31. McIntosh, McIntosh, Cuba Cuba, 82.

32. Mar.7883; Jones, Mar.7883; Jones, Rough Riders Rough Riders, 112.

33. Marshall, Marshall, Story Story, 78. Marshall had been amazed by the violence of TR's reaction when the Yucatan Yucatan steamed off without unloading a saddle for Texas. "His wrath was boiling, his grief was heartbreaking." (Ib.) steamed off without unloading a saddle for Texas. "His wrath was boiling, his grief was heartbreaking." (Ib.) 34. Jones, Jones, Rough Riders Rough Riders, 111.

35. McIntosh, McIntosh, Cuba Cuba, 69.

36. Mil.2701; Mil.2701; RR RR.51; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 136; Freidel, Frank, The Splendid Little War The Splendid Little War (Little, Brown, 1958) 100; (Little, Brown, 1958) 100; RR RR.52, 57.

37. Marshall, Marshall, Story Story, 889; RR RR.512.

38. Brown, Brown, Correspondents' War Correspondents' War, 313; Hag.LW.162.

39. The following account of the Battle of Las Guasimas is based on these primary sources: Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back"; Marshall, The following account of the Battle of Las Guasimas is based on these primary sources: Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back"; Marshall, Cuba Cuba, 90; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 13872; RR RR. 5372; TR.Auto.245 ff; Mor.8446; and Hag.LW.I.163170, which is itself based on Wood's written account of the fight. Secondary sources: Azo.; Freidel, Splendid Little War; Splendid Little War; Mil.; Brown, Mil.; Brown, Correspondents' War; Correspondents' War; Crane, Stephen, Crane, Stephen, War Dispatches War Dispatches, ed. R. W. Stallman and E. R. Hageman (N.Y.U. Press, 1964). Crane saw nothing of the fighting.

40. Marshall, Marshall, Story Story, 91.

41. Stephen Crane, writing from the opposite point of view, said that the Rough Riders looked like "brown flies" as they swarmed up the bluff. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 82. Stephen Crane, writing from the opposite point of view, said that the Rough Riders looked like "brown flies" as they swarmed up the bluff. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 82.

42. RR RR.56.

43. See Stallman, R. W., See Stallman, R. W., Stephen Crane: A Biography Stephen Crane: A Biography (NY, 1968) for a full analysis of the relationship of TR and Crane. (NY, 1968) for a full analysis of the relationship of TR and Crane.

44. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 139.

45. RR RR. 104 (TR says the body was "Cuban"); Azo.86; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 141.

46. Ib., 142; Marshall, Ib., 142; Marshall, Story Story, 99100; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 141.

47. Marshall, Marshall, Story Story, 99100.

48. Ib. Most other sources, including several defensively cited by TR in Ch. IV of Ib. Most other sources, including several defensively cited by TR in Ch. IV of RR. RR., say that the first shots did not come until after after Wood had deployed the Rough Riders against the enemy. However all these sources represent a revisionist view of events, since the Rough Riders were much embarrassed by reports that they had been ambushed (as indeed they were). The author chooses to follow Marshall, who was with TR when the first shot came, and who had especial reasons for remembering the Battle of Las Guasimas with clarity. Wood had deployed the Rough Riders against the enemy. However all these sources represent a revisionist view of events, since the Rough Riders were much embarrassed by reports that they had been ambushed (as indeed they were). The author chooses to follow Marshall, who was with TR when the first shot came, and who had especial reasons for remembering the Battle of Las Guasimas with clarity.

49. Marshall, Marshall, Story Story, 11921, 124.

50. Azo.90. The statistic of course refers to military, rather than naval, operations. Azo.90. The statistic of course refers to military, rather than naval, operations.

51. Hagedorn memo, "Wood under Fire," TRB mss. Hagedorn memo, "Wood under Fire," TRB mss.

52. RR.689 RR.689.

53. Marshall, Marshall, Story Story, 104.

54. Mor. 844. Mor. 844.

55. Azo.91; see also Hag.LW.I. 1647 (Wood afterward confessed that he had been thinking much of the time about life insurance); Marshall, Azo.91; see also Hag.LW.I. 1647 (Wood afterward confessed that he had been thinking much of the time about life insurance); Marshall, Story Story, 104.

56. RR RR.578; Marshall, Story Story, 110. TR insisted afterward that the sounds were were bird calls at least "until we came right up to the Spanish lines." bird calls at least "until we came right up to the Spanish lines." RR RR.56. But Edward Marshall (93) and Stephen Crane, who had been in Cuba much longer than he, recognized the calls. "Ah, the wood-dove!" wrote Crane, "the Spanish guerrilla wood-dove which had presaged the death of gallant marines at Guantanamo!" Crane, Dispatches Dispatches, 156. One senses a certain ornithological embarrassment in TR's disclaimer, not to mention unwillingness to admit that he had been victim of an ambush.

57. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 149 points out that Wood had to plot all his tactical movements by ear, being unable to see more than two or three of his own troops at a time, let alone the enemy. RR RR.59; Mil.116.

58. Crane, Crane, Dispatches Dispatches, 157; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 146.

59. Ib. Ib.

60. Hag.LW.I.165. The best overall accounts of the battle are Freidel, Hag.LW.I.165. The best overall accounts of the battle are Freidel, Splendid Little War Splendid Little War, 1029, and Azo.8385.

61. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 1489; Azo.95.

62. Azo.95. Azo.95.

63. Lawton, qu. Azo.96. Lawton, qu. Azo.96.

64. RR RR.50; Azo.83, 95.

65. See Stallman, See Stallman, Crane Crane, 383; Crane, Dispatches Dispatches, 158.

66. McIntosh, McIntosh, Cuba Cuba, 8990.

67. Brown, Brown, Correspondents' War Correspondents' War, 3212.

68. McIntosh, McIntosh, Cuba Cuba, 117; see New York Times New York Times, June 27, 1898, "Rough Riders Prove Heroes" for sample press treatment. Not one of the article's six headlines made reference to any other regiment. For gubernatorial announcement, see ib., June 28.

69. See, e.g., TR.Auto.245 ff.; Foulke, William D., See, e.g., TR.Auto.245 ff.; Foulke, William D., A Hoosier Autobiography A Hoosier Autobiography (NY, 1922), 119. TR.Auto.245. (NY, 1922), 119. TR.Auto.245.

70. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 87. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 87.

71. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 167; RR.68; RR.68; un. clip, TR.Scr. un. clip, TR.Scr.

72. Mor.844. Mor.844.

73. RR RR.70. Capt. Capron's body was buried separately. See N.Y.T. N.Y.T., June 27, 1898, for another account of the hilltop funeral.

74. Mor.845, 846; Mor.845, 846; RR RR.67. See Ranson, "British Observers," for details of the landing operation.

75. Copy entitled "Progressive Principles" in TRB. See also slightly different version in TR.Auto.2578. Copy entitled "Progressive Principles" in TRB. See also slightly different version in TR.Auto.2578.

76. Mor.845. TR carried one sack of the beans back to camp himself, over eight miles of jungle road. EKR to Emily Carow, Aug. 8, 1896 (Derby mss.). Mor.845. TR carried one sack of the beans back to camp himself, over eight miles of jungle road. EKR to Emily Carow, Aug. 8, 1896 (Derby mss.).

77. Qu. Wes.79. Qu. Wes.79.

78. Mor.845; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 93; Davis, Mor.845; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 93; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 176; Azo.99101.

79. Ranson, Ranson, British Observers British Observers.

80. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 183; Freidel, Splendid Little War Splendid Little War, 122; Azo.102. The following descriptions of the battlefield of San Juan are based on prose sources as quoted, plus sketches, maps, and photographs, in, e.g., Lor.31215; Freidel, Splendid Little War, passim Splendid Little War, passim, and Spanish-American war picture book collection in TRC.

81. See Davis, See Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 174 for copy of Shafter's map. It was, in the opinion of one foreign attache, so "laughably inadequate" that the Battle of San Juan was fought almost blind. Ranson, "British Observers," qu. Arthur Lee. qu. Arthur Lee.

82. Azo.104; Davis, Azo.104; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 183; Freidel, Splendid Little War Splendid Little War, 120; Hag.LW.I.173.

83. Pri.193. Pri.193.

84. Azo.1045; Freidel, Azo.1045; Freidel, Splendid Little War Splendid Little War, 122 ff; Hag.LW.I.1734.

85. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 188; Hag.LW.I. 1723; TR.Auto.245.

86. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 190; Azo.107.

87. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 967. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 967.

88. RR RR.74. The promotions were of course unofficial, and the titles "Acting" until the confirmation and notification from Washington; but wartime conditions made such formalities irrelevant.

89. TR to Hermann Hagedorn, Harvard Club, Aug. 14, 1917: "San Juan was the great day of my life. I rose over those regular army officers like a balloon." TR to Hermann Hagedorn, Harvard Club, Aug. 14, 1917: "San Juan was the great day of my life. I rose over those regular army officers like a balloon."

90. RR RR.72; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 98; McIntosh, Cuba Cuba, 120; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 193; Azo.107; Freidel, War War, 144 ill.; RR RR.75.

91. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 98. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 98.

92. Description by Howard Chandler Christy, war artist, qu. Brown, Description by Howard Chandler Christy, war artist, qu. Brown, Correspondents' War Correspondents' War, 338. (TR on June 30, 1898: author assumes he was wearing the same clothes, having slept in them overnight.) 93. RR RR.74; Azo.110-11, 147.

94. Ib., 110; Ib., 110; RR RR.75. The commander of Lawton's battery was Captain Allyn Capron, father and namesake of the victim of Las Guasimas. RR RR.76.

95. Azo.115; Davis, Azo.115; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 200 ff.; Hag.LW.I.174.

96. Azo.116. TR to EKR, July 30, 1898. Azo.116. TR to EKR, July 30, 1898.

97. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 217. The reporter describes TR and Gen. Hawkins, leader of Kent's division, as the most conspicuous figures on the battlefield. But whereas the white-haired general "was so noble a sight that you felt inclined to pray for his safety," the blue-scarfed colonel, "mounted high on horseback, and charging the rifle-pits at a gallop and quite alone, made you feel that you would like to cheer." (Ib.) See also Marshall, Story Story, 187.

98. Azo.1178; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 103. Azo.1178; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 103.

99. RR RR.77; Azo. 118.

100. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 189, 208; RR RR.81; Azo.1201; RR RR.77; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 1034.

101. RR RR.77; Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 33; Freidel, War War, 157 ill.

102. Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 104, 78; Davis, Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 104, 78; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 20412.

103. RR RR.79.

104. RR RR.78 TR qu. Azo.126.

105. RR RR.7980; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 207; Azo.127; Freidel, War War, 157.

106. Davis, Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 204; Mor.853. Lt. Royal Prentice, "Rough Riders," 34, remembers the fusillade as "a solid sheet of bullets and shells...it appeared that nothing could live to get over the top."

107. RR RR. 80; Marshall, Story Story, 203.

108. Azo.135; Azo.135; RR RR.81.

109. RR RR.81.

110. See, e.g., RR.84, and TR.Auto. 245: "Memory plays funny tricks in such a fight [as San Juan], where things happen quickly, and all kinds of mental images succeed one another in a detached kind of way, while the work goes on...." See, e.g., RR.84, and TR.Auto. 245: "Memory plays funny tricks in such a fight [as San Juan], where things happen quickly, and all kinds of mental images succeed one another in a detached kind of way, while the work goes on...."

111. TR.Wks.XII.306. TR.Wks.XII.306.

112. The following collage is based on The following collage is based on RR RR.82 ff.; TR.Auto.247 ff.; Mor.847, 8567. See also the eyewitness accounts reprinted by TR in TR.Auto., Appendix B to Ch. VII. There is some confusion as to whether TR killed his man on the first hill (Kettle), or the second (San Juan). The overwhelming weight of evidence is that he did so on Kettle. See Mor.853, TR to HCL: "Did I tell you that I killed a Spaniard with my own hand when I led the storm of the first redoubt?" TR to EKR, July 3, 1898 (TRB transcript) confirms. But TR prints a letter by Maj. M. J. Jenkins in TR.Auto.274, saying that the kill was on San Juan, and TR himself in RR RR.89 includes it in his account of the second charge. Close analysis of his language, however, indicates that he was indulging in a sort of flashback to the first. Maj. Jenkins must simply have been mistaken, and TR careless in printing his testimony.

113. "Jack-rabbit" quote: R. H. Ferguson to EKR (using TR's own words), July 5, 1898. See also n. 119 below. "Jack-rabbit" quote: R. H. Ferguson to EKR (using TR's own words), July 5, 1898. See also n. 119 below. RR RR.86.

114. Ib.; Davis, Ib.; Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 218; RR RR.86.

115. RR RR.87. The Rough Riders' crossfire was extremely deadly: see below.

116. RR RR.88; Hall, The Fun and Fighting of the Rough Riders The Fun and Fighting of the Rough Riders (NY, 1899) 34. (NY, 1899) 34.

117. RR RR.90; TR.Auto.248; ib., Appendix B to Ch. VII. Memo of John H. Parker to Stanley Allen, The Register The Register, Feb. 14, 1938 (TRB); See also Mor.8567, and Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 220 ff.

118. RR RR.89.

119. R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898. TR's exultation, however excessive, must be considered in the light of undeniable atrocities by the other side during the Battle of San Juan. See Davis, R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898. TR's exultation, however excessive, must be considered in the light of undeniable atrocities by the other side during the Battle of San Juan. See Davis, Campaigns Campaigns, 208, on the sharpshooters who methodically pumped bullets into the surgeons, Red Cross personnel, litter-bearers, and even the wounded themselves at Bloody Ford Hospital; also Mor.858. As for the sheer hatred of the enemy which battle instinctively inspires, see Cosby, "A RRR Looks Back," 101, on his reaction to the fusillade at Kettle Hill: "Now we were hating mad-anger began to wriggle through our minds-and on down through our arms and hands." But TR's killing triumph lasted well beyond the date of final victory. Isaac Hunt, his old Assembly colleague, heard him talk about "doubling up" the Spanish soldier in later years, and "it made cold chills run down my back. He told it about like...I would talk about shooting a squirrel." HUN.90. See also Wag.250.

120. Azo.144; Azo.144; RR RR. 101, 100. During four and a half months of official existence, the Rough Riders attained a 37% casualty rate, highest of any regiment in the war (1 out of every 3 dead, wounded, or diseased).

Note: TR's heroism on San Juan Heights has been called into question by some historians, but an eloquent contemporary tribute to it, written by Admiral French E. Chadwick, on the eve of the tenth anniversary of the battle, is available in Maguire, Doris D., TR's heroism on San Juan Heights has been called into question by some historians, but an eloquent contemporary tribute to it, written by Admiral French E. Chadwick, on the eve of the tenth anniversary of the battle, is available in Maguire, Doris D., French Ensor Chadwick: Selected Letters and Papers French Ensor Chadwick: Selected Letters and Papers (Washington, D.C., 1981), 46263. (Washington, D.C., 1981), 46263.

121. R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898. R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898.

122. Within a week, Gen. Wheeler had agreed to send a formal Medal of Honor recommendation to Washington. Mor.850. Within a week, Gen. Wheeler had agreed to send a formal Medal of Honor recommendation to Washington. Mor.850.

123. Mor.853; TR.Auto.250; Prentice, "Rough Riders," 46; R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898; Hall, Mor.853; TR.Auto.250; Prentice, "Rough Riders," 46; R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898; Hall, Fun and Fighting Fun and Fighting, 218.

124. R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898. R. H. Ferguson to EKR, July 5, 1898.

125. RR RR.110 ff.; Freidel, War War, 120 ff. and 185; Azo.140; Mor.846. Azo. 1512 quotes Shafter's letter to Secretary Alger, threatening withdrawal.

126. Freidel, Freidel, War War, 191.

127. Ib., 179; Shafter qu. Azo.155. Ib., 179; Shafter qu. Azo.155.

128. Ib., 156; Hall, Ib., 156; Hall, Fun and Fighting Fun and Fighting, 218.

129. Azo.1578. Azo.1578.

130. Ib., 160. Ib., 160.

131. Although TR did not formally accept his full colonelcy until July 31 Although TR did not formally accept his full colonelcy until July 31 (Herald (Herald, Sep. 25, 1898), his commission had already been issued on July 11 and sent to him in Cuba. (Ib.) 132. Mor.853; TR.War.Di. July 3; Mor.851. TR's only known ailment in Cuba was a bout of dysentery. EKR to Emily Carow, Aug. 14, 1898 (Derby mss.). Mor.853; TR.War.Di. July 3; Mor.851. TR's only known ailment in Cuba was a bout of dysentery. EKR to Emily Carow, Aug. 14, 1898 (Derby mss.).