12. Harris, The Genius, 91.

13. Walsh, Jamison, and Walsh, The Score Takes Care of Itself, 112.

14. Ibid.

15. David Schkade, Ca.s.s R. Sunstein, and Reid Hastie, "What Happened on Deliberation Day?," Working Paper no. 298 (University of Chicago Law and Economics, June 2006), accessed on September 13, 2013, www.law.uchicago.edu/files/files/298.pdf.

16. Surowiecki, The Wisdom of Crowds.

17. Bill Walsh, interview by Richard Rapaport, Harvard Business Review, January 1993, hbr.org/1993/01/to-build-a-winning-team-an-interview-with-head-coach-bill-walsh/ar/4.

18. Walsh, Jamison, and Walsh, The Score Takes Care of Itself, 114.

19. Ibid., 48.

20. Ibid.

21. Ibid., 23.

22. Harris, The Genius, 82.

23. Walsh, Jamison, and Walsh, The Score Takes Care of Itself, 113.

24. Ibid., 23.

25. Michael W. Kraus, Ca.s.sy Huang, and Dacher Keltner, "Tactile Communication, Cooperation, and Performance: An Ethological Study of the NBA," Emotion 10, no. 5 (October 2010): 745749. I interviewed Kraus, a.s.sistant professor of psychology at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, in May 2013. Also see Stephanie Pappas, "Touchy-Feely NBA Teams More Likely to Win," Livescience, November 9, 2010, www.livescience.com/11091-touchy-feely-nba-teams-win.html.

26. "Hall of Famers: Steve Young," Pro Football Hall of Fame, August 7, 2005, www.profootballhof.com/hof/member.aspx?PlayerId=252&tab=Speech.

Chapter 6.

1. My account of the Ray Young incident relies on news articles that ran in the Was.h.i.+ngton Post, including Dan Morse, "Montgomery Man Gets 9 Years in Stabbing at Post Office," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, May 13, 2013, articles.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/2013-05-13/local/39223226_1_ray-young-post-office-victim; Michael Laris, "Montgomery County Post Office Stabbing Suspect Charged with Attempted Murder," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, July 27, 2012, www.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/blogs/crime-scene/post/montgomery-county-post-office-stabbing-suspect-charged-with-attempted-murder/2012/07/27/gJQAg1gnDX_blog.html; and Michael Laris, "Man Held in Stabbing at Md. Post Office," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, July 27, 2012, articles.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/2012-07-27/local/35488756_1_postal-worker-life-threatening-injuries-baseball-bat. I contacted Ray Young's lawyer, Gary Courtois, in December 2012. I did not receive a reply. I first came across the idea of queue rage in Seth Stevenson, "What You Hate Most About Waiting in Line," Slate, June 1, 2012.

2. Jerome Taylor, "Couple Found Guilty of Death in Supermarket Queue," Independent (London), February 27, 2009, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/couple-found-guilty-of-death-in-supermarket-queue-1633408.html.

3. David Hunt, "Post Office Line Rage Sends Jacksonville Man over the Edge," Jax Air News (Jacksonville, FL), July 1, 2011, jaxairnews.jacksonville.com/news/crime/2011-07-01/story/post-office-line-rage-sends-jacksonville-man-over-edge.

4. "Express-Lane Dispute Costs Shopper Part of Her Nose," a.s.sociated Press, April 11, 1998.

5. Alex Stone, "Why Waiting Is Torture," New York Times, August 18, 2012. I also interviewed Richard Larson, Mitsui Professor of Engineering Systems at MIT, in December 2012.

6. Anat Rafaeli and others, "Queues and Fairness: A Multiple Study Experimental Investigation," Technical Report (Faculty of Industrial Engineering and Management at the Technion-Israel Inst.i.tute of Technology), ie.technion.ac.il/Home/Users/anatr/j.a.p-Fairness-Submission.pdf. I first came across this study in Stone, "Why Waiting Is Torture."

7. Bruno Wicker and others, "Both of Us Disgusted in My Insula: The Common Neural Basis of Seeing and Feeling Disgust," Neuron 40, no. 3 (October 2003): 655664.

8. Golnaz Tabibnia, Ajay B. Satpute, and Matthew D. Lieberman, "The Sunny Side of Fairness: Preference for Fairness Activates Reward Circuitry (and Disregarding Unfairness Activates Self-Control Circuitry)," Psychological Science 19, no. 4 (April 2008): 339347. Also see Wray Herbert, On Second Thought: Outsmarting Your Mind's Hard-Wired Habits (New York: Broadway Books, 2010).

9. Paul Woodruff, The Ajax Dilemma: Justice, Fairness, and Rewards (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011). I interviewed Paul Woodruff, Mary Helen Thompson Professor of the Humanities at the University of Texas in Austin, in January 2013. I first came across the book in an excellent review, Josh Rothman, "Paul Woodruff's 'The Ajax Dilemma,'" Boston Globe, October 26, 2011, and that article also helped shape my thinking.

10. Ovid, Metamorphoses, trans. Rolfe Humphries (Bloomington: Indiana University Press), 318.

11. Sophocles, Ajax, trans. R. C. Trevelyan, cla.s.sics.mit.edu/Sophocles/ajax.html.

12. Michael I. Norton and Dan Ariely, "Building a Better America-One Wealth Quintile at a Time," Perspectives on Psychological Science 6, no. 1 (January 2011): 912. I interviewed Norton, a.s.sociate professor of business administration at the Harvard Business School, in January 2012.

13. Raj Chetty and others, "Mobility in the 100 Largest Commuting Zones," Equality of Opportunity Project, accessed on September 16, 2013, www.equality-of-opportunity.org/index.php/city-rankings/city-rankings-100.

14. Tom Hertz, "Understanding Mobility in America," Center for American Progress, April 26, 2006, www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/news/2006/04/26/1917/understanding-mobility-in-america.

15. Richard Florida, "The High Inequality of U.S. Metro Areas Compared to Countries," Atlantic Cities, October 9, 2012, www.theatlanticcities.com/jobs-and-economy/2012/10/high-inequality-us-metro-areas-compared-countries/3079.

16. Eric M. Uslaner, "Middle Cla.s.s Series: Income Inequality in the United States Fuels Pessimism and Threatens Social Cohesion," Center for American Progress, December 5, 2012, www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2012/12/05/46871/income-inequality-in-the-united-states-fuels-pessimism-and-threatens-social-cohesion.

Chapter 7.

1. For my description of Somalia, I relied on James Fergusson, The World's Most Dangerous Place: Inside the Outlaw State of Somalia (Boston: Da Capo Press, 2013); Mary Jane Harper, Getting Somalia Wrong? Faith, War and Hope in a Shattered State (New York: Zed Books, 2012); and "Somalia," CIA World Factbook, last modified August 22, 2013, www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/so.html. Also helpful was Tim Harford, "The Economics of Trust," Forbes, July 20, 2010.

2. My account of Mohamed Aden Guled relies on William Finnegan, "Letter from Mogadishu," New Yorker, March 20, 1995, www.newyorker.com/archive/1995/03/20/1995_03_20_064_TNY_CARDS_000368240.

3. "Living in Somalia's Anarchy," BBC, November 18, 2004, news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4017147.stm.

4. Abdi Guled, "A New, Dangerous Job in Mogadishu: Tax Collector," a.s.sociated Press, July 29, 2013, bigstory.ap.org/article/new-dangerous-job-mogadishu-tax-collector.

5. Onora O'Neill, "Lecture 1: Without Trust We Cannot Stand," BBC Radio 4, last modified April 2004, www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2002/lecture1.shtml.

6. "Public Trust in Government: 19582013," Pew Research Center, last modified January 31, 2013, www.people-press.org/2013/10/18/trust-in-government-interactive/.

7. Onora O'Neill, "Lecture 1: Without Trust We Cannot Stand," BCC Radio 4, last modified April 2004, http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/reith2002/lecture1.shtml.

8. Jan Delhey and Christian Welzel, "Generalizing Trust, How Outgroup-Trust Grows Beyond Ingroup-Trust," World Values Research 5, no. 3 (2012), www.worldvaluessurvey.org/wvs/articles/folder_published/paperseries_46/files/WVR_05_03_Delhey_and_Welzel.pdf.

9. My account of William Donald Schaefer's work relies on the following sources: "The Hero of Baltimore," Baltimore Sun, April 18, 2011, articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-04-18/news/bs-ed-schaefer-20110418_1_don-schaefer-comptroller-william-donald-schaefer; Adam Bernstein, "William Donald Schaefer Dies at 89; Maryland Governor, Baltimore Mayor Had Trademark Style," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, April 18, 2011, articles.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/2011-04-18/local/35229892_1_baltimore-mayor-william-donald-schaefer-baltimore-aquarium; Doug Donovan, "William Donald Schaefer Leaves 'Do It Now' Legacy on Maryland Politics," North Baltimore Patch, April 20, 2011, northbaltimore.patch.com/groups/editors-picks/p/william-donald-schaefer-dies; Robert D. McFadden, "William Schaefer, Baltimore Mayor, Dies at 89," New York Times, April 18, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/04/19/us/19schaefer.html?pagewanted=all; and C. Fraser Smith, William Donald Schaefer: A Political Biography (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999).

10. "William Donald Schaefer over the Years," Baltimore Sun, April 26, 2011, articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-04-26/news/bs-md-schaefer-quotes-20110426_1_harborplace-william-donald-schaefer-mayor.

11. Bernstein, "William Donald Schaefer Dies at 89."

12. John Podesta and Reece Rus.h.i.+ng, "Doing What Works: Building a Government That Delivers Greater Value and Results to the American People," Center for American Progress, February 18, 2010, www.americanprogress.org/issues/open-government/report/2010/02/18/7267/doing-what-works.

13. U.S. Government Accountability Office, Opportunities to Reduce Potential Duplication in Government Programs, Save Tax Dollars, and Enhance Revenue, GAO-11-318SP (Was.h.i.+ngton, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, March 2011), www.gao.gov/new.items/d11318sp.pdf.

14. Ulrich Boser, "Return on Educational Investment: A District-by-District Evaluation of U.S. Educational Productivity," Center for American Progress, January 19, 2011, www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/report/2011/01/19/8902/return-on-educational-investment.

15. My account of Blair's government reform efforts relies on news sources as well as Michael Barber, Instruction to Deliver: Fighting to Transform Britain's Public Services (York, UK: Methuen, 2008). I interviewed Barber in March 2013.

16. David Bamber, "The Victims: 'A Lot of These Schemes Are Gimmicks,'" Telegraph (London), January 14, 2001.

17. Philip Johnston, "ID Cards Don't Work-Even Tony Says So," Telegraph (London), December 4, 2006, www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3634909/ID-cards-dont-work-even-Tony-says-so.html.

18. Barber, Instruction to Deliver, 273.

19. For the Hamilton quote, I relied on "The Federalist Papers: No. 70," Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, accessed on September 25, 2013, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed70.asp. I first came across Hamilton's idea in Larry Jay Diamond, "Three Paradoxes of Democracy," Journal of Democracy 1, no. 3 (Summer 1990): 4860.

20. Dana R. Carney and others, "People with Power Are Better Liars" (unpublished, Columbia University, 2009), www.engaged-zen.org/PDFarchive/PowerLying.pdf.

21. "Madison Debates," Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library, accessed on November 26, 2013, avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/debates_711.asp.

22. I interviewed Ronald MacLean-Abaroa in January 2012. I also relied on Robert Klitgaard, Ronald MacLean-Abaroa, and H. Lindsey Parris, Corrupt Cities: A Practical Guide to Cure and Prevention (Oakland, CA: Inst.i.tute for Contemporary Studies, 2000).

23. "The Paradox of Transparency," Independent (London), June 21, 2009, www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/leading-article-the-paradox-of-transparency-1711369.html.

24. Andrew J. Perrin and Sondra J. Smolek, "Who Trusts? Race, Gender, and the September 11 Rally Effect Among Young Adults," Social Science Research 38, no. 1 (March 2009): 134145.

25. My account of Bud Clark relies on news accounts, including Gordon Oliver, "Mayor Bud's Wild Ride," Oregonian (Portland), December 13, 1992; Charles Hillinger, "Oregon: A State Proud of Its Firsts: Women Hold Top Posts in Politics, Law Enforcement," Los Angeles Times, March 31, 1985, articles.latimes.com/1985-03-31/news/vw-19187_1_oregon-state-legislature; and Lauren Cowen, "Mayor Clark's Struggle to Be Just Bud," Oregonian, October 1, 1989. I interviewed Clark via email in September 2013.

26. John Schrag, "This Bud's for You," Willamette Week, March 9, 2005.

27. Eileen Pincus-Walker, "Portland's Mayor: Unusual Politician," NewsHour, November 26, 1984. Also see Hillinger, "Oregon: A State Proud."

28. Cowen, "Mayor Clark's Struggle to Be Just Bud."

29. Stuart Wa.s.serman, "Help for Politician Pours in, a Dollar at a Time; Const.i.tuents Pitch In to Pay Campaign Debts for Their Mayor, Whom They Have Fondly Tagged 'The Budster,'" Los Angeles Times, January 27, 1992, articles.latimes.com/1992-01-27/news/mn-626_1_campaign-debts.

30. Steven Johnson, Future Perfect: The Case for Progress in a Networked Age (New York: Riverhead Trade, 2013).

31. Pamela Abramson, "Loose as a Goose in City Hall," Newsweek, March 25, 1985.

32. Barnes C. Ellis, "Bud Clark Gives Farewell Address Before City Club," Oregonian (Portland), December 12, 1992.

Chapter 8.

1. John R. Hibbing and Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, Congress as Public Enemy: Public Att.i.tudes Toward American Political Inst.i.tutions (Cambridge, UK: Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1995). I interviewed Theiss-Morse, Willa Cather Professor of Political Science at the University of NebraskaLincoln, in January 2012.

2. Ezra Klein, "A Good Message Is Not Nearly as Important as a Fast Process," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, February 3, 2010, voices.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/ezra-klein/2010/02/a_good_message_is_not_nearly_s.html. For polling data, see "Public Opinion on Health Care Issues," Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, March 2010, kaiserfamilyfoundation.files.wordpress.com/2013/01/8058-f.pdf.

3. John E. Mueller, Capitalism, Democracy, and Ralph's Pretty Good Grocery (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 137.

4. My account of Gingrich's 1978 run for Congress relies on Steven M. Gillon, The Pact: Bill Clinton, Newt Gingrich, and the Rivalry That Defined a Generation (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008).

5. Ibid.

6. Thomas E. Mann and Norman J. Ornstein, It's Even Worse Than It Looks: How the American Const.i.tutional System Collided with the New Politics of Extremism (New York: Basic Books, 2012), 38.

7. The "definer of civilization" quote comes from "Gingrich's Doodles," Slate, December 8, 2011, www.slate.com/slideshows/news_and_politics/gingrichs-doodles.html. Also see Mann and Ornstein, It's Even Worse Than It Looks, for details on Gingrich's early days in office.

8. Gail Sheehy, "The Inner Quest of Newt Gingrich," Vanity Fair, September 1995, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newt/vanityfair1.html.

9. "The Long March of Newt Gingrich: 1978 speech by Gingrich," Frontline, accessed on September 26, 2013, www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/newt/newt78speech.html.

10. David Osborne, "The Swinging Days of Newt Gingrich," Mother Jones, November 1, 1984, www.motherjones.com/politics/1984/11/newt-gingrich-s.h.i.+ning-knight-post-reagan-right.

11. Sheryl Gay s...o...b..rg, "Gingrich Stuck to Caustic Path in Ethics Battles," New York Times, January 26, 2012.

12. "Reid Statement on Romney's False Claims of Bipartisans.h.i.+p," Harry Reid: United States Senator from Nevada, November 2, 2012, www.reid.senate.gov/press_releases/reid-statement-on-romneys-false-claims-of-bipartisans.h.i.+p#.U-OZ2xAR7V1.

13. Mann and Ornstein make this point. Also see "Parliamentary Parties in a Presidential System," Jack Balkin, balkin.blogspot.com/2010/11/parliamentary-parties-in-presidential.html.

14. Lydia Saad, "Conservatives Remain the Largest Ideological Group in U.S.," Gallup Politics, January 12, 2012, www.gallup.com/poll/152021/Conservatives-Remain-Largest-Ideological-Group.aspx.

15. Mickey Edwards, "How to Turn Republicans and Democrats Into Americans," Atlantic, June 7, 2011, www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/07/how-to-turn-republicans-and-democrats-into-americans/308521.

16. Writer Robert Costa made this argument in an interview. See Ezra Klein, "Why Boehner Doesn't Just Ditch the Hard Right," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, October 1, 2013, www.was.h.i.+ngtonpost.com/blogs/wonkblog/wp/2013/10/01/why-boehner-doesnt-just-ditch-the-right.

17. Chris Moody, "Newt Gingrich on Drug Laws, Ent.i.tlements and Campaigning," Yahoo! News, November 28, 2011, news.yahoo.com/blogs/ticket/newt-gingrich-drug-laws-ent.i.tlements-campaigning-yahoo-news-152936251.html.

18. Brad Johnson, "Gingrich's Great Global Warming Flip-Flop: From Cap-and-Trade to Drill-Baby-Drill," CampusProgress, March 25, 2011, thinkprogress.org/climate/2011/03/25/174957/newt-climate-flip-flops.

19. Ben Armbruster, "Gingrich Changes His Position: 'Waterboarding Is, by Every Technical Rule, Not Torture,'" ThinkProgress, November 29, 2011, thinkprogress.org/security/2011/11/29/377907/gingrich-waterboarding-not-torture.

20. Lois Romano, "Newt Gingrich, Maverick on the Hill: The New Right's Abrasive Point Man Talks of Changing His Tone and Tactics," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, January 3, 1985.

21. Ann H. Harvey and others, "Monetary Favors and Their Influence on Neural Responses and Revealed Preference," Journal of Neuroscience 30 (July 2010): 95979602. I first came across the study in Ariely, The Honest Truth About Dishonesty.

22. The figures from Obama's and Romney's contributions come from Melanie Mason and Joseph Tanfani, "Obama, Romney Break Fundraising Records," Los Angeles Times, December 7, 2012, articles.latimes.com/2012/dec/07/nation/la-na-campaign-money-20121207.

23. Jay Costa, "What's the Cost of a Seat in Congress?" MapLight, March 10, 2013, maplight.org/content/73190.

24. Hillel Aron, "LAUSD School Board District 4 Election: Absentee Ballot Results Show Steve Zimmer Leading Kate," LAWeekly, March 5, 2013, blogs.laweekly.com/informer/2013/03/lausd_school_board_district_4.php.

25. Ryan Grim and Sabrina Siddiqui, "Call Time for Congress Shows How Fundraising Dominates Bleak Work Life," Huffington Post, January 9, 2013, www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/01/08/call-time-congressional-fundraising_n_2427291.html.