33. See Alex. 1024. See Alex. 1024.

34. Fourth-Class Postmasters were fired by the thousands, effecting a complete purge in two years; all 85 IRS inspectors were replaced, as were 100 of the nation's 111 Customs Collectors. (Alex. 102.) Fourth-Class Postmasters were fired by the thousands, effecting a complete purge in two years; all 85 IRS inspectors were replaced, as were 100 of the nation's 111 Customs Collectors. (Alex. 102.) 35. GC vetoed 413 bills in his first Administration. (Ib. 114.) GC vetoed 413 bills in his first Administration. (Ib. 114.) 36. The wedding took place on June 2, 1886. See Nev. The wedding took place on June 2, 1886. See Nev.

37. N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 11, 1887.

38. Ib.; Ib.; World World, May 12, 1887.

39. N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 12, 1887; Sun Sun, May 15. For a list of notables attending, see Trib. Trib., May 12.

40. The following account of TR's speech is collated from The following account of TR's speech is collated from N.Y.T., Trib., World, Sun, Her., Eve. Post N.Y.T., Trib., World, Sun, Her., Eve. Post, and Daily Graphic Daily Graphic, May 1216, 1887.

41. TR grudgingly allowed that GC had made some good appointments to the U.S. Treasury, and was taken aback by an unexpected burst of applause. Nev.367. TR grudgingly allowed that GC had made some good appointments to the U.S. Treasury, and was taken aback by an unexpected burst of applause. Nev.367.

42. Trib. Trib., May 12, 1887.

43. Interestingly, Depew himself was a Presidential candidate at that time, and his remarks were interpreted by some as a put-down of the youthful TR. Interestingly, Depew himself was a Presidential candidate at that time, and his remarks were interpreted by some as a put-down of the youthful TR.

44. Qu. Qu. Sun Sun, May 16, 1887.

45. Ib. Ib.

46. Ib. Ib.

47. N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 13, 1887.

48. Un. clip, TRB; Un. clip, TRB; N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 13, 1887.

49. Ib. Ib.

50. Eve. Post Eve. Post, May 13, 1887.

51. N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 15, 1887; TR.Auto. 32930; TR to B, May 21, 1887.

52. Lod.55; Hag.RF.15. Lod.55; Hag.RF.15.

53. TR to B, Feb. 12, 1887. TR to B, Feb. 12, 1887.

54. TR.Wks.VII.241; Mor.131. TR.Wks.VII.241; Mor.131.

55. N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 6, 1888. See Gar.56 for an alternate explanation of editorin-chief Morse's decision to commission the book. Morris Morris is reprinted in TR.Wks.VII.235470, and in a recent special edition by the Theodore Roosevelt Association of Oyster Bay, N.Y. (1975). This edition carries an introduction by John A. Gable, "Theodore Roosevelt as Historian and Man of Letters," viixxiv. is reprinted in TR.Wks.VII.235470, and in a recent special edition by the Theodore Roosevelt Association of Oyster Bay, N.Y. (1975). This edition carries an introduction by John A. Gable, "Theodore Roosevelt as Historian and Man of Letters," viixxiv.

56. Lod.57. See also Mor.7.175. Lod.57. See also Mor.7.175.

57. Lod.55. See also Gable, "Historian," x. Lod.55. See also Gable, "Historian," x.

58. Ib. Ib.

59. Mor.131. Mor.131.

60. TR.Wks.VII.306. TR.Wks.VII.306.

61. Ib., 324. Ib., 324.

62. Ib., 328. Ib., 328.

63. Ib., 329, 456, 336. Ib., 329, 456, 336.

64. Ib., 459, 421. Ib., 459, 421.

65. Ib., 464, 459, 469 Ib., 464, 459, 469 66. The Book Buyer The Book Buyer, May 1888; N.Y.T. N.Y.T., May 6; Dial Dial, May 1888. For a more positive review, see The Critic The Critic, July 21: "We are struck with the author's wide, if not profound reading of purely European political and general literature...crisp and even classic English...freely strung pearls of thought...sparkling on every page." The Boston Advertiser Boston Advertiser came up with a telling line in its review of Apr. 4: "He [TR] seems to have been born with his mind made up." The line may have been contributed, tongue-in-cheek, by the paper's owner, Henry Cabot Lodge. came up with a telling line in its review of Apr. 4: "He [TR] seems to have been born with his mind made up." The line may have been contributed, tongue-in-cheek, by the paper's owner, Henry Cabot Lodge.

67. Mor. 119. Mor. 119.

68. TR to C, June 8, 1887 (TRB photostat). TR to C, June 8, 1887 (TRB photostat).

69. Rob.130; TR to B, Sep. 9, 1887; TR to C, June 8, Lod.57; TR to B, Aug. 20; Rob.130. Rob.130; TR to B, Sep. 9, 1887; TR to C, June 8, Lod.57; TR to B, Aug. 20; Rob.130.

70. Gwy.67. This remark echoes one made privately by HCL, two years before in his diary: "The more I see him, as the fellow says in the play, the more and more I love him." Qu. Put.506. Gwy.67. This remark echoes one made privately by HCL, two years before in his diary: "The more I see him, as the fellow says in the play, the more and more I love him." Qu. Put.506.

71. TR to B, Sep. 11, 1887; ib., Sep. 13, 1888. TR to B, Sep. 11, 1887; ib., Sep. 13, 1888.

72. As As persona non grata persona non grata in political circles, TR had taken no part in the New York State fall campaign, and his departure West was obviously timed to spare him the agony of witnessing another Democratic landslide in the election on Nov. 8. "The Republican party seems moribund," he despairingly wrote afterward. (To B, Nov. 20, 1887.) in political circles, TR had taken no part in the New York State fall campaign, and his departure West was obviously timed to spare him the agony of witnessing another Democratic landslide in the election on Nov. 8. "The Republican party seems moribund," he despairingly wrote afterward. (To B, Nov. 20, 1887.) 73. TR to B, Nov. 13, 1888. The cousin was West Roosevelt, and the friend Frank Underhill. TR to B, Nov. 13, 1888. The cousin was West Roosevelt, and the friend Frank Underhill.

74. TR.Wks.I.409. TR.Wks.I.409.

75. Ib., 79; Lan.2234. Ib., 79; Lan.2234.

76. Ib., 2224. Lincoln Lang was an early and passionate conservationist, far ahead of his time. It was his considered opinion that TR was so sickened by the environmental damage suffered by the Badlands in 1886 Ib., 2224. Lincoln Lang was an early and passionate conservationist, far ahead of his time. It was his considered opinion that TR was so sickened by the environmental damage suffered by the Badlands in 1886 (before (before the Great Blizzard) that he had decided to give up the cattle business "several months before he actually did." (Ib., 225.) the Great Blizzard) that he had decided to give up the cattle business "several months before he actually did." (Ib., 225.) 77. See Clay, See Clay, Life on the Range Life on the Range, 43.

78. TR to MBR, Apr. 28, 1868 (see Ch. 1). TR to MBR, Apr. 28, 1868 (see Ch. 1).

79. TR.Wks.II.160. TR.Wks.II.160.

80. See Cut. See Cut. passim passim for TR's early conservationist instincts. for TR's early conservationist instincts.

81. Lan.2234. Lan.2234.

82. TR to B, Nov. 20, 1887; Grinnell in TR.Wks.I.xivxvii. TR to B, Nov. 20, 1887; Grinnell in TR.Wks.I.xivxvii.

83. Rules qu. in TR's own description of the Club, Rules qu. in TR's own description of the Club, Harper's Weekly Harper's Weekly, Mar. 1893.

84. Ib.; Grinnell in TR.Wks.I.xvii; TR in Ib.; Grinnell in TR.Wks.I.xvii; TR in Harper's Weekly Harper's Weekly, Mar. 1893.

85. Cut.70; TR.Wks.I.xviii. Cut.70; TR.Wks.I.xviii.

86. Cut.703; TR in Cut.703; TR in Harper's Weekly Harper's Weekly, Mar. 1893.

87. Cut.78; TR.Wks.I.xviii. Cut.78; TR.Wks.I.xviii.

88. Eugene Swope, curator Roosevelt Bird Sanctuary at Oyster Bay, to Helen Elizabeth Reed (TRC). Eugene Swope, curator Roosevelt Bird Sanctuary at Oyster Bay, to Helen Elizabeth Reed (TRC).

89. Cut.79. Cut.79.

90. See TR to B, Feb. 12, 1887. See TR to B, Feb. 12, 1887.

91. The eminent historian David Seville Muzzey, writing in 1927, called the act "one of the most noteworthy measures ever passed in the history of this nation." Qu. Cut.72. The eminent historian David Seville Muzzey, writing in 1927, called the act "one of the most noteworthy measures ever passed in the history of this nation." Qu. Cut.72.

92. See Nev.383 ff. See Nev.383 ff.

93. $55 million on Dec. 1, 1887. By the end of the fiscal year 1888 it was expected to grow to $140 million. Nev.375. $55 million on Dec. 1, 1887. By the end of the fiscal year 1888 it was expected to grow to $140 million. Nev.375.

94. See Sto.152. See Sto.152.

95. Ib., 153. Ib., 153.

96. Nev.395. Nev.395.

97. Mor.136; Lod.62; Har.73. Mor.136; Lod.62; Har.73.

98. Mor. 136. TR had made a similar confession to HCL about a year earlier (Lod.51), but had failed to act upon it. Mor.705. Mor. 136. TR had made a similar confession to HCL about a year earlier (Lod.51), but had failed to act upon it. Mor.705.

99. Although once, when writing the first chapter of Although once, when writing the first chapter of Benton Benton, he described it as "an outline I intend to fill up." Mor.94.

100. E.g., Mor.141. E.g., Mor.141.

101. Ib., 1345; also 133. Ib., 1345; also 133. Commonwealth Commonwealth was duly proclaimed a masterpiece when it appeared in December 1888, and is regarded as such to this day. was duly proclaimed a masterpiece when it appeared in December 1888, and is regarded as such to this day.

102. Bryce, James, Bryce, James, The American Commonwealth The American Commonwealth (N.Y., 1888) I.5402, II.103, 119, 173, has extensive quotes from TR's essays on legislative and municipal corruption. (N.Y., 1888) I.5402, II.103, 119, 173, has extensive quotes from TR's essays on legislative and municipal corruption.

103. Later the theme was extended still further, to include the more recent settlements of New Mexico and Arizona, covering two full centuries of American history. Later the theme was extended still further, to include the more recent settlements of New Mexico and Arizona, covering two full centuries of American history.

104. Mor.140. Mor.140.

105. See Gable, "TR as Historian," xixxiv for a modern historiographical assessment of TR. See Gable, "TR as Historian," xixxiv for a modern historiographical assessment of TR. The Winning of the West The Winning of the West is extensively discussed below, in Ch. 18. is extensively discussed below, in Ch. 18.

106. Mor.140; also see below. Mor.140; also see below.

107. TR's trip to the South lasted from Mar. 21 to about Apr. 3, 1888; he visited Washington at least twice, in late January and early March. TR's trip to the South lasted from Mar. 21 to about Apr. 3, 1888; he visited Washington at least twice, in late January and early March.

108. Mor.197. Mor.197.

109. The manuscript of The manuscript of The Winning of the West The Winning of the West is now in the New York Public Library. is now in the New York Public Library.

110. TR to B, July 1, 1888. TR to B, July 1, 1888.

111. TR to Brander Matthews, Oct. 5, 1888. TR to Brander Matthews, Oct. 5, 1888.

112. See TR to B, Oct. 13, 1889, when he complains that his new income of $3,500 will be "700/800 dollars" less than his income as a writer in 1888. See TR to B, Oct. 13, 1889, when he complains that his new income of $3,500 will be "700/800 dollars" less than his income as a writer in 1888.

113. Norton, Charles Eliot, Norton, Charles Eliot, Walt Whitman as Man, Poet, and Friend Walt Whitman as Man, Poet, and Friend (Boston, 1919), 216. (Boston, 1919), 216.

114. Lod.56; See Lod.56; See N.Y.T. N.Y.T., Nov. 30, 1888: "Cleverly told, very handsome and interesting." Also The Book Buyer The Book Buyer, Dec. 1888: "To a most readable style of writing Mr. Roosevelt adds a thorough familiarity with his subject, happily combining accuracy with entertainment."

115. TR to B, July 13, 1888. TR to B, July 13, 1888.

116. Mor.1459; TR to B, Sep. 18, 1888. Mor.1459; TR to B, Sep. 18, 1888.

117. Ib.; Mor.147. Ib.; Mor.147.

118. Mor.142. Mor.142.

119. Pla.252: "...he was as glacial as a Siberian stripped of his furs." Pla.252: "...he was as glacial as a Siberian stripped of his furs."

120. Mor.148; Tha.84. Mor.148; Tha.84.

121. Mor.149. Mor.149.

122. Manuscript in New York Public Library. Manuscript in New York Public Library.

123. TR to B, n.d., 1888. TR to B, n.d., 1888.

124. COW. COW.

125. George Haven Putnam in TR.Wks.IX.xv; see also Mor.197. George Haven Putnam in TR.Wks.IX.xv; see also Mor.197.

126. Mor.163. Mor.163.

127. Ib., 156. Ib., 156.

128. Ib. Ib.

129. Lod.74. Lod.74.

130. Gar.104; Har.74. Gar.104; Har.74.

131. Mor.154. Mor.154.

132. Lod.76; HCL to W. R. Thayer, Oct. 7, 1919. Lod.76; HCL to W. R. Thayer, Oct. 7, 1919.

133. There is a good account of these celebrations in the There is a good account of these celebrations in the Sun Sun, May 1, 1889.

134. Ib.; Foraker, Mrs. Julia, Ib.; Foraker, Mrs. Julia, I Would Live It Again I Would Live It Again (Harpers, 1932) 1678. (Harpers, 1932) 1678.

16: THE S SILVER-PLATED R REFORM C COMMISSIONER.

Important sources not listed in Bibliography: 1. 51st Congress, 1st session, 1. 51st Congress, 1st session, Report of the House Committee on Civil Service Reform Report of the House Committee on Civil Service Reform, Serial #2823, Document #2445 (1890). Hereafter cited as House Report 1. 2 House Report 1. 2. Foulke, William D., Fighting the Spoilsmen: Reminiscences of the Civil Service Reform Movement Fighting the Spoilsmen: Reminiscences of the Civil Service Reform Movement (Putnam, 1919). (Putnam, 1919).

1. The following description is based on the unexcelled reporting of "Carp" (Frank G. Carpenter, Washington correspondent of the The following description is based on the unexcelled reporting of "Carp" (Frank G. Carpenter, Washington correspondent of the Cleveland Daily Leader) Cleveland Daily Leader) excerpted in excerpted in Carp's Washington Carp's Washington (McGraw-Hill, 1960). Other details from Green, Constance McLaughlin, (McGraw-Hill, 1960). Other details from Green, Constance McLaughlin, Washington-Capital City, 18791950 Washington-Capital City, 18791950 (Princeton U. Press, 1962) Vol. 2 (Princeton U. Press, 1962) Vol. 2 passim; passim; contemporary guidebooks. contemporary guidebooks.