65. See Ch. 5; also Hag.RF.6. See Ch. 5; also Hag.RF.6.

66. TR to Editor, TR to Editor, Country Life in Country Life in America America, Oct. 3, 1915 (Sagamore Hill collection).

67. TR to MBR, Sep. 4, 1883 (TRC). TR to MBR, Sep. 4, 1883 (TRC).

68. Mor. 60. Mor. 60.

69. The full text of this letter is in Mor.601. The full text of this letter is in Mor.601.

70. Anna Bulloch Gracie diary, July 1, 1883; memorandum by Gary Roth, curator, Sagamore Hill National Historic Site; see also Hag.RF.67. Anna Bulloch Gracie diary, July 1, 1883; memorandum by Gary Roth, curator, Sagamore Hill National Historic Site; see also Hag.RF.67.

71. COW. COW.

72. TR to B, Aug. 25, 1883 (TRB); E to B, Aug. 29 (FDR); MBR to E, Aug. 30 (FDR). TR to B, Aug. 25, 1883 (TRB); E to B, Aug. 29 (FDR); MBR to E, Aug. 30 (FDR).

73. TR to MBR, Sep. 4, 1883; Mor.76. TR to MBR, Sep. 4, 1883; Mor.76.

74. Ib. Ib.

75. TR's train journey reconstructed from his letters to MBR of Sep. 4 and 8, 1883, and TR's train journey reconstructed from his letters to MBR of Sep. 4 and 8, 1883, and Official Railways Guide Official Railways Guide, JulySeptember 1883. Description of the Badlands on arrival of a stranger from an 1882 travel article in HAG.Bln., and author's own experiences of a midnight visit.

76. TR to MBR, Sep. 8, 1883. TR to MBR, Sep. 8, 1883.

77. TR.Auto.95. TR.Auto.95.

8: THE D DUDE FROM N NEW Y YORK.

1. TR.Auto.95. TR.Auto.95.

2. Hag.RBL.10; TR.Auto.95; Lan.523. Hag.RBL.10; TR.Auto.95; Lan.523.

3. Ib. Ib.

4. Ib. Ib.

5. Put.320; Lan.53. Put.320; Lan.53.

6. Hag.RBL.78; Lan.48, 56. Hag.RBL.78; Lan.48, 56.

7. Brown, Dee, Brown, Dee, Trail Driving Days Trail Driving Days (Scribner's, 1952) 185. (Scribner's, 1952) 185.

8. Hag.RBL.48; Put.313. Hag.RBL.48; Put.313.

9. Hag.RBL.10-11. Hag.RBL.10-11.

10. See Put.3137 for a more detailed account of the destruction of the northern herd, estimated at 1.5 million animals only a decade before. Other details from Lan.2325. "Bone merchants" were freelance scavengers employed by the big phosphate companies. See Put.3137 for a more detailed account of the destruction of the northern herd, estimated at 1.5 million animals only a decade before. Other details from Lan.2325. "Bone merchants" were freelance scavengers employed by the big phosphate companies.

11. Hag.RBL.11; Lan. Hag.RBL.11; Lan. passim passim.

12. Put.321; Hag.RBL.10; 16, 11. Put.321; Hag.RBL.10; 16, 11.

13. Ib., 12; Mor.3.551; see also Put.3223. Putnam is confused by Hagedorn's mistaken assertion that it was the Winchester that was broken. TR himself confirms, in the letter to John Hay cited above, that the Sharps was faulty. Ib., 12; Mor.3.551; see also Put.3223. Putnam is confused by Hagedorn's mistaken assertion that it was the Winchester that was broken. TR himself confirms, in the letter to John Hay cited above, that the Sharps was faulty.

14. Hag.RBL.12; Put.324; Mor.3.551; HAG.Bln. Hag.RBL.12; Put.324; Mor.3.551; HAG.Bln.

15. Lan.70; Put.316; Hag.RBL.4950; HAG.Bln.; Put.325; Lan.6970. Lan.70; Put.316; Hag.RBL.4950; HAG.Bln.; Put.325; Lan.6970.

16. Hag.RBL.49; Twe.29. Hag.RBL.49; Twe.29.

17. Twe. Twe. passim; passim; Hag.RBL.59; Dr. Stickney in HAG.Bln.; O'Donald, qu. Paddock at trial, Twe. 83. Hag.RBL.59; Dr. Stickney in HAG.Bln.; O'Donald, qu. Paddock at trial, Twe. 83.

18. Hag.RBL.61. Hag.RBL.61.

19. Goplen, Arnold O., "The Career of the Marquis de Mores in the Bad Lands of North Dakota," Goplen, Arnold O., "The Career of the Marquis de Mores in the Bad Lands of North Dakota," North Dakota History North Dakota History, Jan.-Apr. 1946, 11; Twe. passim; passim; Put.351; Howard Eaton in HAG.Bln.; Twe.69, 71. Put.351; Howard Eaton in HAG.Bln.; Twe.69, 71.

20. Hag.RBL.336; Twe. Hag.RBL.336; Twe. passim passim.

21. Qu. Put.351; Goplen, 11; Twe. 1113. Qu. Put.351; Goplen, 11; Twe. 1113.

22. Twe. Twe. passim passim.

23. The chimney still stands in Medora, N.D., symbolizing exactly the opposite. The chimney still stands in Medora, N.D., symbolizing exactly the opposite.

24. Goplen, 17. Goplen, 17.

25. Mor.50. The text hereafter closely follows Put.35360. See also Hag.RBL., Twe., and Lan.712. Mor.50. The text hereafter closely follows Put.35360. See also Hag.RBL., Twe., and Lan.712.

26. Lan.71. Lan.71.

27. Bismarck Daily Tribune Bismarck Daily Tribune, qu. Put.355, 356; Hag.RBL.63.

28. Put.538. Put.538.

29. Ib., 356. Ib., 356.

30. This description of the buckboard's trip south to the Maltese Cross ranch is based on Hag.RBL.13; Put.3256; HAG.Bln.; Lan. This description of the buckboard's trip south to the Maltese Cross ranch is based on Hag.RBL.13; Put.3256; HAG.Bln.; Lan. passim; passim; and personal observations made by the author on a visit to the Badlands in 1974. and personal observations made by the author on a visit to the Badlands in 1974.

31. Lan.46. Lan.46.

32. Ib., 44; Put.325; Schoch, Henry A., Ib., 44; Put.325; Schoch, Henry A., TR National Memorial Park: The Story Behind the Scenery TR National Memorial Park: The Story Behind the Scenery (National Park Service, 1974) 23. (National Park Service, 1974) 23.

33. Ib., 4. Ib., 4.

34. Hag.RBL.13; TRB memo. Hag.RBL.13; TRB memo.

35. Hag.RBL.135; HAG.Bln.; Put.321 and Hag.RBL.135; HAG.Bln.; Put.321 and passim; passim; TR.Auto.95; Put.334. TR.Auto.95; Put.334.

36. TR.Auto.95-6; Hag.RBL.14. TR.Auto.95-6; Hag.RBL.14.

37. Ib., 167. TR, who was no man to hold grudges, forgave their initial distrust of him to the extent of awarding all three men commissions when he became President. Joe Ferris was made Postmaster of Medora; Sylvane Ferris, Land Officer of North Dakota; William Merrifield, Marshal of Montana. (TR.Auto.96). Ib., 167. TR, who was no man to hold grudges, forgave their initial distrust of him to the extent of awarding all three men commissions when he became President. Joe Ferris was made Postmaster of Medora; Sylvane Ferris, Land Officer of North Dakota; William Merrifield, Marshal of Montana. (TR.Auto.96).

38. Text follows Putnam's assumption that TR here, as in the nights following, refused to occupy the bunks of his hosts. Text follows Putnam's assumption that TR here, as in the nights following, refused to occupy the bunks of his hosts.

39. Hag.RBL.178. The following description of the Badlands is based on a personal visit by the author, with touches borrowed from Lan., Hag.RBL., Put., and Schoch Hag.RBL.178. The following description of the Badlands is based on a personal visit by the author, with touches borrowed from Lan., Hag.RBL., Put., and Schoch passim passim. Note: The Badlands of the Little Missouri (not to be confused with the better-known Badlands of South Dakota) straddle the common border of North Dakota and Montana with an average width of 50 miles. North to south the area measures approximately 225 miles.

40. TR.Pri.Di. Jan. 3, 1883; qu. Put.312. TR.Pri.Di. Jan. 3, 1883; qu. Put.312.

41. Put.3268; Hag.RBL.189; Lan.83, 1012. Put.3268; Hag.RBL.189; Lan.83, 1012.

42. The following section is based on Lan. 100 ff. The following section is based on Lan. 100 ff.

43. Ib., 1012. Ib., 1012.

44. Put.31729; Hag.RBL.19; Lan. Put.31729; Hag.RBL.19; Lan. passim passim. (Gregor Lang bought the cabin, actually an old hunting shack, from Frank O'Donald.) 45. Lan.86, 100 ff. Lan.86, 100 ff.

46. Lan.113. The following account of TR's buffalo hunt is taken primarily from his own narrative in "The Lordly Buffalo" (TR.Wks.I.185206). Hereafter this source will be abbreviated as "Buffalo." Secondary sources: Hag. RBL.2346; Put.329345; HAG.Bln.; Lan. Lan.113. The following account of TR's buffalo hunt is taken primarily from his own narrative in "The Lordly Buffalo" (TR.Wks.I.185206). Hereafter this source will be abbreviated as "Buffalo." Secondary sources: Hag. RBL.2346; Put.329345; HAG.Bln.; Lan.

47. Hag.RBL.24. Hag.RBL.24.

48. Lan.113. Lan.113.

49. Ib., 104, 111; Lang, qu. HAG.Bln. Ib., 104, 111; Lang, qu. HAG.Bln.

50. Lan.104, 111. Lang states that TR's views on "the race suicide question" were essentially the same in 1883 as those he made famous as President. "I admire the men who are not afraid to propagate their kind as far as they may," he told Gregor Lang-conscious, no doubt, of his own seed swelling in the body of Alice Lee. Lan.104, 111. Lang states that TR's views on "the race suicide question" were essentially the same in 1883 as those he made famous as President. "I admire the men who are not afraid to propagate their kind as far as they may," he told Gregor Lang-conscious, no doubt, of his own seed swelling in the body of Alice Lee.

51. Lan.109. Lan.109.

52. Lang, qu. Hag.RBL.28. Lang, qu. Hag.RBL.28.

53. Ib. Ib.

54. See Put.339. See Put.339.

55. Lang qu. Hag.RBL.27. Lang qu. Hag.RBL.27.

56. From now on text follows TR's own account in "Buffalo." From now on text follows TR's own account in "Buffalo."

57. Joe Ferris stated that TR "bled like a stuck pig." (HAG.Bln.) He was, by all accounts, a prodigious bleeder all his life. Joe Ferris stated that TR "bled like a stuck pig." (HAG.Bln.) He was, by all accounts, a prodigious bleeder all his life.

58. "Buffalo," 202; Hag.RBL.34 fn. "Buffalo," 202; Hag.RBL.34 fn.

59. "Buffalo," 202; Hag.RBL.36. "Buffalo," 202; Hag.RBL.36.

60. "Buffalo," 2045. "Buffalo," 2045.

61. Qu. Hag.RBL.37. Qu. Hag.RBL.37.

62. Lan. 1167. Lan. 1167.

63. Hag.RBL.41. Hag.RBL.41.

64. Ib., 28, 389. Ib., 28, 389.

65. Qu. Hag.RBL.4243. (Hagedorn, reconstructing this conversation in 1919, relied on the memories of Sylvane, Merrifield, and Lang.) The deal was later sealed with a contract worked out by Gregor Lang and agreed to by all parties before TR's departure from Dakota. TR signed it on Sep. 27, 1883, in St. Paul, Put.343; see Appendix to Hag.RBL. (original edition) for text. Qu. Hag.RBL.4243. (Hagedorn, reconstructing this conversation in 1919, relied on the memories of Sylvane, Merrifield, and Lang.) The deal was later sealed with a contract worked out by Gregor Lang and agreed to by all parties before TR's departure from Dakota. TR signed it on Sep. 27, 1883, in St. Paul, Put.343; see Appendix to Hag.RBL. (original edition) for text.

66. Hag.RBL.39. Hag.RBL.39.

67. Following details from Put.337. Following details from Put.337.

68. TR to E, Nov. 28, 1880 (FDR). James A. Roosevelt, elder brother, executor, and trustee of TR Sr., also acted as the family banker. TR to E, Nov. 28, 1880 (FDR). James A. Roosevelt, elder brother, executor, and trustee of TR Sr., also acted as the family banker.

69. Pri.54. Pri.54.

70. Author's calculation, based on accounts in TR.Pri.Di., 1883. Author's calculation, based on accounts in TR.Pri.Di., 1883.

71. Lan.105. Lan.105.

72. Hag.RBL.44. Hag.RBL.44.

73. "Buffalo," 2056. "Buffalo," 2056.

74. Hag.RBL.45. Many of TR's guides mention his near-pathological exuberance after killing large game. Hag.RBL.45. Many of TR's guides mention his near-pathological exuberance after killing large game.

75. "Buffalo," 206; Lan. 119. "Buffalo," 206; Lan. 119.

76. "Buffalo," 206. Putnam (p. 338 fn.) points out the problem of reconciling Hagedorn's account with TR's, and both with the few dates that can be confirmed. These are Sep. 8 (TR's letter announcing his arrival to MBR); Sep. 16, confirmed as a Sunday by Joe Ferris in interview; and Sep. 27, confirmed by contract date in St. Paul. Putnam's attempt to straighten out the chronology errs in giving TR five days of rain after arriving at Lang's. It could only have been four. Both he and Hagedorn have TR returning to the kill the day after, i.e., Sep. 21, to behead the carcass; but TR clearly says that the beheading took place on the same day as the kill. All sources agree that the kill took place in the mid-morning, and Lincoln Lang recalls TR and Ferris returning with their "paens of victory" in the "Buffalo," 206. Putnam (p. 338 fn.) points out the problem of reconciling Hagedorn's account with TR's, and both with the few dates that can be confirmed. These are Sep. 8 (TR's letter announcing his arrival to MBR); Sep. 16, confirmed as a Sunday by Joe Ferris in interview; and Sep. 27, confirmed by contract date in St. Paul. Putnam's attempt to straighten out the chronology errs in giving TR five days of rain after arriving at Lang's. It could only have been four. Both he and Hagedorn have TR returning to the kill the day after, i.e., Sep. 21, to behead the carcass; but TR clearly says that the beheading took place on the same day as the kill. All sources agree that the kill took place in the mid-morning, and Lincoln Lang recalls TR and Ferris returning with their "paens of victory" in the evening; evening; so they probably did their work on the carcass in between. This would mean that TR left for Little Missouri on Sep. 21, not 22, and allow him at least five nights there, making Hagedorn's "week" seem a little more plausible. so they probably did their work on the carcass in between. This would mean that TR left for Little Missouri on Sep. 21, not 22, and allow him at least five nights there, making Hagedorn's "week" seem a little more plausible.

77. Lan. 119. Lan. 119.

9: THE H HONORABLE G GENTLEMAN.

Important sources not in Bibliography: 1. New York Assembly, 1. New York Assembly, Hearings of the Roosevelt Investigation Hearings of the Roosevelt Investigation, JanuaryApril 1884 (Albany, 1884). Copy in Butler Library, Columbia University. 2 2. Theodore Roosevelt, In Memory of My Darling Wife In Memory of My Darling Wife (privately printed, 1884). Only known copy in TRC. (privately printed, 1884). Only known copy in TRC.

1. HUN.28; Hunt, supplementary statement, 11; HUN.28; Hunt, supplementary statement, 11; New York Times New York Times, Dec. 27, 1883.

2. Put.368 ff. Put.368 ff.

3. The figures were 72 to 56 in the Assembly and 19 to 13 in the Senate. The figures were 72 to 56 in the Assembly and 19 to 13 in the Senate.

4. This para based largely on Put.365366. See also Sto.1212. Senator Miller's nickname referred to his professional involvement in the wood and paper industry of his home county, Herkimer. This para based largely on Put.365366. See also Sto.1212. Senator Miller's nickname referred to his professional involvement in the wood and paper industry of his home county, Herkimer.

5. New York Sun New York Sun, Dec. 28, 1883.

6. Mor.62. Mor.62.

7. Ib. 63. Ib. 63.

8. Put.369. Put.369.