1818--The Havre coffee market for spot coffee and to arrive is established.

1819--Morize, a Paris tinsmith, invents a double drip reversible coffee pot.

1819--Laurens is granted a French patent on the original pumping-percolator device in which the boiling water was raised by steam pressure and sprayed over the ground coffee.

1820--Peregrine Williamson, Baltimore, is granted the first United States patent for an improvement on a coffee roaster.

1820--Another early form of the French percolator is patented by Gaudet, a Paris tinsmith.

1822--Nathan Reed, Belfast, Me., is granted a United States patent on a coffee huller.

1824--Richard Evans is granted a patent in England for a commercial method of roasting coffee, comprising a cylinder sheet-iron roaster fitted with improved f.l.a.n.g.es for mixing, a hollow tube and trier for sampling the coffee while roasting, and a means for turning the roaster completely over to empty it.

1825--The pumping percolator, working by steam pressure and by partial vacuum, comes into vogue in France, Germany, Austria, and elsewhere.

1825--The first coffee-pot patent in the United States is issued to Lewis Martelley, New York.

1825--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Hawaii from Rio de Janeiro.

1827--The first patent for a really practicable French coffee percolator is granted to Jacques Augustin Gandais, a manufacturer of plated jewelry in Paris.

1828--Charles Parker, Meriden, Conn., begins work on the original Charles Parker coffee mill.

1829--The first French patent on a coffee mill is granted Colaux et Cie, Molsheim, France.

1829--etabliss.e.m.e.nts Lauzaune begin the manufacture of hand-turned cylinder coffee roasting machines in Paris.

1830--The import duty on coffee in the United States is reduced to two cents a pound.

1831--David Selden is granted a patent in England for a coffee-grinding mill having cones of cast-iron.

1831--John Whitmee & Co., England, begin the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery.

1831--The import duty on coffee in the United States is reduced to one cent a pound.

1832--A United States patent is granted to Edmund Parker and Herman M. White, Meriden, Conn., on a new household coffee and spice mill.

(Chas. Parker Co. business founded same year.)

1832--Government coffee cultivation by forced labor is introduced into Java.

1832--Coffee is placed on the free list in the United States.

1832-33--United States patents are granted to Ammi Clark, Berlin, Conn., on improved coffee and spice mills for household use.

1833--Amos Ransom, Hartford, Conn., is granted a United States patent on a coffee roaster.

1833-34--A complete English coffee-roasting-and-grinding plant is installed in New York by James Wild.

1834--John Chester Lyman is granted a patent in England on a coffee huller employing circular wooden disks with wire teeth.

1835--Thomas Ditson, Boston, is granted a United States patent on a coffee huller. Ten others follow.

1835--The first private coffee estates are started in Java and Sumatra.

1836--The first French coffee-roaster patent is issued to Francois Rene Lacoux, Paris, on a combination coffee roaster and grinder made of porcelain.

1837--The first French coffee subst.i.tute is patented by Francois Burlet, Lyons.

1839--James Vardy and Moritz Platow are granted an English patent on a form of urn percolator employing the vacuum process of coffee making, the upper vessel being made of gla.s.s.

1840--Central America begins shipping coffee to the United States.

1840[L]--Robert Napier, of the Clyde engineering firm of Robert Napier & Sons, invents the Napierian vacuum coffee machine to make coffee by distillation and filtration, but the idea is never patented. (See 1870.)

1840--Abel Stillman, Poland, N.Y., is granted a United States patent on a family coffee roaster having a mica window to enable the operator to observe the coffee while roasting.

1840--The English begin to cultivate coffee in India.

1840--Wm. McKinnon & Co.. Aberdeen, Scotland, begin the manufacture of plantation machinery. (Established 1798.)

1842--The first French patent on a gla.s.s coffee-making device is granted to Mme. Va.s.sieux of Lyons.

1843--Ed. Loysel de Santais, Paris, is granted a patent on an improved coffee-making device, the principle of which is later incorporated in a hydrostatic percolator making 2,000 cups an hour.

1846--James W. Carter, Boston, is granted a United States patent on the Carter "pull-out" coffee roaster.

1847--J.R. Remington, Baltimore, is granted a United States patent on a coffee roaster employing a wheel of buckets to move the green coffee beans singly through a charcoal-heated trough in which they are roasted while pa.s.sing over the rotating wheel.

1847-48--William Dakin and Elizabeth Dakin are granted patents in England for a roasting cylinder lined with gold, silver, platinum, or alloy, and traversing carriage on a railway to move the roaster in and out of the heating chamber.

1848--Thomas John Knowlys is granted a patent in England on a perforated roasting cylinder coated with enamel.

1848--Luke Herbert is granted the first English patent on a coffee-grinding machine.

1849--Apoleoni Preterre, Havre, is granted a patent in England on a coffee roaster mounted on a weighing apparatus to indicate loss of weight in roasting, and automatically to stop the roasting process.

1849--Thomas R. Wood of Cincinnati is granted a United States patent on Wood's improved spherical coffee roaster for use on kitchen stoves.

1850--John Gordon & Co. begin the manufacture of coffee-plantation machinery in London.

1850[L]--The cultivation of coffee is introduced into Guatemala.

1850[L]--John Walker introduces his cylinder pulper for coffee plantations.

1852--Edward Gee secures a patent in England for an improved combination of apparatus for roasting coffee; having a perforated cylinder fitted with inclined f.l.a.n.g.es for turning the beans while roasting.

1852--Robert Bowman Tennent is granted a patent in England on a two-cylinder machine for pulping coffee. Others follow.

1852--Coffee cultivation is introduced into Salvador from Cuba.