26. Alex Blumberg, "Senator by Day, Telemarketer by Night," Planet Money, NPR, March 30, 2012, www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/03/30/149648666/senator-by-day-telemarketer-by-night. Also see Andrea Seabrook and Alex Blumberg, "Take the Money and Run for Office," This American Life, www.npr.org/blogs/money/2012/03/26/149390968/take-the-money-and-run-for-office.

27. Lee Drutman, "The Political 1% of the 1% in 2012," Sunlight Foundation, June 24, 2013, sunlightfoundation.com/blog/2013/06/24/1pct_of_the_1pct.

28. Mike Allen, "Sheldon Adelson: Inside the Mind of the Mega-donor," Politico, September 23, 2012.

29. Neil King Jr. and Patrick O'Connor, "Gingrich's Secret Weapon: Newt Inc.," Wall Street Journal, May 9, 2011. Also see Dan Eggen, "Gingrich Think Tank Collected Millions from Health-Care Industry," Was.h.i.+ngton Post, November 17, 2011.

30. Ibid.

31. Tracy Campbell, Deliver the Vote: A History of Election Fraud, an American Political Tradition, 17422004 (New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers, 2005), 5.

32. "Lobbyists," United States Senate, accessed on September 29, 2013, www.senate.gov/legislative/common/briefing/Byrd_History_Lobbying.htm.

33. Marc J. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters: Declining Political Trust and the Demise of American Liberalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005), 12.

34. M. J. Stephey, "Bush's Major-League Mistake," Time, March 27, 2012. I first came across this anecdote in Hetherington, Why Trust Matters.

35. "George W. Bush 2000 Campaign Ad," YouTube, accessed on September 29, 2013, www.youtube.com/watch?v=6FxL242-z6I. I first came across this example in Hetherington, Why Trust Matters.

36. Hetherington, Why Trust Matters, 2.

37. "House GOP Plans Anti-Was.h.i.+ngton Push in August," a.s.sociated Press, August 5, 2013, www.politico.com/story/2013/08/house-republicans-recess-plan-95180.html#ixzz2eiiEh2yo.

38. My account of the murders relies on news reports of the crime, including Andrew Wolfe, "Murder Details Reveal Planning, Bragging," Telegraph (Nashua, NH), January 6, 2010, www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/517488-196/cout-doc.u.ments-in-cates-murder-released.html; Joseph G. Cote, "Glover: Spader 'Euphoric' After Killing," Telegraph (Nashua, NH), October 29, 2010, www.nashuatelegraph.com/mobile/893384-264/glover-spader-euphoric-after-killing.html; Joseph Cote, "Friends: 'Creepy Chris' Was a Dork," Telegraph (Nashua, NH), March 18, 2011, www.nashuatelegraph.com/news/912792-196/live-online-gribbles-friends-describe-the-person.html; and Kathryn Marchocki, "In Released Court Records, Spader's Past Offers Few Clues to Cates Murder," New Hamps.h.i.+re Union Leader (Manchester, NH), July 29, 2013, www.newhamps.h.i.+re.com/article/20130730/NEWS03/130739973/-1/newhamps.h.i.+re1405&template=newhamps.h.i.+re1407.

39. John Ellement, "Judge Sentences Spader to Life; Says He Belongs in a 'Cage,'" Boston Globe, November 9, 2010.

40. Wolfe, "Murder Details Reveal Planning, Bragging."

41. Ibid.

42. See Randolph Roth, American Homicide (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press, 2009). Over the past few years, I have interviewed Roth a number of times via email, most recently in March 2013. I first came across Roth's work in a review by Jill Lepore, "Rap Sheet," New Yorker, November 9, 2009. Lepore's review helped shape my thinking, though she takes a far more skeptical approach to Roth's work than I do.

43. Lynne Tuohy, "Killer Tells of Slas.h.i.+ng Mother, Daughter," a.s.sociated Press, March 24, 2011, www.telegram.com/article/20110324/NEWS/103240848/1052.

44. Steven Spader, "To Who It May Concern," July 13, 2010, www.url.ie/u0x9.

Chapter 9.

1. I interviewed Casey Fenton in September 2013. I first came across Fenton's story in Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers, What's Mine Is Yours: The Rise of Collaborative Consumption (New York: HarperCollins, 2010), 176. My thinking was also influenced by Patricia Marx's wonderful article on Couchsurfing: "You're Welcome," New Yorker, April 16, 2012, www.newyorker.com/reporting/2012/04/16/120416fa_fact_marx?currentPage=all.

2. Debra Lauterbach and others, "Surfing a Web of Trust: Reputation and Reciprocity on CouchSurfing.com" (paper presented at the International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering, August 2931, 2009). I first came across the study in Marx, "You're Welcome."

3. I first came across Bob Redmond in Jed Lipinski, "You're Not a Stranger When You Leave," New York Times, August 31, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/garden/nudists-open-their-homes-to-budget-minded-travelers.html?pagewanted=all. I interviewed Edward Chu and Redmond in November 2012.

4. Clifford Na.s.s and Corina Yen, The Man Who Lied to His Laptop: What We Can Learn About Ourselves from Our Machines (New York: Current, 2010), 3. I interviewed Na.s.s in September 2013.

5. Ibid., 6.

6. Adam L. Penenberg, "Digital Oxytocin: How Trust Keeps Facebook, Twitter Humming," Fast Company, July 18, 2011, www.fastcompany.com/1767125/digital-oxytocin-how-trust-keeps-facebook-twitter-humming. Also see Adam L. Penenberg, "Social Networking Affects Brains Like Falling in Love," Fast Company, July 1, 2010, www.fastcompany.com/1659062/social-networking-affects-brains-falling-love.

7. Some of the language in this paragraph comes from Ulrich Boser, "Are Schools Getting a Big Enough Bang for Their Education Technology Buck?," Center for American Progress, June 14, 2013, www.americanprogress.org/issues/education/report/2013/06/14/66485/are-schools-getting-a-big-enough-bang-for-their-education-technology-buck.

8. For my account of Robert Morris, I relied on news reports as well as Katie Hafner and John Markoff, Cyberpunk: Outlaws and Hackers on the Computer Frontier, rev. ed. (New York: Touchstone, 1995).

9. John Markoff, "Student Testifies His Error Jammed Computer Network," New York Times, January 19, 1990.

10. Ibid.

11. "Networks," Computer Museum History Center, accessed on September 29, 2013, libai.math.ncu.edu.tw/bcc16/pool/stuff/CMHC_timeline/timeline/topics/networks.page.htm.

12. For details on Morris's conviction, see John Markoff, "Computer Intruder Is Put on Probation and Fined $10,000," New York Times, May 5, 1990, www.nytimes.com/1990/05/05/us/computer-intruder-is-put-on-probation-and-fined-10000.html. For the detail about a man receiving three years' probation for s.e.x abuse a few years later, see "Child Abuser Gets 3 Years of Probation," Baltimore Sun, June 8, 1993, articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-06-08/news/1993159067_1_supervised-probation-suspended-sentence-sykesville-man.

Chapter 10.

1. Jeff Wise, Extreme Fear: The Science of Your Mind in Danger (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009).

2. Zak, Moral Molecule, 95.

3. Specifically, Baumgartner said, "Sometimes you have to go up really high to understand how small you really are." See John Tierney, "24 Miles, 4 Minutes and 834 M.P.H., All in One Jump," New York Times, October 14, 2012, www.nytimes.com/2012/10/15/us/felix-baumgartner-skydiving.html.

4. Robert Wright, "Signing Off," Atlantic, January 8, 2013, www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/01/signing-off/266925.

5. Roderick M. Kramer, "Rethinking Trust."

6. Eric M. Uslaner, "Middle Cla.s.s Series: Income Inequality in the United States Fuels Pessimism and Threatens Social Cohesion."

Tool Kit for Policymakers 1. Jennifer Erickson and Michael Ettlinger, eds., "300 Million Engines of Growth: A Middle-Out Plan for Jobs, Business, and a Growing Economy," Center for American Progress, June 13, 2013, www.americanprogress.org/issues/economy/report/2013/06/13/66204/300-million-engines-of-growth.

2. Rebecca Klein-Collins, Amy Sherman, and Louis Soares, "Degree Completion Beyond Inst.i.tutional Borders," Center for American Progress, October 28, 2010, www.americanprogress.org/issues/labor/report/2010/10/28/8567/degree-completion-beyond-inst.i.tutional-borders.

3. Podesta and Rus.h.i.+ng, "Doing What Works."

4. Jitinder Kohli, Douglas J. Besharov, and Kristina Costa, "Social Impact Bonds: What Are Social Impact Bonds?" Center for American Progress, March 22, 2012, www.americanprogress.org/issues/open-government/report/2012/03/22/11175/what-are-social-impact-bonds.

About the Author.

Photo Beverlie Lord/Satsun Photography.

ULRICH BOSER writes about social issues, and his work has appeared in the New York Times, the Wall Street Journal, and the Was.h.i.+ngton Post. He is a senior fellow at the Center for American Progress, a nonpartisan think tank, and his first book, The Gardner Heist, was a national bestseller.

WWW.ULRICHBOSER.COM.

@ULRICHBOSER.

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