3z. Kathleen Karapondo, "Frank Lloyd Wright, Arizona Car Guy," Sports Car Market (April 2005), p. 28. Lynch didn't miss a daily milkshake from 1998 to 2005, according to Jenn McKee, "Filmmaker David Lynch to Discuss Meditation and the Creative Process,"AnnArborNews (September 24, 2005), PP. 1, 12. Art critics call Bob's Big Boy "a stunning example of 'Googie' architecture," apparently referring to "195os modernism." See Patricia Leigh Brown, "California Revisited: How Googie Was My Valley," New York Times (November 26, 20oo), News of the Week in Review, p. io.

33 Brilliant (1989), 36-37; c.u.mings (1997),174.

34. Longstreth (1999) xv-xvi, 54, 57-59, 8i, 111, 130-31; Judt (2005), 338. Victoria de Grazia places her discussion of American self-service supermarkets-"the most important invention in retailing over the previous two decades"-in the mid-1930S (de Grazia [2005], 381). The earliest counterpart to the L.A. supermarket opened in Flushing, Queens, in 1930. Longstreth (1999) 111.

35. Jackson (1985), 263-64; Longstreth (1999)7 28-29; Starr (1997), 5-6; 36. Malcolm Gladwell, "The Trouble with Fries," New Yorker (March 5, 2001), pp. 52-54, reviewing Eric Schlosser's Fast Food Nation.

37. Huxley (1939), 6-12, 15-17, 38-39.

38. Danny Hakim, "Spinning the Wheels of Snoop Dogg's Fleet," New York Times (October 28, 2004), pp. B,, B8. On the army's collaboration with the National Hot Rod a.s.sociation, see Johnson (2004), 98.

39 Klein (1997)7 35 Federal Writers Project (1939)7 121-22; Adam Goodheart, "Ten Days That Changed History," New York Times (July 2, 20o6), sec. 4, pp. 1, 3.

40. De Grazia (2005), 294; Starr (1985), 313, 315 Friedrich (1986), 14.

41. McWilliams (1946), 333, 348; Davis (1992), 1o2; Bean (1968), 384; Starr (1997),126, 268.

42. Rosenberg (1982), 100-2; Balazs quoted in Rogin (1987),13; de Grazia (2005), 305 Paul Virilio, War and Cinema: The Logistics of Perception, trans. Patrick Camiller (New York: Verso, 1989), 13.

43 De Grazia (2005), 288, 302, 333.

44. Friedrich (1986), 95-96, 273, 330-31; Mann quoted in Nash (1985), 188-89.

45. Taiwan News, August 27, 2006, p. 9.

46. McWilliams (1946), 274; Reisner (2004), 31.

47. Starr (1990), 102-3.

48. Starr (1985), 72-74.

49 Kahrl (1982), 175, 178- 50. Quoted in Reisner (1993), 72.

51. Zelinsky (1992), 27- 52. Graves (1930), 27, 122-23, 131, 259, 263, 287, 2927 301.

53. Peirce (1972), 158; Kotkin and Grabowicz (1982), 50-53, 61; Wiley and Gottlieb (1982), 81.

54. Starr (1990), 144; Taylor (1998), 17; Mosley (1990), 34; McWilliams (1946), 85, 321, 324; Starr (1997), 96; Nugent (2001), 166-68; Hine and Faragher (2000), 426-27- 55 McWilliams (1946), 168, 179.

56. Ibid., 157; Wright quoted, pp. 157-58.

57. Adamic quoted in Fogelson (1967), 74; Rand quoted in McClung (2000), 208.

58. Starr (1990),121-32, quoting Bliven and Adamic.

59. Williams (1997), 295-96 297-304, 320-21; Jacobs quoted, p. 346.

6o. Kennan (1989), 148-50.

Chapter 12. The State as Pretense of Itself.

i. Dean Acheson, "An American Att.i.tude toward Foreign Affairs," November 28, 1939, in Morning and Noon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1965), 267-75; see also Acheson's reflections on the speech, pp. 216-17- 2. Federal policy had a huge impact on the South as well; like the industrialization of the West it was an impact mostly neglected in the literature until Bruce Shulman's From Cottonbelt to Sunbelt (1994).

3. Markusen et al. (1991), 8-9.

4. Reisner (1993), 119-21, 146; Wiley and Gottlieb (1982), 3.

5. Worster (1985), 52-56.

6. White (1995), 73-82; and Stuart Chase, "A Vision in Kilowatts," Fortune (April 1933), quoted in White (1995), 58; Reisner (1993), 155, 158, 161-66. See also Worster (1985), 269-71; Schwantes (1996), 13.

7. Starr (1996), 318-19, 323.

8. Nugent (2001), 251; Carl Abbott, "The Federal Presence," in Milner et al. (1994), 482; Jackson (1985), 139.

9. Weigley (1967), 419, 435; Sherry (1987), 22, 6o. Sparrow (1996), 227, 244. I use "air force" to designate the Army Air Corps (1926-41), the Army Air Forces of World War II, and the subsequent U.S. Air Force.

io. Bryant (1947), 419-23, 432-34, 440-41; Davis, Mayhew, and Miller (2003), 13; Langer and Gleason (1952), 549.

H. Langer and Gleason (1952), 588; Evans and Peattie (1997), 373-80, 475.

12. Landauer (1999), 264-66, 271; Seiden (2001), 41; LaFeber (1997), 2II; Evans and Peattie (1997), xix, 304-14, 344-46; McComas (1991), pa.s.sim.

13. Ienaga (1978), 33; Gordon Prange, At Dawn We Slept.- The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor (New York: Penguin Books, 1981), 539; McComas (i991), 95; Jones (2002), 27. The casualty figures in Prange and Jones differ slightly; some sources say as many as 65 civilians died.

14. Quoted in Charles Beard, President Roosevelt and the Coming of the War, 94,. ',4 Study in Appearances and Realities (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1948), 244-45, 418, 519, 526-27. See also Richard N. Current, "How Stimson Meant to 'Maneuver' the j.a.panese," Mississippi Valley Historical Review 40:1(1953): 67-74. Michael Sherry has a cogent discussion of Roosevelt's and Stimson's thinking, and concludes that Roosevelt did not want or expect general war with j.a.pan, but may have reasoned that an undeclared war would help him mobilize the country more. See Sherry (1987), 114. On the perfect metaphor of the "slipknot," see LaFeber (1997),182-90.

15. McComas (1991), 107.

16. Bean (1968), 425-26; Nash (1985), 19; Starr (2002), viii; McWilliams (1949), 233. Discrepancies in the aggregate totals derive from Nash, the standard source, using the years 1941 to 1945, while others use 1940-46.

17. Nash (1985), 5, citing research by Leonard J. Arrington; White (1993), 496-97; Taft quoted in White (1980), 17- See also p. vii.

18. Nash (1985), 19-20; Heiner (1991), 170-76; White (1980), 18; Wiley and Gottlieb (1982), 21-23; DeVoto quoted, 19. Kaiser helped to build the Hoover, Grand Coulee, and Shasta dams (although he only supplied cement for Shasta) (Heiner, p. 267).

19. White (1980), 48-49, 67-71, 74, 81; Gordon (2004), 353; Johansen and Gates (1967), 523; Ficken and LeWarne (1988), 131; Fehrenbach (1968), 654; Taylor and Wright (1947),175- 20. Lotchin (1992), 65, 73, 184, 231; Sherry (1987), 193; Arthur C. Verge in Nugent and Ridge (1999), 244-45.

21. Johnson (1993), 79-8o, 127; Starr (2002),147-49.

22. Starr (2004), 357; Pomeroy (1965), 129; Johnson (1993), 14, 18-19, 24.

23. Nash (1985), 26-29, 69; Johnson (1993), 33, 53; Heiner (1991), 119-22, 134-35, 151; Starr (2002), 68, 74-76, 146; Pomeroy (1965), 297; Abbott (1993), 4 24. Johnson (1993), 62-63; Wollenberg (1990),10-11.

25. Starr (2002), 147-48; c.u.mings (1997), 323-24.

26. Heiner (1gg1), 11o-12; Nash (1985), 27-29.

27. Heiner (1991), 159.

28. Wollenberg (1990), 7-9; McCartney (1988), 12, 50-53, 208.

29. Nash (1985), 74; Wollenberg (199o), viii, 29-31, 39, 53, 90-91, 102-3; McCartney (1988), 66.

30. Starr (1997), 94-97, 105-8- 31. Ibid., 109-14.

32. Davis, "The Next Little Dollar: The Private Governments of San Diego," in Davis, Mayhew, and Miller (2003), 28-29, 46-47; Starr (1997), 90-93.

33. Starr (199o), 91-92; Starr (1997), 102-5; Lotchin (1992), 37-38, 43- 34. Starr (1997), 90-93; Starr (2002), 144; Davis, Mayhew, and Miller (2003), 7.

35. See Nash (1985), 59, 63, 67; he lists many navy bases and naval air stations, and army bases in Los Angeles and San Francisco; also Cragg (2000), 25-32; Starr (2002), 77; Abbott (1993), 9; Davis, "The Next Little Dollar: The Private Governments of San Diego," in Davis, Mayhew, and Miller (2003), 6o-6i.

36. Johnson (1993), 2; McWilliams (1949), 9; Nash (1985), 38, 58.

37. Fortune quoted in Pomeroy (1965), 297; Lotchin (2003), 13, 56; Starr (2002), 135, 151; Nash (1985), 64.

38. Himes quoted in Starr (2002), 112, 115; McWilliams (1946), 324; Nugent (2001), 266-67; Nash (1985), 91-92 99-100; MacColl (1979), 580-623.

39 Nugent (2001), 270-71- 40. Cayton (1963), 1-3, 34-35, 44-47 41. Rae (1968), vii, 2-3, 8-io, 71; Starr (1990), 116-17.

42. Rae (1968), 30-31, 66; Starr (1990), 265-67; Lotchin (1992),117-18.

43. Hise (1997), 117- 44 Lotchin (1992), 93-95, 100, 103; Starr (1997), 64; Starr (2002), 136; Sherry (1987), 187.

45. Rae (1968), 95-96, 104-8.

46. Ibid., 113-114, 139,149-51; Lotchin (1992),179-80.

47. McWilliams (1949), 14-15 48. Starr (2002),124-25,138-39; Nash (1985), 92.

49. Abbott (1993), 21; Bird and Sherwin (2006), 206; Nash (1985), 154-55- 50. Nash (1985), 28-29; Schwantes (1996), 422-23; Sale (1976), 137, 180-83; Rhodes (1986), 584.

51. MacDonald (1987), 144-46; Nugent (2001), 257-59; Nash (1985), 62, 75, 77, 79; Pomeroy (1965), 288; Kesselman (1990), 2, 13; Johansen and Gates (1967), 529; MacColl (1979),571-84; White (1993),499; Lotchin (2003), io; Ficken and LeWarne (1988), 138-40; Stanley Goldberg in Hevly and Findlay (1998), 65.

52. Hevly and Findlay (1998), 64-65; Schwantes (1996), 425.

53. U.S. Census data, cited in Nash (1985), 218; White (1993), 5oi. Brown and Root was central to the rise of Lyndon Johnson in Texas, ill.u.s.trating the bipartisan nature of the military-industrial complex. See Caro (1983), xv. Now called Kellogg, Brown and Root, it has mastered "the instant American military base," well described in Kaplan (2005),197.

54 First table in Nash (1985), 217-19, from the 1953 StatisticalAbstract; second table in Nash (1985), 7, from U.S. Census, County Data Book, 1947- 55. Starr (2002), 153.

56. McWilliams (1949), 233, 236; Starr (2002), 207; Starr (2004), 310.

57. Lotchin (2003),175-77.

Chapter 13. Postwar California and the Rise of Western Republicanism i. McWilliams (1946), 371-74.

2. Bean (1968), 493.

3. De Beauvoir (1954),112, 129-30.

4. In an important but highly technical book on location and "s.p.a.ce-economy" published six years before California's population surpa.s.sed New Yorl's, Harvard's Walter Isard reproduced a 1940 "population potential" map that showed California's population density along the coast at the same level as Nebraska's and its interior population as equivalent to Utah's; Isard then commented that California's population potentials were actually "of considerably smaller value" than the other two states. See Isard (1956), 66-67- 5. Robbins (1994), 187; Nash (1985), 38; Hornbeck (1983), 76; Fulton (1997), 258; Pomeroy (1965), 308-9; Kling, Olin, and Poster (1991), 15, 22.

6. Friedrich (1986), 343; Kotkin and Grabowicz (1982), 121-23; see also White (1993), 613.

7. Davis, "The Next Little Dollar: The Private Governments of San Diego," in Davis, Mayhew, and Miller (2003), 65; Bryant (1947), 552-53.

8. See c.u.mings (1990), for a full discussion; also Markusen et al. (i99i), io, citing Council of Economic Advisors data.

9. Davis, "Next Little Dollar," 66-67, 78; White (1993), 541; Lotchin (1992), 65, 73, 184, 231; Sherry (1987), 193.

io. Peirce (1972), 165-69.

ii. StatisticalAbstract of the United States figures, cited in White (1993), 609-10; U.S. Department of Defense, Prime ContractAwards by Region and State, cited in Markusen et al. (1991), 13, 18-19, 33-36; also Markusen et al. (1991), 231, 267- 12. Markusen et al. (1991), 82; Johnson (2004), 63.

13. Brown quoted in Kotkin and Grabowicz (1982), 5, 235; and in Winchester (1991), 25.

14. Wills (1969), 151.

15. Mitch.e.l.l (1998), 43; Starr (2002), 284.

16. Kyle Palmer wrote this in the LosAngeles Times, May is, 1950, quoted in Mitch.e.l.l (1998), 4; see also 17-26; Bush is quoted on p. 66.

17. Mitch.e.l.l (1998), 47-48, 97-98, 154-56, 228-30, 244; Harriman quoted on p. 249.

i8. The voluminous NSC records held at the Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kansas, are primarily in the Whitman file. At the 193rd meeting of the NSC on April 13,1954, for example, Nixon noted the chances of influencing the regime's direction, were the United States to open trade with China. Roger Morris, Nixon's best biographer, wrote that Kissinger was flabbergasted after his first meeting with Nixon in December 1969 at the Pierre Hotel when he learned that Nixon wanted "to reorganize China." See Morris, Uncertain Greatness: Henry Kissinger and American Foreign Policy (New York: Harper and Row, 1977), 203.

19. Mills (1956), 212n.

20. Patterson (1972), 558-60.

21. For a good summary of Taft's views see Hogan (1998), 99-101, 141-43, 394-96; also Patterson (1972), 196-99. His views were much more nuanced than his critics thought; he was, for example, a strong supporter of the creation of Israel.

22. Burnham (1970), 6-1o, 142-43.

23. Whitman file, Eisenhower Presidential Library, Abilene, Kans.

24. Key quoted in Rogin and Shover (1970), xiii, r9-2o; Mills (1956), 225.

25. Zolberg in Katznelson and Shefter (2002), 44; Mayhew (2002), 40-41. Mayhew does mention Korean War spending on p. 123, but without further development.

26. Phillips (1969), 435; McGirr (2001), 41; Rogin and Shover (1970), 153-57, 173. In the 199os the United States had some 800,000 security guards, compared to about half a million police. See McRae (1994), 35 27. Reagan quoted in Limerick (1987), 324.

28. McGirr (2001), 24-27,33- z9. Kling, Olin, and Poster (1991), r; Walker (2004), 58-59, z54- 30. White (1993), 601-7.