1873--E. Dugdale, Griffin, Ga., is granted two United States patents on coffee subst.i.tutes.

1873--The first "coffee palace," the Edinburgh Castle, designed to replace public-houses for workingmen, is opened in London.

1874--John Arbuckle is granted a United States patent on a coffee-cleaner-and-grader.

1875--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Guatemala.

1875-76-78--Turner Strowbridge, of New Brighton, Pa., is granted three United States patents on a box coffee mill first made by Logan & Strowbridge.

1876--John Manning brings out his valve-type percolator in the United States.

1876-78--Henry B. Stevens, Buffalo, a.s.signor to George L. Squier, Buffalo, is granted important United States patents on coffee-cleaning-and-grading machines.

1877--The first German patent on a commercial coffee roaster is issued in Berlin to G. Tuberman's Son.

1877--A French patent is granted Marchand and Hignette, Paris, on a sphere or ball coffee roaster.

1877--The first French patent on a gas coffee roaster is issued to Roure of Ma.r.s.eilles.

1878--Coffee cultivation is introduced into British Central Africa.

1878--_The Spice Mill_, the first paper in America devoted to the coffee and spice trades, is founded by Jabez Burns of New York.

1878--A United States patent is issued to Rudolphus L. Webb, a.s.signor to Landers, Frary & Clark of New Britain, Conn., on an improved box coffee grinder for home use.

1878--Chase & Sanborn, the Boston coffee roasters, are the first to pack and ship roasted coffee in sealed containers.

1878--John C. Dell, Philadelphia, is granted a United States patent on a coffee mill for store use.

1879--H. Faulder, Stockport, Lancaster, Eng., is granted an English patent on the first English gas coffee roaster, now made by the Grocers Engineering & Whitmee, Ltd.

1879--A new gas coffee roaster is invented in England by Fleury & Barker.

1879--C.F. Hargreaves, Rio de Janeiro, is granted an English patent on machinery for hulling, polishing, and separating coffee.

1879--Charles Halstead, New York, is the first to bring out a metal coffee pot with a china interior.

1879-80--Orson W. Stowe, of the Peck, Stowe & Wilc.o.x Co., Southington, Conn., is granted United States patents on an improved coffee and spice mill.

1880--Great failures in the American coffee trade as a result of syndicate planting and buying of coffees in Brazil, Mexico, and Central America.

1880--Coffee pots with tops, having muslin bottoms for clarifying and straining, are first made by Duparquet, Huot & Moneuse Co. in the United States.

1880--Peter Pearson, Manchester, Eng., is granted a patent in England on a coffee roaster wherein gas is subst.i.tuted for c.o.ke as fuel.

1880--Henry E. Smyser, Philadelphia, is granted a United States patent on a package-making-and-filling machine, forerunner of the weighing-and-packing machine, the control of which by John Arbuckle led to the coffee-sugar war with the Havemeyers.

1880--Fancy paper bags for coffee are first used in Germany.

1880-81--G.W. and G.S. Hungerford are granted United States patents on machines for cleaning, scouring, and polishing coffee.

1880-81--The first big coffee-trade combination in North America, known as the "trinity" (O.G. Kimball, B.G. Arnold and Bowie Dash, all of New York), has a sensational collapse, its failure being the result of syndicate planting and buying of coffees in Brazil, Mexico, and Central America.

1881--Steele & Price, Chicago, are the first to introduce all-paper cans (made of strawboard) for coffee.

1881--C.S. Phillips, Brooklyn, is granted three patents in the United States for aging and maturing coffee.

1881--The Emmericher Machinenfabrik und Eisengiesserei at Emmerich, Germany, begins the manufacture of a closed globular roaster with a gas-heater attachment.

1881--Jabez Burns is granted a United States patent on an improved construction of his roaster, comprising a turn-over front head, serving for both feeding and discharging.

1881--The Morgan brothers, Edgar H. and Charles, begin the manufacture of household coffee mills, subsequently acquired (1885) by the Arcade Manufacturing Co., Freeport, Ill.

1881--Francis B. Thurber, New York, publishes the second important American work on coffee, _Coffee from Plantation to Cup_.

1881--Harvey Ricker, Brooklyn, introduces to the trade a "minute"

coffee pot and urn, known as the Boss, name subsequently changed to Minute, and later improved and patented (1901) as the Half Minute coffee pot--a filtration device employing a cotton sack with a thick bottom.

1881--New York Coffee Exchange is incorporated.

1882--Chris. Abele, New York, is granted a atent in the United States on an improvement on a coffee roaster, similar to the original Burns machine (on which the 1864 patent had expired) known as the Knickerbocker.

1882--The Hungerfords, father and son, bring out a coffee roaster, similar to the first Burns machine, in compet.i.tion with Chris.

Abele.

1882--A German patent is granted to Emil Newstadt, Berlin, on one of the earliest coffee-extract-making machines.

1882--The first French coffee exchange, or terminal market, is opened at Havre.

1882--New York Coffee Exchange begins business.

1883--The Burns Improved Sample Coffee Roaster is patented in the United States by Jabez Burns.

1884--The Star coffee pot, later known as the Marion Harland, is introduced to the trade.

1884--The Chicago Liquid Sack Co. introduces the first combination paper and tin-end can for coffee in the United States.

1885--F.A. Cauchois introduces into the United States market an improved porcelain-lined coffee urn.

1885--Property of New York Coffee Exchange is transferred to the Coffee Exchange, City of New York, incorporated by special charter.

1880--Walker, Sons & Co., Ltd., begin experiments in Ceylon with a Liberian disk coffee pulper; fully perfected in 1898.

1886-88--The "great coffee boom" forces the price of Rio 7's from seven and a half to twenty-two and a quarter cents, the subsequent panic reducing the price to nine cents. Total sales on the New York Coffee Exchange.

1887-88, amount to 47,868,750 bags; and prices advance 1,485 points during 1886-87.

1887--Beeston Tupholme, London, is granted a patent in England on a direct-flame gas coffee roaster.