_Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346. A chief of the Comanches is never degraded 'for any private act unconnected with the welfare of the whole tribe.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 130.

[743] The office of chief is not hereditary with the Navajos. _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 307. The wise old men of the Querechos 'curb the impetuosity of ambitious younger warriors.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 20.

'I infer that rank is (among the Mojaves), to some extent, hereditary.'

_Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 67, 71. 'This captain is often the oldest son of the chief, and a.s.sumes the command of the tribe on the death of his father,' among the Apaches. _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 210.

[744] The Mescaleros and Apaches 'choose a head-man to direct affairs for the time being.' _Carleton_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1854, p. 315.

'Es gibt auch Stamme, an deren Spitze ein Kriegs- sowie ein Friedens-Hauptling steht.' _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 279; _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc. Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315.

[745] When Col. Langberg visited the Comanches who inhabit the Bolson de Mapimi, 'wurde dieser Stamm von einer alten Frau angefuhrt.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 222; _Id._, _Cent. Amer._, p. 352; _Hardy's Trav._, p. 348. 'I have never known them (Comanches) to make a treaty that a portion of the tribe do not violate its stipulations before one year rolls around.' _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 267.

[746] The chiefs of the Comanches 'are in turn subject to the control of a princ.i.p.al chief.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 345. 'La autoridad central de su gobierno reside en un gefe supremo.' _Revista Cientifica_, tom. i., p. 57; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p. 229. The southern Comanches 'do not of late years acknowledge the sovereignty of a common ruler and leader in their united councils nor in war.' _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 43. The Gila Apaches acknowledge 'no common head or superior.' _Merriwether_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1854, pp. 170, 172.

[747] The Comanches 'hold regular councils quarterly, and a grand council of the whole tribe once a year.' _Edward's Hist. Tex._, p. 108.

'At these councils prisoners of war are tried, as well as all cases of adultery, theft, sedition and murder, which are punished by death. The grand council also takes cognizance of all disputes between the chiefs, and other matters of importance.' _Maillard's Hist. Tex._, p. 244.

'Their decisions are of but little moment, unless they meet the approbation of the ma.s.s of the people; and for this reason these councils are exceedingly careful not to run counter to the wishes of the poorer but more numerous cla.s.s, being aware of the difficulty, if not impossibility, of enforcing any act that would not command their approval.' _Collins_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 274. 'Singulis pagis sui Reguli erant, qui per praecones suos edicta populo denuntiabant.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 311. 'Tienen otra Persona, que llaman Pregonero, y es la segunda Persona de la Republica; el oficio de este, es manifestar al Pueblo todas las cosas que se han de hacer.'

_Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. ii., p. 337; _Id._, tom. i., p. 680.

They recognize 'no law but that of individual caprice.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109. The Comanches 'acknowledge no right but the right of the strongest.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575. 'La loi du talion est la base fondamentale du code politique, civil et criminel de ces diverses peuplades, et cette loi recoit une rigoureuse application de nation a nation, de famille a famille, d'individu a individu.' _Hartmann and Millard_, _Tex._, p. 114.

[748] The Comanches punish 'Adultery, theft, murder, and other crimes ... by established usage.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. Among the Navajos, 'Lewdness is punished by a public exposure of the culprit.'

_Scenes in the Rocky Mts._, p. 180. _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 26, 59.

Navajoes 'regard each other's right of property, and punish with great severity any one who infringes upon it. In one case a Navajo was found stealing a horse; they held a council and put him to death.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 344. A Cuchano young boy who frightened a child by foretelling its death, which accidentally took place the next day, 'was secretly accused and tried before the council for "being under the influence of evil spirits,"' and put to death.

_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.; _Feudge_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1868, p. 137. Among the Yumas, 'Each chief punishes delinquents by beating them across the back with a stick.

Criminals brought before the general council for examination, if convicted, are placed in the hands of a regularly appointed executioner of the tribe, who inflicts such punishment as the council may direct.'

_Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.

[749] The Apache chief Ponce, speaking of the grief of a poor woman at the loss of her son, says: 'The mother of the dead brave demands the life of his murderer. Nothing else will satisfy her.... Would money satisfy me for the death of my son? No! I would demand the blood of the murderer. Then I would be satisfied.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 69. 'If one man (Apache) kills another, the next of kin to the defunct individual may kill the murderer--if he can. He has the right to challenge him to single-combat.... There is no trial, no set council, no regular examination into the crime or its causes; but the ordeal of battle settles the whole matter.' _Id._, p. 293.

[750] _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 7; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 294. 'Ils (Comanches) tuent tous les prisonniers adultes, et ne laissent vivre que les enfans.' _Dillon_, _Hist. Mex._, p. 98. The Navajos 'have in their possession many prisoners, men, women, and children, ... whom they hold and treat as slaves.' _Bent_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. i., p. 244.

[751] One boy from Mexico taken by the Comanches, said, 'da.s.s sein Geschaft in der Gefangenschaft darin bestehe die Pferde seines Herrn zu weiden.' _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 102; _Gregg's Com.

Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 313. The natives of New Mexico take the women prisoners 'for wives.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187. Some prisoners liberated from the Comanches, were completely covered with stripes and bruises.

_Dewees' Texas_, p. 232. Miss Olive Oatman detained among the Mohaves says: 'They invented modes and seemed to create necessities of labor that they might gratify themselves by taxing us to the utmost, and even took unwarranted delight in whipping us on beyond our strength. And all their requests and exactions were couched in the most insulting and taunting language and manner, as it then seemed, and as they had the frankness soon to confess, to fume their hate against the race to whom we belonged. Often under the frown and lash were we compelled to labor for whole days upon an allowance amply sufficient to starve a common dandy civilized idler.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, pp. 114-18, 130.

[752] 'It appeared that the poor girl had been stolen, as the Indian (Axua) said, from the Yuma tribe the day before, and he now offered her for sale.' _Hardy's Trav._, p. 379. 'The practice of parents selling their children is another proof of poverty' of the Axuans. _Id._, p.

371.

[753] 'According to their (Tontos') physiology the female, especially the young female, should be allowed meat only when necessary to prevent starvation.' _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 115. The Comanches 'enter the marriage state at a very early age frequently before the age of p.u.b.erty.' _Neighbors_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p. 132.

Whenever a Jicarilla female arrives at a marriageable age, in honor of the 'event the parents will sacrifice all the property they possess, the ceremony being protracted from five to ten days with every demonstration of hilarity.' _Steck_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1863, p. 109; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 28-9. Among the Yumas, the applicant for womanhood is placed in an oven or closely covered hut, in which she is steamed for three days, alternating the treatment with plunges into the near river, and maintaining a fast all the time.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., pp. 110-11. The Apaches celebrate a feast with singing, dancing, and mimic display when a girl arrives at the marriageable state, during which time the girl remains 'isolated in a huge lodge' and 'listens patiently to the responsibilities of her marriageable condition,' recounted to her by the old men and chiefs.

'After it is finished she is divested of her eyebrows.... A month afterward the eye lashes are pulled out.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 143, 243-6.

[754] There is no marriage ceremony among the Navajoes 'a young man wishing a woman for his wife ascertains who her father is; he goes and states the cause of his visit and offers from one to fifteen horses for the daughter. The consent of the father is absolute, and the one so purchased a.s.sents or is taken away by force. All the marriageable women or squaws in a family can be taken in a similar manner by the same individual; i. e., he can purchase wives as long as his property holds out.' _Bristol_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 357; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 49; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214; _Parker's Notes on Tex._, p. 233.

[755] Among the Apaches, the lover 'stakes his horse in front of her roost.... Should the girl favor the suitor, his horse is taken by her, led to water, fed, and secured in front of his lodge.... Four days comprise the term allowed her for an answer.... A ready acceptance is apt to be criticised with some severity, while a tardy one is regarded as the extreme of coquetry.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp. 245-9; _Ten Broeck_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 89; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 30, 51. The Apache 'who can support or keep, or attract by his power to keep, the greatest number of women, is the man who is deemed ent.i.tled to the greatest amount of honor and respect.' _Cremony's Apaches_, pp.

44, 85. Un Comanche, 'peut epouser autant de femmes qu'il veut, a la seule condition de donner a chacune un cheval.' _Domenech_, _Jour._, p.

135. Among the Navajoes, 'The wife last chosen is always mistress of her predecessors.' _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 42, in _Pac. R.

R. Rept._, vol. iii. They seldom, if ever, marry out of the tribe.

_Ward_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 455. 'In general, when an Indian wishes to have many wives he chooses above all others, if he can, sisters, because he thinks he can thus secure more domestic peace.'

_Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p. 306. 'I think that few, if any, have more than one wife,' of the Mojaves. _Ives' Colorado Riv._, p. 71.

[756] 'The Navajo marriage-ceremony consists simply of a feast upon horse-flesh.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 460. When the Navajos desire to marry, 'they sit down on opposite sides of a basket, made to hold water, filled with atole or some other food, and partake of it. This simple proceeding makes them husband and wife.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 415.

[757] The Comanche women 'are drudges.' _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 575; _Dufey_, _Resume de l'Hist._, tom. i., p. 4; _Neighbors_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 265; _Escudero_, _Noticias de Chihuahua_, p.

230; _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 308. Labor is considered degrading by the Comanches. _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347. The Apache men 'no cuidan de otras cosas, sino de cazar y divertirse.'

_Sonora_, _Descrip. Geog._, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., tom. iv., p. 563; _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 49, 56. 'La femme (du Comanche) son esclave absolue, doit tout faire pour lui. Souvent il n'apporte pas meme le gibier qu'il a tue, mais il envoie sa femme le chercher au loin.'

_Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 459. The Navajos 'treat their women with great attention, consider them equals, and relieve them from the drudgery of menial work.' _Hughes' Doniphan's Ex._, p. 203. The Navajo women 'are the real owners of all the sheep.... They admit women into their councils, who sometimes control their deliberations; and they also eat with them.' _Davis' El Gringo_, p. 412; _Whipple, Ewbank, and Turner's Rept._, p. 101., in _Pac. R. R. Rept._, vol. iii. 'De aqui proviene que sean arbitros de sus mugeres, dandoles un trato servilisimo, y algunas veces les quitan hasta la vida por celos.'

_Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 268. 'Les Comanches, obligent le prisonnier blanc, dont ils ont admire le valeur dans le combat, a s'unir aux leurs pour perpetuer sa race.' _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462.

[758] Among the Apaches, 'muchas veces suele disolverse el contrato por unanime consentimiento de los desposados, y volviendo la mujer a su padre, entrega este lo que recibio por ella.' _Cordero_. in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, p. 373. When the Navajo women abandon the husband, the latter 'asks to wipe out the disgrace by killing some one.' _Ind.

Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 334; _Eaton_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 217.

[759] Navajo women, 'when in parturition, stand upon their feet, holding to a rope suspended overhead, or upon the knees, the body being erect.'

_Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 290. 'Previous to a birth, the (Yuma) mother leaves her village for some short distance and lives by herself until a month after the child is born; the band to which she belongs then a.s.semble and select a name for the little one, which is given with some trivial ceremony.' _Emory's Rept._, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 31. 'Si el parto es en marcha, se hacen a un lado del camino debajo de un arbol, en donde salen del lance con la mayor facilidad y sin apuro ninguno, continuando la marcha con la criatura y algun otro de sus chiquillos, dentro de una especie de red, que a la manera de una canasta cargan en los hombros, pendiente de la frente con una tira de cuero o de vaqueta que la contiene, en donde llevan ademas alunos trastos o cosas que comer.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 281; _Fossey_, _Mexique_, p. 462. 'Luego que sale a luz esta, sale la vieja de aquel lugar con la mano puesta en los ojos, y no se descubre hasta que no haya dado una vuelta fuera de la casa, y el objeto que primero se le presenta a la vista, es el nombre que se le pone a la criatura.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335.

[760] _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 92; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., p. 320; _Ives' Colorado River_, pp. 66, 71; _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p. 211. 'Quand les Indiennes (Comanches) voyagent avec leurs enfants en bas age, elles les suspendent a la selle avec des courroies qu'elles leur pa.s.sent entre les jambes et sous les bras. Les soubresauts du cheval, les branches, les broussailles heurtent ces pauvres pet.i.ts, les dechirent, les meurtrissent: peu importe, c'est une facon de les aguerrir.' _Domenech_, _Journ._, p. 135; _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 52. 'A la edad de siete anos de los apaches, o antes, lo primero que hacen los padres, es poner a sus hijos el carcax en la mano ensenandoles a tirar bien, cuya tactica empiezan a aprender en la caza.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 283. The Apaches, 'juventutem sedulo inst.i.tuunt castigant quod aliis barbaris insolitum.' _De Laet_, _Novus...o...b..s_, p. 316. Male children of the Comanches 'are even privileged to rebel against their parents, who are not ent.i.tled to chastise them but by consent of the tribe.' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 346-7. In fact a Navajo Indian has said, 'that he was afraid to correct his own boy, lest the child should wait for a convenient opportunity, and shoot him with an arrow.' _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 294.

[761] _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 354; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 367; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 399; _Pattie's Pers. Nar._, p. 119.

[762] 'The Navajo women are very loose, and do not look upon fornication as a crime.' _Guyther_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 339; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 244. 'Prost.i.tution is the rule among the (Yuma) women, not the exception.' _Mowry_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1857, p. 301; _Froebel_, _Aus Amerika_, tom. ii., p. 476; _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 96. 'Prost.i.tution prevails to a great extent among the Navajoes, the Maricopas, and the Yuma Indians; and its attendant diseases, as before stated, have more or less tainted the blood of the adults; and by inheritance of the children.' _Carleton_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec.

Com._, 1867, p. 433. Among the Navajoes, 'the most unfortunate thing which can befall a captive woman is to be claimed by two persons. In this case, she is either shot or delivered up for indiscriminate violence.' _Emory's Reconnoissance_, p. 50. The Colorado River Indians 'barter and sell their women into prost.i.tution, with hardly an exception.' _Safford_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1870, p. 139. 'The Comanche women are, as in many other wild tribes, the slaves of their lords, and it is a common practice for their husbands to lend or sell them to a visitor for one, two, or three days at a time.' _Marcy's Rept._, p. 187; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 419. 'Las faltas conyugales no se castigan por la primera vez; pero a la segunda el marido corta la punta de la nariz a su infiel esposa, y la despide de su lado.' _Revista Cientifica_, vol. i., p. 57; _Soc. Geog._, _Bulletin_, serie v., No. 96, p. 192. 'The squaw who has been mutilated for such a cause, is _ipso facto_ divorced, and, it is said, for ever precluded from marrying again. The consequence is, that she becomes a confirmed harlot in the tribe.' _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., pp. 43, 308-10, 313. 'El culpable, segun dicen, jamas es castigado por el marido con la muerte; solamente se abroga el derecho de darle algunos golpes y cogerse sus mulas o caballos.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 253; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 49. 'These yung men may not haue carnall copulation with any woman: but all the yung men of the countrey which are to marrie, may company with them.... I saw likewise certaine women which liued dishonestly among men.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p.

436.

[763] 'They tolde mey that ... such as remayned widowes, stayed halfe a yeere, or a whole yeere before they married.' _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 431; _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 110; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 54; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. ii., p. 234; _Garcia Conde_, in _Soc.

Mex. Geog._, _Boletin_, tom. v., p. 315.

[764] 'En las referidas reuniones los bailes son sus diversiones favoritas. Los hacen de noche al son de una olla cubierta la boca con una piel tirante, que suenan con un palo, en cuya estremidad lian un boton de trapos. Se interpolan ambos secsos, saltan todos a un mismo tiempo, dando alaridos y haciendo miles de ademanes, en que mueven todos los miembros del cuerpo con una destreza extraordinaria, arremedando al coyote y al venado. Desta manera forman diferentes grupos simetricamente.' _Velasco_, _Noticias de Sonora_, p. 269; _Marcy's Army Life_, p. 177; _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 285. 'Este lo forma una junta de truhanes vestidos de ridiculo y autorizados por los viejos del pueblo para cometer los mayores desordenes, y gusten tanto de estos hechos, que ni los maridos reparan las infamias que cometen con sus mugeres, ni las que resultan en perjuicio de las hijas.' _Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. i., p. 335. 'The females (of the Apaches) do the princ.i.p.al part of the dancing.' _Henry_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. v., p.

212. 'Among the Abenakis, Chactas, Comanches, and other Indian tribes, the women dance the same dances, but after the men, and far out of their sight ... they are seldom admitted to share any amus.e.m.e.nt, their lot being to work.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., pp. 199, 214. 'De estos vinieron cinco danzas, cada una compuesta de treinta indias; de estas, veintiseis como de 15 a 20 anos, y las cuatro restantes de mas edad, que eran las que cuidaban y dirigian a las jovenes.' _Museo Mex._, tom. i., p. 288. 'The dance (of the Tontos) is similar to that of the California Indians; a stamp around, with clapping of hands and slapping of thighs in time to a drawl of monotones.' _Smart_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1867, p. 419.

[765] _Stratton's Capt. Oatman Girls_, p. 180. The Yumas 'sing some few monotonous songs, and the beaux captivate the hearts of their lady-loves by playing on a flute made of cane.' _Emory's Rept. U. S. and Mex.

Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii. 'No tienen mas orquesta que sus voces y una olla o casco de calabazo a que se amarra una piel tirante y se toca con un palo.' _Cordero_, in _Orozco y Berra_, _Geografia_, pp.

373-4; _Arricivita_, _Cronica Serafica_, p. 419; _Ives' Colorado Riv._, pp. 71-2; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, tom. i., pp. 166, 168.

[766] _Stanley's Portraits_, p. 55; _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. ii., p.

133. 'Y el vicio que tienen estos Indios, es jugar en las Estufas las Mantas, y otras Preseas con vnas Canuelas, que hechan en alto (el qual Juego vsaban estos Indios Mexicanos) y al que no tiene mas que vna Manta, y la pierde, se la buelven; con condicion, que ha de andar desnudo por todo el Pueblo, pintado, y embijado todo el cuerpo, y los Muchachos dandole grita.' _Torquemada_, _Monarq. Ind._, tom. i., p. 680.

[767] _Kennedy's Texas_, vol. i., p. 347.

[768] 'The players generally take each about ten arrows, which they hold with their bows in the left hand; he whose turn it is advances in front of the judges, and lances his first arrow upwards as high as possible, for he must send off all the others before it comes down. The victory belongs to him who has most arrows in the air together, and he who can make them all fly at once is a hero.' _Domenech's Deserts_, vol. ii., p.

198. 'The Indians amuse themselves shooting at the fruit (pitaya), and when one misses his aim and leaves his arrow sticking in the top of the cactus, it is a source of much laughter to his comrades.' _Browne's Apache Country_, p. 78; _Armin_, _Das Heutige Mexiko_, p. 309. The hoop and pole game of the Mojaves is thus played. 'The hoop is six inches in diameter, and made of elastic cord; the poles are straight, and about fifteen feet in length. Rolling the hoop from one end of the course toward the other, two of the players chase it half-way, and at the same time throw their poles. He who succeeds in piercing the hoop wins the game.' _Palmer_, in _Harper's Mag._, vol. xvii., p. 463; _Emory's Rept.

U. S. and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. iii.; _Whipple_, in _Pac.

R. R. Rept._, vol. iii., p. 114; _Mollhausen_, _Reisen in die Felsengeb._, tom. i., pp. 216, 223; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p. 395; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 214. 'Tienen unas pelotas de materia negra como pez, embutidas en ella varias conchuelas pequenas del mar, con que juegan y apuestan arrojandola con el pie.'

_Alegre_, _Hist. Comp. de Jesus_, tom. iii., p. 111; _Sedelmair_, _Relacion_, in _Doc. Hist. Mex._, serie iii., vol. iv., p. 851.

[769] 'Los salvages recogen sus hojas generalmente en el Otono, las que entonces estan rojas y muy oxidadas: para hacer su provision, la secan al fuego o al sol, y para fumarlas, las mezclan con tabaco.' _Berlandier y Thovel_, _Diario_, p. 257. The Comanches smoke tobacco, 'mixed with the dried leaves of the sumach, inhaling the smoke into their lungs, and giving it out through their nostrils.' _Marcy's Army Life_, pp. 29, 32; _Alarchon_, in _Hakluyt's Voy._, vol. iii., p. 432; _Letherman_, in _Smithsonian Rept._, 1855, p. 285.

[770] _Thummel_, _Mexiko_, p. 352. The Comanches 'avoid the use of ardent spirits, which they call "fool's water."' _Kennedy's Texas_, vol.

i., p. 347; _Gregg's Com. Prairies_, vol. ii., p. 307. _Dubuis_, in _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 469. 'In order to make an intoxicating beverage of the mescal, the roasted root is macerated in a proportionable quant.i.ty of water, which is allowed to stand several days, when it ferments rapidly. The liquor is boiled down and produces a strongly intoxicating fluid.' _Cremony's Apaches_, p. 217. 'When its stem (of the maguey) is tapped there flows from it a juice which, on being fermented, produces the pulque.' _Bartlett's Pers. Nar._, vol. i., p. 290. The Apaches out of corn make an intoxicating drink which they called "teeswin," made by boiling the corn and fermenting it. _Murphy_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept. Spec. Com._, 1867, p. 347; _Hardy's Trav._, pp. 334, 337.

[771] _Jones_, in _Ind. Aff. Rept._, 1869, p. 223; _Emory's Rept. U. S.

and Mex. Boundary Survey_, vol. i., p. 108; _Domenech_, _Jour._, p. 137; _Turner_, in _Nouvelles Annales des Voy._, 1852, tom. 135, p. 307; _Backus_, in _Schoolcraft's Arch._, vol. iv., p. 212; _Garcia Conde_, in _Alb.u.m Mex._, 1849, tom. i., p. 165; _Ha.s.sel_, _Mex. Guat._, p. 277; _Shepard's Land of the Aztecs_, p. 182; _Mollhausen_, _Tagebuch_, p.