 257; Schrag (1999), 53.

39. Fred A. Bernstein, "One Town Stops Time by Turning off the Water," New York Times (October 8, 2005), Real Estate section, p. r6.

40. Patricia Leigh Brown, "Bringing down the House, California Style," New York Times, carried by the International Herald-Tribune (July 21, 2004), p. 9.

41. Jim Robbins, "Dam and Waste Will Go, Freeing Two Rivers," New York Times (August 4, 2005), p. A12.

42. Davis (1992), 124-30.

43 Schrag (1999), 57-60.

44 M. Gottdiener and George Kephart, "The Multinucleated Metropolitan Region: A Comparative a.n.a.lysis," in Kling, Olin, and Poster (r99r), 45.

45. Gottlieb et al. (2005), 78-9; Allen and Turner (2002),10-11, 35, 40, 47

Chapter 14. In California's Shadow.

i. Gordon (2004), 374.

2. Sale (1976), 180-82; Markusen et al. (i991),165-66.

3. Sale (1976),185-88.

4. Upper Left at upper-left.blogspot.com/2oo3-11-16-upper-left-archive.html.

5. Markusen et al. (1991),156-57; MacDonald (1987),182-83.

6. Sale (1976),184-85.

7. Leslie Wayne, "Boeing Bets the House," New York Times (May 7, 2006), pp. 3-1, 3-7 8. MacDonald (1987), 155, 173; Robbins et al. (1983), 217.

9. Winchester (1991), 317-18- 1o. Sale (1976), 214.

ii. Markusen et al. (1991), 161.

12. Sale (1976), 248.

13. Edward Banfield, Big City Politics: A Comparative Guide to the Political Systems of Atlanta, Boston, Detroit, El Paso, Los Angeles, Miami, Philadelphia, St. Louis, Seattle (New York: Random House, 1965), 132-33- 14. Clark entry, Wikipedia.com; Nicholas D. Kristof, 'Another Small Step for Earth," New York Times, News of the Week in Review (July 30, 20o6), p. 13.

15. Peirce (1972), 210; Nugent (2001), 389.

16. Schwantes (1996), 402-6.

17- Mark Landler, "Two Brands Running as a Team to Overtake Nike," New York Times (August 4, 2005), p. C4.

18. Meinig (1969), 88-89.

19. Fehrenbach (1968), 82-92, 654, 671-73, 707, 711; McMurtry (1968), 18.

20. Fehrenbach (1968), 666.

21. Meinig (1969),104-6.

22. Phillips (2004), 3-8, 20-24.

23. Ibid., 24-29.

24. Ibid., 42-43.

25. Didion (1968), 198.

26. Coffman (2003), 52, 341.

27. Fuchs (1961), 379; Schmitt (2002), 10, 283; Merry (2000), 123. The U.S. military says it owns or controls 16 percent of the land, but other sources put the figure at 25 percent. See Ferguson and Turnbull (1999)1 28. Johnson (2004), 5; Ferguson and Turnbull (1999), 163; David J. Kilcullen, "New Paradigms for 21st Century Conflict," ejournalUSA (May 2007), usinfo.state.gov/journals/ itps/ijpe/kilcullen.htm.

29. Brian Linn has a superb recounting of Pacific Army life between the wars in Linn (1997),115-21; also 128-29. See also Ferguson and Turnbull (1999), 53.

30. William H. Whyte, The Organization Man (New York: Simon and Schuster: 1956), 280; Ferguson and Turnbull (1999), 8r.

31. Reporting subsequent to the event showed that the ship was not on routine maneuvers but went out only because the navy didn't want to disappoint the civilians.

3z. Fuchs (1960), 380, 383-87; Schmitt (2002), 105, 111; Brown et al. (1982), 98-99; Coffman (2003), 276; Wood (1999), 48.

33. Cooper and Daws (1990), pa.s.sim.

34 See Trask (1993).

35. Borneman (2003), 388-94.

36. Hayc.o.x (2002), 2-3, 8, ro, ror; Borneman (2003), 502-13; McPhee (1977), 130-31. McPhee didn't take to Anchorage: he called it "the northern rim of Trenton," "wild as Yonkers," an American spore."

37. Hayc.o.x (2002), 8, 97-100.

38. McPhee (1977), 126, 171, 198, 271, 297, 419-21, 436; Schwantes (1996), 525, giving population density figures for 199o.

39. Hayc.o.x (2002), 9, 16, 80-84,107,125-27.

40. Ibid., 140-42; Borneman (2003), 200-4. It was never proved that the pilot was intoxicated, but most experts believe that he was.

41. Witold Rybczynski, "Shipping News," New York Review of Books (August 10, zoo6), pp. 22-25.

42. Rybczynski, "Shipping News"; Levinson (2006), 4, 7-9, 254-63, 284n.

43 Levinson (2006), 195-97.

44. Ibid., 237, 273; Meinig (2004), 87, 262-63; Erie (2004), 14; Keith Bradsher, "China's Growth Creates a Boom for Cargo Ships," New York Times (August 28, 2003), p. Ai, C6; also Bradsher, "At the Beating Heart of an Export Machine," New York Times (January 26, 2003), sec. 3, pp. r, 13 45. Rybczynski, "Shipping News"; Levinson (2006), 275.

46. See these episodes in Zia (2000), 24, 98-99, 297- 47. Palumbo-Liu (1999) 151, 153-54.

Chapter 15. Archipelago of Empire.

1. Mills (1956); I also draw on an appreciative essay by John H. Summers, "The Deciders," New York Times Book Review (May 14, 2006), p. 39. David Gibbs has noted how concerns about high defense spending materialized again in the late 1970s and in the early 199os, only to disappear with the "war on terror." See Gibbs (2004).

2. Acheson (1969), 7.

3. Spending went above the $400 billion point in 1968 (Vietnam) and during the 1983-88 Reagan buildup. Michael E. O'Hanlon, "Limiting the Growth of the U.S. Defense Budget," Brookings Inst.i.tution Policy Brief no. 95 (March zooz); also table, "National Defense Outlays," Statistical Abstract of the United States, 2004-2005 (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 2006), p. 326. It stood at about $622 billion in constant dollars for fiscal year 2008, or approximately 4 percent of GNP. (David S. Cloud, "Record $622 Billion Budget Requested for the Pentagon," New York Times [February 3, 2007], p. Air.) For an excellent and succinct account of how from 1947 to 1952 American planners linked Northeast Asia and Western Europe together in a productivist growth coalition and then primed global economic pumps through military Keynesianism, see Borden (1984), 3-17- 4. See my longer discussion in c.u.mings (1990), 26-27.

5. Williams (1959), 20-26.

6. In May 1966 de Gaulle said he wanted "full sovereignty [over] French territory" and so asked Washington to take American forces and bases home. See Johnson (2004), 194.

7. I am indebted to Patrick Karl O'Brien for discussion on these points, and for his paper, "The Pax Brittannica and the International Order, 1688-1914," presented at the Osaka University of Foreign Studies Workshop on Global History, November zz-23, 1999.

8. Katzenstein (2005), 2.

9. The number changes frequently; these are Defense Department figures in Johnson (2004), 4-5, and Johnson (zoo6), 5-6. See also Ferguson and Turnbull (1999), xiii.

10. McMurtry quoted in Little (1986), 53-54; see also p. 58.

ii. Latham (1997). Marx referred to nineteenth-century colonies as "the state externally." See Marx (1857-58), 264.

12. Eisenhower quoted in Sherry (1995), 233-35.

13. Johnson (2004), 79-80.

14. McCartney (1988),167-68,170,177,178-79, 213-14.

15. U.S. Senate, Committee on Armed Services, 87th Congress, January 18, 1962, "Nominations of McCone, Korth, and Harlan" (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office,1962), p. 35; Joint Committee on Atomic Energy, U.S. Senate, 85th Congress, July 2, 1958, "Nomination of John A. McCone to be a Member of the Atomic Energy Commision" (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1958), pp. 2-18, 56. I am indebted to Meredith Jung-en Woo for these sources.

16. Mills (1956), 175-76; Unruh (1979), 201, z,o; Cunliffe (1968), ch. i; Pletcher (2001), 119; Hobsbawm (1987), 351; Sherry (1995), 5 17. LaFeber (1989), it; Katznelson in Katznelson and Shefter (2002), 90-92, 98-99.

18. Mills (1956),179; Linn (1997), 6, 52.

19. Linn (1997), 53, 62-65; Anderson and Cayton (2005), 342-43.

zo. Weigley (1967), 475, 486, 568; White (198o), 1-2.

21. Schonberger (1989), 259, 269; c.u.mings (1990), 45-58.

22. Katzenstein (2005), 35, 136-37, 219-20.

z3. Greg Grandin is right to locate some of the roots of George W. Bush's unilateralism in Reagan administration interventions in Nicaragua and Guatemala, with John Negroponte, John Bolton, Elliott Abrams, and other neoconservatives playing important roles. See Grandin (2006), 5-6. But these interventions were little different from the mult.i.tude of similar episodes going back to the war with Spain, and all of them were subordinate to the more important Pacific and East Asian involvements.

24. Millard (2001), 18-24.

25. Tsuneo Oshiro, Kazuhisa Ogawa, and Koji Murata in Hashimoto, Mochizuki, and Takara (2005), 53, 57-58, 70-72, 115, 121; Cragg (2000), 364-67; Kozy K. Amemiya in Johnson (1999), 54.

26. Casualty totals for Okinawa can never be accurate because so many civilians simply disappeared in battle or threw themselves into the ocean. Masahide Ota estimates 130,000 civilians "killed in action," which includes 107,539 counted and 23,764 estimated (Ota [1981], 95). The Armitage Report represented the views of a sixteen-member study group; Democrat Joseph Nye was a member but the majority were Republicans. The report was issued on October 11, 2000.

z7. Keyso (2000), 99, 102, 108.

28. Cragg (2000), 360.

z9. James Brooke, "Looking for Friendly Overseas Base, Pentagon Finds It Already Has One," New York Times (April 4, 2004), p A15.

30. Burke (2004), 177-86; Kaplan (2005), 56n, 247.

Y. Kaplan (2005), 44, 161, 174, 197- 32. Burke (2004), xiv-xv, 19, 21.

33. Evans and Peattie (1997), 5, 303, 373.

34 Cragg (2000), 349-52; Eric Talmadge, "Kitty Hawk Still Hasa Few Lives before the Moth b.a.l.l.s," j.a.pan Times (July 23, 2004), p. 3.

35. Neferti Xina M. Tadiar, "s.e.xual Economies in the Asia-Pacific Community," in Dirlik (1993), 201.

36. Pendle (2005),157-58.

37. Ibid., 32-33, 101-3; Lee (1992). On how arroyos are created by nature, see Davis (1998), 11.

38. Lord (2005), 84, 86-87; Pendle (2005),157,177,180,185.

39. See the JATO photo in Carter (2004), 46; see also Lee (1992); Carter (2004), 723; Lord (2005), 69, 89-91, 95; Pendle (2005), 199-201. Pendle notes that the roof tar story might be apocryphal.

40. Lord (2005), 88-89, iii; Pendle (2005), 194-96.

41. Lee (1992).