1887--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Tonkin, Indo-China.

1887--Coffee exchanges are opened in Amsterdam and Hamburg.

1888--Evaristo Conrado Engelberg, Piracicaba, So Paulo, Brazil, is granted a United States patent on a coffee-hulling machine (invented in 1885); and the same year, the Engelberg Huller Co., Syracuse, N.Y., is organized for the purpose of manufacturing and selling Engelberg machines.

1888--Karel F. Henneman, the Hague, Netherlands, is granted a patent in Spain on a direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1888--A French patent is granted to Postulart on a gas roaster.

1889--David Fraser, who came to the United States in 1886 from Glasgow, Scotland, establishes the Hungerford Co., succeeding to the business of the Hungerfords.

1889--The Arcade Manufacturing Co., Freeport, Ill., brings out the first "pound" coffee mill.

1889--Karel F. Henneman, the Hague, Netherlands, is granted patents in Belgium, France, and England, on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1889--C.A. Otto is granted a German patent on a spiral-coil gas coffee machine to roast coffee in three and a half minutes.

1890--A. Mottant, Bar-le-Duc, France, begins the manufacture of coffee-roasting machines.

1890[L]--Coffee exchanges are opened in Antwerp, London, and Rotterdam.

1890--Sigmund Kraut begins the manufacture of fancy grease-proof paper-lined coffee bags in Berlin.

1891--The New England Automatic Weighing Machine Co., Boston, begins the manufacture of machines to weigh coffee into cartons and other packages.

1891--R.F.E. O'Kra.s.sa; Antigua, Guatemala, is granted an important English patent on a machine for pulping coffee.

1891--John List, Black Heath, Kent, Eng., is granted an English patent on a steam coffee urn described as an improvement on the Napierian system.

1892--T. von Gimborn, Emmerich, Germany, is granted an English patent on a coffee roaster employing a naked gas flame in a rotary cylinder.

1892--The Fried. Krupp A.G. Grusonwerk, Magdeburg-Buckau, Germany, begins the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery.

1893--Cirilo Mingo, New Orleans, is granted a United States patent on a process for maturing, or aging, green coffee beans by moistening the bags.

1893--The first direct-flame gas coffee roaster in America (Tupholme's English machine) is installed by F.T. Holmes at the plant of the Potter-Parlin Co., New York, which places similar machines on daily rental basis throughout the United States, limiting leases to one firm in a city, obtaining exclusive American rights from the Waygood, Tupholme Co., now the Grocers Engineering & Whitmee, Ltd., London.

1893--Karel F. Hennemann, the Hague, Netherlands, is granted a United States patent on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1894--The first automatic weighing machine to weigh goods in cartons is installed in the plant of Chase & Sanborn, Boston.

1894--Joseph M. Walsh, Philadelphia, publishes his _Coffee; Its History, Cla.s.sification and Description_.

1895--Gerritt C. Otten and Karel F. Henneman, the Hague, Netherlands, are granted a United States patent on a coffee roaster.

1895--Adolph Kraut introduces German-made double (grease-proof lined) paper bags for coffee in America.

1895--Marcus Mason, a.s.signor to Marcus Mason & Co., New York, is granted United States patents on machines for pulping and polishing coffee.

1895--Thomas M. Royal, Philadelphia, is the first to manufacture in the United States a fancy duplex-lined paper bag.

1895--edelestan Jardin publishes in Paris a work on coffee, ent.i.tled _Le Cafeier et le Cafe_.

1895--The Electric Scale Co., Quincy, Ma.s.s., begins the manufacture of pneumatic weighing machines; business continued by the Pneumatic Scale Corp., Ltd., Norfolk Downs, Ma.s.s.

1896--Natural gas is first used in the United States as fuel for roasting, being introduced under coal roasting cylinders in Pennsylvania and Indiana by improvised gas-burners.

1896-1897--Beeston Tupholme is granted United States patents on his direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1897--Joseph Lambert of Vermont begins the manufacture and sale in Battle Creek, Mich., of the Lambert self-contained coffee roaster without the brick setting then required for coffee roasting machines.

1897--A special gas burner (made the basis of application for patent) is first attached to a regular Burns roaster.

1897--The Enterprise Manufacturing Co., Pennsylvania, is the first regularly to employ electric motors for driving commercial coffee mills by means of belt-and-pulley attachments.

1897--Carl H. Duehring, Hoboken, N.J., a.s.signor to D.B. Fraser, New York, is granted a United States patent on a coffee roaster.

1898--The Hobart Manufacturing Co., Troy, Ohio, puts on the market one of the first coffee grinders connected with an electric motor and driven by a belt-and-pulley attachment.

1898--Millard F. Hamsley, Brooklyn, is granted a United States patent on an improved direct-flame gas coffee roaster.

1898--Edwin Norton of New York is granted a United States patent on a vacuum process of canning foods, later applied to coffee. Others follow.

1898--J.D. Olavarria, a distinguished Venezuelan, first advocates a plan for restriction of coffee production, and for regulation of coffee exports from countries suffering from overproduction.

1898--A bear campaign forces Rio 7's down to four and a half cents on the New York Coffee Exchange.

1899--The bubonic-plague boom temporarily halts the downward trend of coffee prices.

1899--The Canister Co., Phillipsburg, N.J., begins the manufacture of square and oblong fiber-bodied tin-end cans for coffee.

1899--Soluble coffee is invented in Chicago by Dr. Sartori Kato, a chemist of Tokio.

1899--David B. Fraser, New York, is granted two patents in the United States, one for a coffee roaster and one for a coffee cooler.

1899--Ellis M. Potter, New York, is granted a United States patent on a direct-flame gas coffee roasting machine embodying certain improvements on the Tupholme machine, whereby the gas flame is spread over a large area, so avoiding scorching and securing a more thorough and uniform roast.

1900--The Burns direct-flame gas coffee roaster with a patented swing-gate head for feeding and discharging at the center, is first introduced to the trade.

1900--First gear-driven electric coffee grinder is introduced into the United States market by the Enterprise Manufacturing Co. of Pennsylvania.

1900--The Burns swing-gate sample-coffee roasting outfit is patented in the United States.

1900--Hills Bros., San Francisco, are the first to pack coffee in a vacuum under the Norton patents.

1900--Charles Morgan, Freeport, Ill., is granted a United States patent on a gla.s.s-jar coffee mill, with removable gla.s.s measuring cup.

1900--R.F.E. O'Kra.s.sa, Antigua, Guatemala, is granted an English and a United States patents on machines for sh.e.l.ling and drying coffee.