7. "Will Kim Jong Nam Succeed His Father Kim Jong Il?" "Will Kim Jong Nam Succeed His Father Kim Jong Il?" Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet edition, January 14, 2001. Internet edition, January 14, 2001.

8. Lee Han-yong (pseudonym of Li Il-nam), Lee Han-yong (pseudonym of Li Il-nam), Heijou 15-gou kantei no nukeana Heijou 15-gou kantei no nukeana (The secret tunnel of Pyongyang No. 15 residence) (Tokyo: The Ma.s.sada, 1996). I am grateful to Hideko Takayama for her translation of relevant parts of this book. (The secret tunnel of Pyongyang No. 15 residence) (Tokyo: The Ma.s.sada, 1996). I am grateful to Hideko Takayama for her translation of relevant parts of this book.

9. Article in Article in Women's JoongAng 21 Women's JoongAng 21 summarized in summarized in JoongAng Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, Internet version, November 23, 2000. FBIS article i.d. KPP20001124000008; Lee Han-yong, Internet version, November 23, 2000. FBIS article i.d. KPP20001124000008; Lee Han-yong, Heijou 15-gou. Heijou 15-gou.

10. Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, Hw.a.n.g Jang-yop, The Problems of Human Rights in North Korea (3). The Problems of Human Rights in North Korea (3). Seoul: 2000. Translation by Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights on the Web at http://nknet.org/en/keys/lastkeys/2002/9/04.php. Seoul: 2000. Translation by Network for North Korean Democracy and Human Rights on the Web at http://nknet.org/en/keys/lastkeys/2002/9/04.php.

11. Lee Han-yong, Lee Han-yong, Heijou 15-gou. Heijou 15-gou.

12. Ibid. Ibid.

13. Bungei Shunju, Bungei Shunju, February 1998. Translation/abstract by February 1998. Translation/abstract by Korea Web Weekly, Korea Web Weekly, http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/nanok.htm. http://www.kimsoft.com/1997/nanok.htm.

14. Lee Han-yong, Lee Han-yong, Heijou 15-gou; Heijou 15-gou; "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, Joongang Ilbo, Joongang Ilbo, Feb. 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq. Feb. 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq.

15. Lee Kyo-kwan, "Signs of Kim Jong-nam s Preparations as Kim Jong-il's Successor a.n.a.lyzed," trans. FBIS, Lee Kyo-kwan, "Signs of Kim Jong-nam s Preparations as Kim Jong-il's Successor a.n.a.lyzed," trans. FBIS, Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet version, January 14, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0g7d33w01s3eel; Internet version, January 14, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0g7d33w01s3eel; Bungei Shunju, Bungei Shunju, February 1998; "North Korea's 'Crown Prince' Shown by j.a.panese TV Organization," Agence France-Presse, February 15, 1999. February 1998; "North Korea's 'Crown Prince' Shown by j.a.panese TV Organization," Agence France-Presse, February 15, 1999.

16. Bungei Shunju, Bungei Shunju, February 1998. February 1998.

17. Ibid. Ibid.

18. Lee Han-yong, Lee Han-yong, Heijou 15-gou. Heijou 15-gou.

19. Bungei Shunju, Bungei Shunju, February 1998. February 1998.

20. JoongAng Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, April 21, 1995, p. 5. April 21, 1995, p. 5.

21. "Kim Jong-il's Ex-Wife Reportedly Still in DPRK," Yonhap, .March 30, 1998, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0eqpsm100ruf3v. "Kim Jong-il's Ex-Wife Reportedly Still in DPRK," Yonhap, .March 30, 1998, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0eqpsm100ruf3v.

22. "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, Joongang Ilbo, Joongang Ilbo, February 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq. February 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq.

23. Korean Broadcasting System KBS-1 radio network, "Defector Shot in Seoul; Police a.s.sume DPRK Retaliation," 2100 GMT Feb. 15, 1997, FBIS translation doc.u.ment i.d. 0e9s3u002ex9dk Korean Broadcasting System KBS-1 radio network, "Defector Shot in Seoul; Police a.s.sume DPRK Retaliation," 2100 GMT Feb. 15, 1997, FBIS translation doc.u.ment i.d. 0e9s3u002ex9dk 24. See "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, See "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, JoongAng Ilbo, JoongAng Ilbo, February 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq. February 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq.

25. "Kim Jong-il's Ex-Wife Reportedly Still in DPRK" "Kim Jong-il's Ex-Wife Reportedly Still in DPRK"

26. "Kim Jong-il's Daughter 'Sol-Song' Receives Training in Economy," "Kim Jong-il's Daughter 'Sol-Song' Receives Training in Economy," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet version, October 18, 2001, FBIS translation doc.u.ment i.d. 0glgev9025f8zh; Yonhap, "Ident.i.ty of DPRK Leader's Son Arrested in j.a.pan," trans. FBIS, May 3, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0gcyw5101oxg04. Internet version, October 18, 2001, FBIS translation doc.u.ment i.d. 0glgev9025f8zh; Yonhap, "Ident.i.ty of DPRK Leader's Son Arrested in j.a.pan," trans. FBIS, May 3, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0gcyw5101oxg04.

27. "Son of DPRK's Kim Jong-il Said to Join Government," "Son of DPRK's Kim Jong-il Said to Join Government," Joongang Ilbo Joongang Ilbo Internet version, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0flin2p01wxvxp; Lee Kyo-kwan, "Kim Jong Nam Being Groomed as Heir Apparent," Internet version, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0flin2p01wxvxp; Lee Kyo-kwan, "Kim Jong Nam Being Groomed as Heir Apparent," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet version, May 13, 2001, http://English.chosun.com/cgi-bin/printNews?id=200105130135; Lee Kyo-kwan, "Is Kim Jong Nam NKs Heir Apparent?" Internet version, May 13, 2001, http://English.chosun.com/cgi-bin/printNews?id=200105130135; Lee Kyo-kwan, "Is Kim Jong Nam NKs Heir Apparent?" Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet version, February 26, 2002, http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200202/200202260259.html. Internet version, February 26, 2002, http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200202/200202260259.html.

28. "Police Step Up Protection for DPRK Defectors After Threats, "Police Step Up Protection for DPRK Defectors After Threats,"Korea Times Internet edition, July 17, 1997, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0edjbsc013cm0b; for the claim that Kim Jong-nam was involved, see Internet edition, July 17, 1997, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0edjbsc013cm0b; for the claim that Kim Jong-nam was involved, see Wolgan Choson, Wolgan Choson, February 2001. February 2001.

29. See "ROK Paper Interviews Nephew Defector of Song Hye-rim," trans. FBIS, See "ROK Paper Interviews Nephew Defector of Song Hye-rim," trans. FBIS, Dong-A Ilbo, Dong-A Ilbo, February 14, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dmumu702tf940. February 14, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dmumu702tf940.

30. Wolgan Choson, Wolgan Choson, February 2001. February 2001.

31. Joongang Ilbo Joongang Ilbo Internet version, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0flin2p01wxvxp. Internet version, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0flin2p01wxvxp.

32. "Will Kim Jong Nam Succeed His Father Kim Jong Il?" "Will Kim Jong Nam Succeed His Father Kim Jong Il?" Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet edition, January 14, 2001. Internet edition, January 14, 2001.

33. George Wehrfritz and Hideko Takayama, "The Sun Also Surprises," George Wehrfritz and Hideko Takayama, "The Sun Also Surprises," Newsweek International, Newsweek International, May 14, 2001. The magazine cited as its source Lee Young-hwa, a leading critic of Pyongyang among the Korean residents in j.a.pan. May 14, 2001. The magazine cited as its source Lee Young-hwa, a leading critic of Pyongyang among the Korean residents in j.a.pan.

34. "Will Kim Jong Nam Succeed His Father Kim Jong Il?" "Will Kim Jong Nam Succeed His Father Kim Jong Il?"

35. James Brooke, "China Called Likely to Oust 78 North Koreans," James Brooke, "China Called Likely to Oust 78 North Koreans," The New York Times, The New York Times, January 22, 2003, p. A5. January 22, 2003, p. A5.

36. See "S. Korea Rejects Report Kim Jong Il in China," Seoul-datelined Agence France-Presse article, See "S. Korea Rejects Report Kim Jong Il in China," Seoul-datelined Agence France-Presse article, citing JoongAng Ilbo, The j.a.pan Times, citing JoongAng Ilbo, The j.a.pan Times, May 20, 2001. The Seoul newspaper cited an unnamed South Korean government source. May 20, 2001. The Seoul newspaper cited an unnamed South Korean government source.

37. "DPRK Leader's Eldest Son Said To Remain in Russia," "DPRK Leader's Eldest Son Said To Remain in Russia," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet Version in English, September 22, 2002, WNC article I.D.: KPP20020924000074. Internet Version in English, September 22, 2002, WNC article I.D.: KPP20020924000074.

38. "Diplomatic Source 'Confirms' Kim Chong-il's Son Vacationed Often in Moscow," trans. FBIS, "Diplomatic Source 'Confirms' Kim Chong-il's Son Vacationed Often in Moscow," trans. FBIS, Sankei Shimbun, Sankei Shimbun, September 15, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0h2qz7900k8j47. September 15, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0h2qz7900k8j47.

39. "NK Leader's Ex-Wife Died in May" Yonhap dispatch in "NK Leader's Ex-Wife Died in May" Yonhap dispatch in Korea Times, Korea Times, Internet edition, November 7, 2002, http://www.hankooki.com/kt_nation/200211/ Internet edition, November 7, 2002, http://www.hankooki.com/kt_nation/200211/ 40. A German diplomat who asked to remain anonymous told me that a photo showed Kim Jong-il in East Germany in 1984 when his father was visiting there and a sudden crisis came up-a flood in North Korea-that evidently required the younger Kim to travel and get his father's advice or orders. The diplomat said there was no official record of Kim Jong-il's presence in East Germany ever, so presumably he went under an a.s.sumed name. A German diplomat who asked to remain anonymous told me that a photo showed Kim Jong-il in East Germany in 1984 when his father was visiting there and a sudden crisis came up-a flood in North Korea-that evidently required the younger Kim to travel and get his father's advice or orders. The diplomat said there was no official record of Kim Jong-il's presence in East Germany ever, so presumably he went under an a.s.sumed name.

41. Article in Article in Women's Joongang 21 Women's Joongang 21 summarized in summarized in Joongang Ilbo, Joongang Ilbo, Internet version, November 23, 2000. FBIS article i.d. KPP20001124000008, http://wnc. fedworld.gov. Internet version, November 23, 2000. FBIS article i.d. KPP20001124000008, http://wnc. fedworld.gov.

42. Yomiuri, Yomiuri, May 4, 2001; May 4, 2001; j.a.pan Times, j.a.pan Times, May 5, 2001. May 5, 2001.

43. "Kim's 'Son' Tried j.a.pan's Soaplands," "Kim's 'Son' Tried j.a.pan's Soaplands," j.a.pantoday.com j.a.pantoday.com, July 15, 2002, a summary translation by Mark Schreiber of an article in Shukan Shincho Shukan Shincho for July 18, 2002. for July 18, 2002.

44. I am grateful to Hideko Takayama for pointing out and translating these articles. I am grateful to Hideko Takayama for pointing out and translating these articles.

45. Yonhap, "Ident.i.ty of DPRK Leader's Son Arrested in j.a.pan," trans. FBIS, May 3, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0gcyw5101oxg04. Yonhap, "Ident.i.ty of DPRK Leader's Son Arrested in j.a.pan," trans. FBIS, May 3, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0gcyw5101oxg04.

46. Article in Article in Women's Joongang 21 Women's Joongang 21 summarized in summarized in Joongang Ilbo, Joongang Ilbo, Internet version, November 23, 2000. Translation by U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, article i.d. KPP20001124000008, http://wnc.fedworld.gov. Internet version, November 23, 2000. Translation by U.S. Foreign Broadcast Information Service, article i.d. KPP20001124000008, http://wnc.fedworld.gov.

47. Song Mi-ran, "Partisan's Son," Song Mi-ran, "Partisan's Son," Nodong Shinmun, Nodong Shinmun, October 6, 2002, trans. FBIS as "DPRK Hails Leader as Partisan's Son, Mentions Son-to-Grandson Succession," FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0h59iwg02ykiwf October 6, 2002, trans. FBIS as "DPRK Hails Leader as Partisan's Son, Mentions Son-to-Grandson Succession," FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0h59iwg02ykiwf 48. "DPRK Leader's Eldest Son Said to Remain in Russia," "DPRK Leader's Eldest Son Said to Remain in Russia," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet edition, September 22, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0h32b5801gsbn8; Pak Min-son, "Kim Jong-chol Rises as Heir in the North," trans. FBIS, Yonhap (quoting Internet edition, September 22, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0h32b5801gsbn8; Pak Min-son, "Kim Jong-chol Rises as Heir in the North," trans. FBIS, Yonhap (quoting Aera), Aera), April 17, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0guzlkc02mpq4n; "Kim Jong-nam Is Scrambling for Power with His Brother," trans. FBIS, April 17, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0guzlkc02mpq4n; "Kim Jong-nam Is Scrambling for Power with His Brother," trans. FBIS, Ming Pao, Ming Pao, May 4, 2001, FBIS translation, doc.u.ment i.d. 0gd0p3a01sdpha; "Kim Jong-il's Son Kim Hyon in Charge of WPK Propaganda Department," Jiji Press, August 31, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0hlv9za018bge9; 'Highest Ranking' DPRK Official Said Defected to ROK," trans. FBIS, May 4, 2001, FBIS translation, doc.u.ment i.d. 0gd0p3a01sdpha; "Kim Jong-il's Son Kim Hyon in Charge of WPK Propaganda Department," Jiji Press, August 31, 2002, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0hlv9za018bge9; 'Highest Ranking' DPRK Official Said Defected to ROK," trans. FBIS, Kyonghyang Shinmun, Kyonghyang Shinmun, June 7, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dssz2200270jy. June 7, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dssz2200270jy.

49. Lee Han-yong, Lee Han-yong, Heijou 15-gou; Heijou 15-gou; "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, "Song-Yi Telephone Conversation Disclosed," trans. FBIS, JoongAng Ilbo JoongAng Ilbo article, February 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq. article, February 17, 1996, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0dn7jom016u5eq.

50. Based on the timing, it appears one of those two might have been become the mother of Kim Hyon. Based on the timing, it appears one of those two might have been become the mother of Kim Hyon.

51. "DPRK Leader's Eldest Son Said To Remain in Russia," "DPRK Leader's Eldest Son Said To Remain in Russia," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo Internet version in English, September 22, 2002, WNC article I.D.: KPP20020924000074. Internet version in English, September 22, 2002, WNC article I.D.: KPP20020924000074.

52. Under the pseudonym Kenji Fujimoto, he subsequently published a book, Under the pseudonym Kenji Fujimoto, he subsequently published a book, Kim Jong-il's Chef, Kim Jong-il's Chef, in j.a.panese and Korean, in which he repeated that Kim Jong-il favored Kim Jong-un (sometimes rendered as Jong-woon or Jong-oon) as his heir. in j.a.panese and Korean, in which he repeated that Kim Jong-il favored Kim Jong-un (sometimes rendered as Jong-woon or Jong-oon) as his heir.

53. See Kim Yeon-kw.a.n.g, "Second Son Being Groomed as Heir Apparent," See Kim Yeon-kw.a.n.g, "Second Son Being Groomed as Heir Apparent," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo (Internet English Edition) (Seoul), February 18, 2003, http://english.chosun. com/w21data/html/news/200302/200302180027.html; (Internet English Edition) (Seoul), February 18, 2003, http://english.chosun. com/w21data/html/news/200302/200302180027.html; Sankei Shimbun Sankei Shimbun (Tokyo), February 19, 2003; George Wehrfritz and Hideko Takayama with B.J. Lee, "Heirs to the Kingdom," (Tokyo), February 19, 2003; George Wehrfritz and Hideko Takayama with B.J. Lee, "Heirs to the Kingdom," Newsweek International, Newsweek International, March 10, 2003; Wehrfritz, Takayama, Lee, "North Korea: .Mother Knows Best," March 10, 2003; Wehrfritz, Takayama, Lee, "North Korea: .Mother Knows Best," Newsweek Newsweek (U.S. edition), March 10, 2003. (U.S. edition), March 10, 2003.

54. Yi Kyo-kwan, "Kim Chong-il's Daughter 'Sol-song' Receives Training in Economy," Yi Kyo-kwan, "Kim Chong-il's Daughter 'Sol-song' Receives Training in Economy," Chosun Ilbo Chosun Ilbo (Internet version) in Korean, October 18, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0glgev9025f8zh. (Internet version) in Korean, October 18, 2001, FBIS doc.u.ment i.d. 0glgev9025f8zh.