16 James Boyce, James Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land (Melbourne, Australia: Black, 2009), 232. (Melbourne, Australia: Black, 2009), 232.

17 Von Stieglitz, Von Stieglitz, A History of Oatlands and Jericho A History of Oatlands and Jericho, 71.

18 McGoogan, McGoogan, Lady Franklin's Revenge Lady Franklin's Revenge, 233.

19 Boyce, Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land, 157.

20 Ibid. Ibid.

21 Charles Darwin, Charles Darwin, A Naturalist's Voyage: Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' Round the World A Naturalist's Voyage: Journal of Researches into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited during the Voyage of H.M.S. 'Beagle' Round the World (London: John Murray, 1889), 531. (London: John Murray, 1889), 531.

22 Ibid., 534. Ibid., 534.

23 Boyce, Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land, 158.

24 John West, John West, The History of Tasmania The History of Tasmania (London: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1971; first published in 1852), 543. (London: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1971; first published in 1852), 543.

25 Charles Wooley and Michael Tatlow, Charles Wooley and Michael Tatlow, A Walk in Old Launceston A Walk in Old Launceston (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2007), 26. (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2007), 26.

26 Boyce, Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land, 224-225.

27 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 23 April 1839, 1. (Hobart, Australia), Tuesday, 23 April 1839, 1.

28 Phillip Tardif, Phillip Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 1476. (North Ryde, Australia: Angus & Robertson Publishers, 1990), 1476.

29 Ibid. Ibid.

30 Tony Rayner, Tony Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts Female Factory, Female Convicts (Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 126-127. (Dover, Australia: Esperance Press, 2004), 126-127.

31 Gay Hendriksen, Dr. Carol Liston, and Dr. Trudy Cowley, Gay Hendriksen, Dr. Carol Liston, and Dr. Trudy Cowley, Women Transported: Life in Australia's Convict Female Factories Women Transported: Life in Australia's Convict Female Factories (Parramatta, Australia: Parramatta Heritage Centre), 61-62. (Parramatta, Australia: Parramatta Heritage Centre), 61-62.

32 Tardif, Tardif, Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls Notorious Strumpets and Dangerous Girls, 1477.

33 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 25 September 1846, 4. (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 25 September 1846, 4.

34 Richmond Primary School website, Department of Education, Tasmania, Richmond Primary School website, Department of Education, Tasmania, http://www.richmond.tased.edu.au/School/Princ.i.p.al/Princ.i.p.al.htm.

35 Michael Tatlow, Charles Wooley, and Peter Mercer, Michael Tatlow, Charles Wooley, and Peter Mercer, A Tour of Old Tasmania A Tour of Old Tasmania (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2008), 100. (Battery Point, Tasmania: Walk Guides Australia, 2008), 100.

36 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), "Great Demonstration-Jubilee-Cessation of Transportation," Thursday, 11 August 1853, 2. (Hobart, Australia), "Great Demonstration-Jubilee-Cessation of Transportation," Thursday, 11 August 1853, 2.

37 Ibid. Ibid.

38 Ibid. Ibid.

39 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), "Great Demonstration." (Hobart, Australia), "Great Demonstration."

40 Ibid. Ibid.

41 Ibid. Ibid.

42 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), "The Jubilee," Tuesday, 9 August 1853, 2. (Hobart, Australia), "The Jubilee," Tuesday, 9 August 1853, 2.

43 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), "Abolition of Transportation-Free Inst.i.tutions-Slanderous Despatches," Tuesday, 25 December 1849, 2. (Hobart, Australia), "Abolition of Transportation-Free Inst.i.tutions-Slanderous Despatches," Tuesday, 25 December 1849, 2.

44 Boyce, Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land, 236.

45 Colonial Times Colonial Times, "Abolition of Transportation."

46 Ibid. Ibid.

47 Peter Bolger, Peter Bolger, Hobart Town Hobart Town (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 52. (Canberra: Australian National University Press, 1973), 52.

48 Ibid. Ibid.

49 Ibid., 50. Ibid., 50.

50 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), "Jubilee-10th August," Sat.u.r.day, 6 August 1853, 2. (Hobart, Australia), "Jubilee-10th August," Sat.u.r.day, 6 August 1853, 2.

51 Rayner, Rayner, Female Factory, Female Convicts Female Factory, Female Convicts, 186.

52 L. L. Robson, L. L. Robson, The Convict Settlers of Australia The Convict Settlers of Australia (Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1965), 10. (Carlton, Australia: Melbourne University Press, 1965), 10.

53 Ballina Chronicle Ballina Chronicle, "Condition of the Poor," Mayo, Ireland, Wednesday, 6 June 1849.

54 John Williams, John Williams, Ordered to the Island Ordered to the Island (Darlinghurst, Australia: Crossing Press, 1994), 14. (Darlinghurst, Australia: Crossing Press, 1994), 14.

55 Ibid., 7. Ibid., 7.

56 Susanna Corder, Susanna Corder, Life of Elizabeth Fry: Compiled from Her Journal, as Edited by Her Daughters, and from Various Other Sources Life of Elizabeth Fry: Compiled from Her Journal, as Edited by Her Daughters, and from Various Other Sources (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1853), 255. (Philadelphia: Henry Longstreth, 1853), 255.

57 Williams, Williams, Ordered to the Island Ordered to the Island, 8.

58 Trudy Mae Cowley, Trudy Mae Cowley, A Drift of Derwent Ducks A Drift of Derwent Ducks (Hobart, Australia: Research Tasmania, 2005), 105. (Hobart, Australia: Research Tasmania, 2005), 105.

59 Ibid., 247. Ibid., 247.

60 Description List: Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9. Description List: Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9.

61 Cowley, Cowley, A Drift of Derwent Ducks A Drift of Derwent Ducks, 99.

62 Charles Bateson, Charles Bateson, The Convict Ships, 1787-1868 The Convict Ships, 1787-1868 (North Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1985), 73. (North Sydney: Library of Australian History, 1985), 73.

63 John Moody, Surgeon Superintendent, "Surgeon's Report John Moody, Surgeon Superintendent, "Surgeon's Report Blackfriar Blackfriar," ADM 101/12, Archives of Tasmania, Reel 3189.

64 Conduct Record, Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30. Conduct Record, Bridget Mulligan, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30.

65 Description List: Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9,160. Description List: Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 19/1/9,160.

66 Patrick Howard, Patrick Howard, To h.e.l.l or to Hobart To h.e.l.l or to Hobart (Kenthurst, Australia: Kangaroo Press, 1993), 154. (Kenthurst, Australia: Kangaroo Press, 1993), 154.

67 Williams, Williams, Ordered to the Island Ordered to the Island, 113.

68 Boyce, Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land, 226.

69 Description List: John Wild, Archives of Tasmania, CON 18/1/30, 80. Description List: John Wild, Archives of Tasmania, CON 18/1/30, 80.

70 Mary Binks (Bridget Mulligan's great-granddaughter), Bridget Mulligan family history. Mary Binks (Bridget Mulligan's great-granddaughter), Bridget Mulligan family history.

71 Conduct Record, Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30, 222. Conduct Record, Mary Rennicks, Archives of Tasmania, CON 41/1/30, 222.

72 Boyce, Boyce, Van Diemen's Land Van Diemen's Land, 250.

Chapter 10: Bendigo's Gold.

1 Geoff Hocking, Geoff Hocking, Gold: A Pictorial History of the Australian Goldrush Gold: A Pictorial History of the Australian Goldrush (Rowville, Australia: Five Mile Press, 2006), 50. (Rowville, Australia: Five Mile Press, 2006), 50.

2 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 34.

3 Ibid. Ibid.

4 Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser Maitland Mercury & Hunter River General Advertiser (New South Wales, Australia), "Discovery of an Extensive Gold Field," Sat.u.r.day, 17 May 1851, 4. (New South Wales, Australia), "Discovery of an Extensive Gold Field," Sat.u.r.day, 17 May 1851, 4.

5 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 45.

6 Colonial Times Colonial Times (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 23 May 1851, 3. (Hobart, Australia), Friday, 23 May 1851, 3.

7 William Manley Chambers, "Licensee-Sailor's Return," Archives of Tasmania, William Manley Chambers, "Licensee-Sailor's Return," Archives of Tasmania, Hobart Town Gazette Hobart Town Gazette, 5 August 1850, 29 September 1850, 30 September 1851.

8 Argus Argus (Melbourne, Australia), "Shipping Intelligence," Thursday, 27 May 1852, 4. (Melbourne, Australia), "Shipping Intelligence," Thursday, 27 May 1852, 4.

9 Judith O'Neill, Judith O'Neill, Transported to Van Diemen's Land Transported to Van Diemen's Land (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 32. (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 32.

10 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 76-77.

11 Ibid., 129. Ibid., 129.

12 Ellen Clacy, Ellen Clacy, A Lady's Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852 to 1853 A Lady's Visit to the Gold Diggings of Australia in 1852 to 1853 (Kessinger Publishing), 8. (Kessinger Publishing), 8.

13 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 101-103.

14 Ibid., 120. Ibid., 120.

15 Clacy, Clacy, A Lady's Visit A Lady's Visit, 12.

16 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 114.

17 Ibid., 73. Ibid., 73.

18 Ibid., 85. Ibid., 85.

19 Frank Cusack, Frank Cusack, Bendigo: A History Bendigo: A History (Kangaroo Flat, Australia: Bendigo Modern Press, 2006), 32. (Kangaroo Flat, Australia: Bendigo Modern Press, 2006), 32.

20 Clacy, Clacy, A Lady's Visit A Lady's Visit, 25.

21 Ibid., 33. Ibid., 33.

22 Ibid., 28. Ibid., 28.

23 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 122.

24 Laurel Johnson, Laurel Johnson, Women of Eureka Women of Eureka (Ballarat, Australia: Historic Montrose Cottage and Eureka Museum, 1995), 8. (Ballarat, Australia: Historic Montrose Cottage and Eureka Museum, 1995), 8.

25 Ibid., 6. Ibid., 6.

26 O'Neill, O'Neill, Transported to Van Diemen's Land Transported to Van Diemen's Land, 36.

27 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 132.

28 Ibid., 137. Ibid., 137.

29 Ibid., 136. Ibid., 136.

30 Ibid. Ibid.

31 Ibid., 142. Ibid., 142.

32 Cathryn Game, ed., Cathryn Game, ed., We Swear by the Southern Cross: Investigations of Eureka and Its Legacy to Australia's Democracy We Swear by the Southern Cross: Investigations of Eureka and Its Legacy to Australia's Democracy (Carlton, Australia: Curriculum Corporation, 2004), 57. (Carlton, Australia: Curriculum Corporation, 2004), 57.

33 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 146.

34 Argus Argus (Melbourne, Australia), "To the Colonists of Victoria," Tuesday, 10 April 1855, 7. (Melbourne, Australia), "To the Colonists of Victoria," Tuesday, 10 April 1855, 7.

35 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 146.

36 Johnson, Johnson, Women of Eureka Women of Eureka, 22.

37 Ballina Beacon Ballina Beacon, "The Pa.s.sing of a Pioneer: Mr. William Roberts," Monday, 29 July 1935.

38 Hocking, Hocking, Gold Gold, 155.

39 Glenda Manwaring, Glenda Manwaring, At the Crossroads: The History of the Wilsons Ridges/Wollongbar/Alpha-dale Cemetery and St. Pauls Church At the Crossroads: The History of the Wilsons Ridges/Wollongbar/Alpha-dale Cemetery and St. Pauls Church (Daisy Hill, Australia: Glenda Manwaring, 1996). (Daisy Hill, Australia: Glenda Manwaring, 1996).