1852--Tavernier is granted a French patent on a coffee tablet.

1853--Laca.s.sagne and Latchoud are granted a French patent on liquid and solid extracts of coffee.

1855--C.W. Van Vliet, Fishkill Landing, N.Y., is granted a patent on a household coffee mill employing upper breaking, and lower grinding, cones. a.s.signed to Charles Parker, Meriden, Conn.

1856--Waite and Sener's Old Dominion pot is patented in the United States.

1857--The Newell patents on coffee-cleaning machinery are issued in America. Sixteen patents follow.

1857--George L. Squier, Buffalo, N.Y., begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery.

1859--John Gordon, London, is granted an English patent on a coffee pulper.

1860[L]--Osborn's Celebrated Prepared Java coffee, the pioneer ground-coffee package, is put on the New York market by Lewis A.

Osborn.

1860--Marcus Mason, an American mechanical engineer in San Jose, Costa Rica, invents the Mason pulper and cleaner.

1860--John Walker is granted a patent in England on a disk pulper for pulping Arabian coffee.

1860--Alexius Van Gulpen begins the manufacture of a green-coffee-grading machine at Emmerich, Germany.

1861--An import duty of four cents a pound on coffee is imposed by the United States as a war-revenue measure.

1862--The import duty on coffee in the United States is increased to five cents a pound.

1862--The first paper-bag factory in the United States, making bags for loose coffee, begins operation in Brooklyn.

1862--E.J. Hyde, Philadelphia, is granted a United States patent on a combined coffee roaster and stove, fitted with a crane on which the roasting cylinder is revolved and swung out horizontally from the stove.

1864--Jabez Burns, New York, is granted a United States patent on the Burns coffee roaster, the first machine that did not have to be moved away from the fire for discharging the roasted coffee--marking a distinct advance in the manufacture of coffee-roasting apparatus.

1864--James Henry Thompson. Hoboken, and John Lidgerwood, Morristown, N.J., are granted an English patent on a coffee-hulling machine.

1865--John Arbuckle introduces to the trade at Pittsburgh roasted coffee in individual packages, the forerunner of the Ariosa package.

1866--William Van Vleek Lidgerwood, American charge d'affaires, Rio de Janeiro, is granted an English patent on a coffee-hulling-and-cleaning machine.

1867--Jabez Burns is granted United States patents on a coffee cooler, a coffee mixer, and a grinding mill, or granulator.

1868--Thomas Page, New York, begins the manufacture of a pull-out coffee roaster similar to the Carter machine.

1868--Alexius Van Gulpen, in partnership with J.H. Lensing and Theodore von Gimborn, begins the manufacture of coffee-roasting machines at Emmerich, Germany.

1868--E.B. Manning, Middletown, Conn., patents his tea-and-coffee pot in the United States.

1868--John Arbuckle is granted a United States patent for a roasted-coffee coating consisting of Irish moss, isingla.s.s, gelatin, sugar, and eggs.

1869--elie Moneuse and L. Duparquet, New York, are granted three United States patents on a coffee pot, or urn, formed of sheet copper and lined with pure sheet block tin.

1869--B.G. Arnold, New York, engineers the first large green-coffee speculation; his success as an operator winning for him the t.i.tle of King of the Coffee Trade.

1869--Henry E. Smyser, a.s.signor to the Weikel & Smith Spice Co., Philadelphia, is granted his first United States patent on a spice box used also for coffee.

1869--Licenses to sell coffee in London are abolished.

1869--The coffee-leaf disease is first noticed in Ceylon.

1870--John Gulick Baker, Philadelphia, one of the founders of the Enterprise Manufacturing Co. of Pennsylvania, is granted a patent on a coffee grinder introduced to the trade by the Enterprise Manufacturing Co. as its Champion No. 1 mill.

1870--Delephine, Sr., Marourme, is granted a French patent on a tubular coffee roaster that turns over the flame.

1870--Alexius Van Gulpen, Emmerich, Germany, brings out a globular coffee roaster having perforations and an exhauster.

1870--Thos. Smith & Son, Glasgow, Scotland, (Elkington & Co., successors), begin the manufacture of the Napierian vacuum coffee-making machines for brewing coffee by distillation.

1870--First United States trade-mark for essence of coffee is registered by Butler, Earhart & Co., Columbus, Ohio.

1870--The first coffee-valorization enterprise in Brazil results in failure.

1871--J.W. Gillies, New York, is granted two patents in the United States for roasting and treating coffee by subjecting it to an intervening cooling operation.

1871--First United States trade-mark for coffee is issued to Butler, Earhart & Co., Columbus, Ohio, for Buckeye, first used 1870.

1871--G.W. Hungerford is granted United States patents on coffee-cleaning-and-polishing machines.

1871--The import duty on coffee in the United States is reduced to three cents a pound.

1872--Jabez Burns, New York, is granted a United States patent on an improved coffee-granulating mill. Another in 1874.

1872--J. Guardiola, Chocola, Guatemala, is granted his first United States patents on a coffee pulper and a coffee drier.

1872--The import duty on coffee in the United States is repealed.

1872--Robert Hewitt, Jr., New York, publishes the first American work on coffee, _Coffee: Its History, Cultivation, and Uses_.

1873--J.G. Baker, Philadelphia, a.s.signor of the Enterprise Manufacturing Co. of Pennsylvania, is granted a United States patent on a grinding mill later known to the trade as Enterprise Champion Globe No. 0.

1873--Marcus Mason begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery in the United States.

1873--Ariosa, first successful national brand of package coffee is put on the United States market by John Arbuckle of Pittsburgh.

(Registered 1900.)

1873--H.C. Lockwood, Baltimore, is granted a United States patent on a coffee package made of paper and lined with tin-foil, with false bottom and top.

1873--The first international syndicate to control coffee is organized in Frankfort, Germany, by the German Trading Company, and operates successfully for eight years.

1873--The Jay Cooke stock-market panic causes the price of Rios in the New York market to drop from twenty-four cents to fifteen cents in one day.