114-6; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 61; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. vi., p. 399. The Apache women, 'Son tan buenas ginetas, que brincan en un potro, y sin mas riendas que un cabrestillo, saben arrendarlo.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 564; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 298; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 28; _Figuier's Hum. Race_, p. 480. 'A short hair halter was pa.s.sed around under the neck of the horse, and both ends tightly braided into the mane, on the withers, leaving a loop to hang under the neck, and against the breast, which, being caught up in the hand, makes a sling into which the elbow falls, taking the weight of the body on the middle of the upper arm. Into this loop the rider drops suddenly and fearlessly, leaving his heel to hang over the back of the horse, to steady him, and also to restore him when he wishes to regain his upright position on the horse's back.' _Brownell's Ind. Races_, p. 540; _Davis' El Gringo_, p.

412. Les Comanches 'regardent comme un deshonneur d'aller a pied.' _Soc.

Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192; _Cremony's Apaches_, p.

282. The Comanches, for hardening the hoofs of horses and mules, have a custom of making a fire of the wild rosemary--artemisia--and exposing their hoofs to the vapor and smoke by leading them slowly through it.

_Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 203.

[772] _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 18; _Humboldt_, _Essai Pol._, tom. i., p.

290; _Cordoue_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. x., p. 443; _Malte-Brun_, _Precis de la Geog._, tom. vi., p. 454; _Monta.n.u.s_, _Nieuwe Weereld_, p. 209. 'Les Teyas et Querechos ont de grands troupeaux de chiens qui portent leur bagage; ils l'attachent sur le dos de ces animaux au moyen d'une sangle et d'un pet.i.t bat. Quand la charge se derange les chiens se mettent a hurler, pour avertir leur maitre de l'arranger.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom.

ix., pp. 117, 125, 190. 'On the top of the bank we struck a Camanche trail, very broad, and made by the lodge poles, which they transport from place to place ... by fastening them on each side of their pack horses, leaving the long ends trailing upon the ground.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 154. 'Si carecen de cabalgaduras, cargan los muebles las mujeres igualmente que sus criaturas.' _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex.

Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 128.

[773] _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, p. 234; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 33, 189; _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol.

ii., pp. 38, 46; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, pp. 473, 475; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 378. When the Yampais 'wish to parley they raise a firebrand in the air as a sign of friendship.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. i., p. 218.

[774] 'These messengers (of the Mohaves) were their news-carriers and sentinels. Frequently two criers were employed (sometimes more) one from each tribe. These would have their meeting stations. At these stations these criers would meet with promptness, and by word of mouth, each would deposit his store of news with his fellow expressman, and then each would return to his own tribe with the news.' _Stratton's Capt.

Oatman Girls_, pp. 220, 283. 'El modo de da.r.s.e sus avisos para reunirse en casos de urgencia de ser perseguidos, es por medio de sus telegrafos de humos que forman en los cerros mas elevados formando hogueras de los palos mas humientos que ellos conocen muy bien.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 281. _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 5. 'Para no detenerse en hacer los humos, llevan los mas de los hombres y mujeres, los instrumentos necessarios para sacar lumbre; prefieren la piedra, el eslabon, y la yesca; pero si no tienen estos utiles, suplen su falta con palos preparados al efecto bien secos, que frotados se inflaman.'

_Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 317.

[775] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Sitgreaves'

Zuni Ex._, p. 18. 'Su frazada en tiempo de frio es un tizon encendido que aplicandolo a la boca del estomago caminan por los mananas, y calentando ya el sol como a las ocho tiran los tizones, que por muchos que hayan tirado por los caminos, pueden ser guias de los caminantes.'

_Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p.

851.

[776] The Comanches 'have yearly gatherings to light the sacred fires; they build numerous huts, and sit huddled about them, taking medicine for purification, and fasting for seven days. Those who can endure to keep the fast unbroken become sacred in the eyes of the others.'

_Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451. If a Yuma kills one of his own tribe he keeps 'a fast for one moon; on such occasions he eats no meat--only vegetables--drinks only water, knows no woman, and bathes frequently during the day to purify the flesh.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110. 'It was their (Mojaves,) custom never to eat salted meat for the next moon after the coming of a captive among them.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 402; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 13; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 125-6.

[777] 'Entre cuyas tribus hay algunas que se comen a sus enemigos.'

_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 332. 'Los chirumas, que me parecen ser los yumas, no se que coman carne humana como dijo el indio cosnina.' _Garces_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 363.

'Among the spoil which we took from these Camanches, we found large portions of human flesh evidently prepared for cooking.' _Dewees'

Texas_, p. 232-3. Certain Europeans have represented the Comanches 'as a race of cannibals; but according to the Spaniards ... they are merely a cruel, dastardly race of savages.' _Pages' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107.

[778] _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 451; _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 34; _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 407.

[779] _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 418. 'Gonorrhoea and syphilis are not at all rare' among the Navajos. _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31.

[780] _Hardy's Trav._, p. 442-3. 'Los comanches la llaman Puip; y cuando uno de entre ellos esta herido, mascan la raiz (que es muy larga) y esprimen el yugo y la saliva en la llaga.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 118; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 156; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 63; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 142; _Id._, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 118; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 335; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 193. The Apaches: 'Cuando se enferma alguno a quien no han podido hacer efecto favorable la aplicacion de las yerbas, unico antidoto con que se curan, lo abandonan, sin mas diligencia ulterior que ponerle un monton de brasas a la cabecera y una poca de agua, sin saberse hasta hoy que significa esto o con que fin la hacen.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280.

[781] _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 13, 139; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol.

v., p. 212; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 240-1. Among the Comanches during the steam bath, 'the shamans, or medicine-men, who profess to have the power of communicating with the unseen world, and of propitiating the malevolence of evil spirits, are performing various incantations, accompanied by music on the outside.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 60; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 576; _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff.

Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. 'De aqui ha sucedido que algunos indios naturalmente astutos, se han convertido en adivinos, que han llegado a sostener como a sus oraculos. Estos mismos adivinos hacen de medicos, que por da.r.s.e importancia a la aplicacion de ciertas yerbas, agregan porcion de ceremonias supersticiosas y ridiculas, con canticos estranos, en que hablan a sus enfermos miles de embustes y patranas.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280.

[782] At the Colorado river they 'burned those which dyed.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.

404; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 97; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 467; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 240-1. 'It is the custom of the Mojaves to burn their property when a relation dies to whose memory they wish to pay especial honor.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p.

69. 'Die Comanches todteten fruher das Lieblingsweib des ges...o...b..nen Hauptlings.' _Muller_, _Amerikanische Urreligionen_, p. 88. 'No Navajo will ever occupy a lodge in which a person has died. The lodge is burned.' _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 213; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 289. 'When a death occurs they (Yumas) move their villages, although sometimes only a short distance, but never occupying exactly the same locality.' _Emory's Rept.

U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110.

[783] 'When a Comanche dies ... he is usually wrapped in his best blankets or robes, and interred with most of his "jewelry," and other articles of esteem.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 317, 243.

'Cuando muere algun indio, ... juntando sus deudos todas las alhajas de su peculio, se las ponen y de esta manera lo envuelven en una piel de cibolo y lo llevan a enterrar.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom.

i., p. 336; _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347; _Wislizenus' Tour_, p.

69. The Comanches cover their tombs 'with gra.s.s and plants to keep them concealed.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 363; _Id._, _Jour._, p.

14. The Apaches: 'probably they bury their dead in caves; no graves are ever found that I ever heard of.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 212. See also _James' Exped._, vol. ii., p. 305. 'On the highest point of the hill, was a Comanche grave, marked by a pile of stones and some remnants of scanty clothing.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 137, 151. The custom of the Mescalero Apaches 'heretofore has been to leave their dead unburied in some secluded spot.' _Curtis_, in _Ind.

Aff. Rept._, 1871, p. 402; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 50; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 233; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p.

119.

[784] Among the Navajos 'Immediately after a death occurs a vessel containing water is placed near the dwelling of the deceased, where it remains over night; in the morning two naked Indians come to get the body for burial, with their hair falling over and upon their face and shoulders. When the ceremony is completed they retire to the water, wash, dress, do up their hair, and go about their usual avocations.'

_Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 358. The Navajos 'all walked in solemn procession round it (the grave) singing their funeral songs. As they left it, every one left a present on the grave; some an arrow, others meat, moccasins, tobacco, war-feathers, and the like, all articles of value to them.' _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119; _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 57. 'A los ninos y ninas de pecho les llevan en una jicara la leche ordenada de sus pechos las mismas madres, y se las echan en la sepultura; y esto lo hacen por algunos dias continuos.' _Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 543; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 133; _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 280; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 100; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 304; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 56. 'When a young warrior dies, they mourn a long time, but when an old person dies, they mourn but little, saying that they cannot live forever, and it was time they should go.' _Parker's Notes on Tex._, pp. 192, 236.

[785] _Davis' El Gringo_, pp. 414-5; _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 250, 297.

[786] 'The quality of mercy is unknown among the Apaches.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 33-4, 193, 215-16, 227-8. 'Perfectly lawless, savage, and brave.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 197. 'For the sake of the booty, also take life.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 202. 'Inclined to intemperance in strong drinks.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211.

'Ferocisimos de condicion, de naturaleza sangrientos.' _Almanza_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 824. 'Sumamente vengativo.'

_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. 'Alevoso y vengativo caracte ... rastutos ladrones, y sanguinarios.' _Bustamante_, in _Cavo_, _Tres Siglos_, tom. iii., p. 78. 'I have not seen a more intelligent, cheerful, and grateful tribe of Indians than the roving Apaches.'

_Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1871, pp. 15, 47, 51; _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., pp. 314-15, 317; _Doc. Hist. N.

Vizcaya, MS._, p. 4; _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p.

371; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., pp. 322, 326-7; _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419; _Apostolicos Afanes_, p. 430; _Lachapelle_, _Raousset-Boulbon_, p. 83; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. cx.x.xv., pp. 307, 314; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol.

ii., pp. 5, 6, 8; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p.

294; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, pp. 330, 361; _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 243; _Ward's Mexico_, vol. i., p. 580; _Mowry's Arizona_, pp. 31-2; _Pope_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. ii., p. 13; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 14, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii.; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom.

cx.x.xi., p. 273; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 291, 295; _Hist.

Chretienne de la Cal._, p. 99; _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 95; _Peters'

Life of Carson_, p. 323; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p.

187; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, p. 341; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 276; _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., pp. 462-3; _Figuier's Hum.

Race_, pp. 482, 484; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 419; _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. ii., p. 404; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 44; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 111; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., pp. 475-6, and _Cent. Amer._, p.

527; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 117; _Whipple_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 99; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 850; see further, _Ind. Aff. Repts._, from 1854 to 1872; _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 116, 122.

[787] The Navajos: 'Hospitality exists among these Indians to a great extent.... Nor are these people cruel.... They are treacherous.'

_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, pp. 292, 295. 'Brave, hardy, industrious.' _Colyer_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 89; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 40. 'Tricky and unreliable.' _Simpson's Jour.

Mil. Recon._, p. 56. The Mojaves: 'They are lazy, cruel, selfish; ...

there is one good quality in them, the exact.i.tude with which they fulfil an agreement.' _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 20, 71-2; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 211; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol.

i., p. 329; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., pp. 217-18; _Hughes'

Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 384.

[788] _Cortez_, in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 124. 'Estos indios se aventajan en muchas circunstancias a los yumas y demas naciones del Rio Colorado; son menos molestos y nada ladrones.' _Garces_, in _Doc.

Hist. Mex._, serie ii., tom. i., p. 273; also in _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 472; _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 62.

[789] 'Grave and dignified ... implacable and unrelenting ...

hospitable, and kind ... affectionate to each other ... jealous of their own freedom.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 25, 30-1, 34, 36-9, 41, 60. 'Alta estima hacen del valor estas razas nomadas.' _Museo Mex._, tom. ii., p.

34. 'Loin d'etre cruels, ils-sont tres-doux et tres-fideles dans leurs amities.' _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 191; _Payno_, in _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, pp. 229-30; _Domenech_, _Jour._, pp. 13, 137, 469; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, tom. v., No. 96, p. 193; _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., pp. 132-3; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. i., pp. 293, 295; vol. ii., pp. 307, 313; _Gallatin_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1851, tom. cx.x.xi., p. 273; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Pages' Travels_, vol. i., p. 107; _Calderon de la Barca's Life in Mex._, vol. ii., p. 308.

[790] 'Tiguex est situe vers le nord, a environ quarante lieues,' from Cibola. _Castaneda_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 165. 'La province de Cibola contient sept villages; le plus grand se nomme Muzaque.' _Id._, p. 163. Of two provinces north of Tiguex, 'l'une se nommait Hemes, et renfermait sept villages; l'autre Yuque-Yunque.'

_Id._, p. 138. 'Plus au nord (of Tiguex) est la province de Quirix ...

et celle de Tutahaco.' _Id._, p. 168. From Cicuye to Quivira, 'On compte sept autres villages.' _Id._, p. 179. 'Il existe aussi, d'apres le rapport ... un autre royaume tres-vaste, nomme villes, et la capitale.

Acus sans aspiration est un royaume.' _Niza_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 271. 'The kingdome of Totonteac so much extolled by the Father prouinciall, ... the Indians say is a hotte lake, about which are five or sixe houses; and that there were certaine other, but that they are ruinated by warre. The kingdome of Marata is not to be found, neither haue the Indians any knowledge thereof. The kingdome of Acus is one onely small citie, where they gather cotton which is called Acucu, and I say that this is a towne. For Acus with an aspiration nor without, is no word of they countrey. And because I gesse that they would deriue Acucu of Acus, I say that it is this towne whereinto the kingdom of Acus is conuerted.' _Coronado_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol.

iii., p. 378; _Espeio_, in _Id._, pp. 386-394; _Mendoza_, _Lettre_, in _Ternaux-Compans_, _Voy._, serie i., tom. ix., p. 296; _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 315; _Salmeron_, _Relaciones_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 100; _Escalante_, in _Id._, pp. 124-5; _Pike's Explor. Trav._, pp. 341-2; _Muhlenpfordt_, _Mejico_, tom. ii., pt. ii., pp. 528-9; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 220; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 197.

[791] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, pp. 10-12, in _Pac. R. R.

Rept._, vol. iii.; _Simpson's Jour. Mil. Recon._, pp. 128-130; _Hezio_, _Noticia de las Misiones_, in _Meline's Two Thousand Miles_, pp. 208-9; _Chacon_, in _Id._, pp. 210-11; _Alencaster_, in _Id._, p. 212; _Davis'

El Gringo_, p. 115; _Calhoun_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iii., p.

633.

[792] _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 13, in _Pac. R. R.