82. Berthelot to Sarrail, 5 September 1914. Ibid., 2-2:771. Berthelot to Sarrail, 5 September 1914. Ibid., 2-2:771.

83. Ibid., 3:555. Ibid., 3:555.

84. Joffre to Sarrail, 6 September 1914. SHD, 16 N 1674. Joffre to Sarrail, 6 September 1914. SHD, 16 N 1674.

85. Joffre to Sarrail, 10 PM, 8 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:24. Joffre to Sarrail, 10 PM, 8 September 1914. AFGG, 3-2:24.

86. Ibid., 2:76263. Ibid., 2:76263.

87. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 30406; Robert A. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 95. (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 95.

88. Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), 3:38. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), 3:38.

89. See AFGG, 3:61011, 658. See AFGG, 3:61011, 658.

90. Koeltz, Koeltz, Le G.Q.G. allemand Le G.Q.G. allemand, 384.

91. AFGG, 3:648ff. AFGG, 3:648ff.

92. WK, 4:304. WK, 4:304.

93. HStA, M 33/2 General Kommando XIII. Armee Korps 19141918, Kriegstagebuch 28.7.191421.1.1915, vol. 884. HStA, M 33/2 General Kommando XIII. Armee Korps 19141918, Kriegstagebuch 28.7.191421.1.1915, vol. 884.

94. WK, 4:307. WK, 4:307.

95. Sarrail to Joffre, 10 September 1914. AFGG, 3-3:65. Sarrail to Joffre, 10 September 1914. AFGG, 3-3:65.

96. Joffre to Millerand, 11 September 1914. Ibid., 3-3:426. Also Joffre, 1:420. Joffre to Millerand, 11 September 1914. Ibid., 3-3:426. Also Joffre, 1:420.

97. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 2. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 2.

98. Artur Baumgarten-Crusius, Artur Baumgarten-Crusius, Die Marneschlacht insbesondere auf der Front der deutschen dritten Armee Die Marneschlacht insbesondere auf der Front der deutschen dritten Armee (Leipzig: R. M. Lippold, 1919), 17071, gives 443 officers and 10,402 ranks lost just at the Marne. For casualty figures (killed, missing, wounded, and ill), see (Leipzig: R. M. Lippold, 1919), 17071, gives 443 officers and 10,402 ranks lost just at the Marne. For casualty figures (killed, missing, wounded, and ill), see Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), 3:38. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), 3:38.

99. Dresden to Third Army, 18 September 1914. SHStA, 11356 Generalkommando des XII. Reservekorps 273, Ersatz von Mannschaften und Pferden, vol. 1. Dresden to Third Army, 18 September 1914. SHStA, 11356 Generalkommando des XII. Reservekorps 273, Ersatz von Mannschaften und Pferden, vol. 1.

100. Moltke, 24; Koeltz, Moltke, 24; Koeltz, Le G.Q.G. allemand Le G.Q.G. allemand, 389.

101. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 7. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 7.

102. Ibid., 5. Ibid., 5.

103. Ibid., 8. Ibid., 8.

104. Moltke, 24. Moltke, 24.

105. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Donmmes, Steins und Tappenz zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 12. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Donmmes, Steins und Tappenz zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 12.

106. WK, 4:451. WK, 4:451.

107. Diary entry dated 12 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Tagebuch v. Plessen. Diary entry dated 12 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Tagebuch v. Plessen.

108. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 17. BA-MA, RH 61/161, Die Fahrten Moltkes, Dommes, Steins und Tappens zur Front am 11., 12., 13. und 14.9.1914, 17.

109. Diary entry dated 14 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. Diary entry dated 14 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

110. WK, 4:48384. WK, 4:48384.

111. BA-MA, RH 61/50739, Generalleutnant von Stein, der Generalquartiermeister der sechs ersten Kriegswochen, 24. Stein was given command of XIV Reserve Corps. BA-MA, RH 61/50739, Generalleutnant von Stein, der Generalquartiermeister der sechs ersten Kriegswochen, 24. Stein was given command of XIV Reserve Corps.

112. General von Pless diary dated 14 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50676. General von Pless diary dated 14 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50676.

113. Moltke, 25. Moltke, 25.

114. Lange, Lange, Marneschlacht Marneschlacht, 89.

115. Karl von Einem, Karl von Einem, Erinnerungen eines Soldaten 18531933 Erinnerungen eines Soldaten 18531933 (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1933), 17677. (Leipzig: K. F. Koehler, 1933), 17677.

116. Cited in WK, 4:272. Cited in WK, 4:272.

117. Ibid., 4:28485. Ibid., 4:28485.

118. Hausen, "Meine Erlebnisse," 218. Hausen, "Meine Erlebnisse," 218.

119. WK, 4:283. WK, 4:283.

120. Ibid., 4:282. Ibid., 4:282.

121. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. RH 61/85, Finck v. Finckenstein, Das Kaiser Alexander Garde-Grenadier Regiment Nr. 1 in der Schlacht an der Marne im September 1914; WK, 4:283. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. RH 61/85, Finck v. Finckenstein, Das Kaiser Alexander Garde-Grenadier Regiment Nr. 1 in der Schlacht an der Marne im September 1914; WK, 4:283.

122. Das Marnedrama 1914. Der Ausgang der Schlacht Das Marnedrama 1914. Der Ausgang der Schlacht, ed. Thilo von Bose (Oldenburg and Berlin: Gerhard Stalling, 1928), 161, 165.

123. Walter Bloem, Walter Bloem, The Advance from Mons, 1914 The Advance from Mons, 1914 (London: Peter Davies, 1930), 171. (London: Peter Davies, 1930), 171.

124. Deputy War Minister Franz von Wandel to all corps commanders, 10 September 1914. HStA, M 1/4 Kriegsministerium, Allg. Armee-Angelegenheiten 1524. Deputy War Minister Franz von Wandel to all corps commanders, 10 September 1914. HStA, M 1/4 Kriegsministerium, Allg. Armee-Angelegenheiten 1524.

125. Instruction particuliere No. 21, 10 September 1914. AFGG, 3-3:1819. Also Joffre, 1:424. Instruction particuliere No. 21, 10 September 1914. AFGG, 3-3:1819. Also Joffre, 1:424.

126. Instruction particuliere No. 23, 12 September 1914. AFGG, 3-3:79091. Instruction particuliere No. 23, 12 September 1914. AFGG, 3-3:79091.

127. Maunoury to Joffre, 13 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:8889. Maunoury to Joffre, 13 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:8889.

128. Franchet d'Esperey to Joffre, 7 PM, 14 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:46869. Franchet d'Esperey to Joffre, 7 PM, 14 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:46869.

129. Foch to Joffre, 14 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:481. Foch to Joffre, 14 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:481.

130. Letter dated 24 October 1914. Archive of the Historial de la Grande Guerre, Chateau de Peronne. Letter dated 24 October 1914. Archive of the Historial de la Grande Guerre, Chateau de Peronne.

131. Joffre to Millerand, 17 and 18 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66; AFGG, 4-1:232, 368. Joffre to Millerand, 17 and 18 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66; AFGG, 4-1:232, 368.

132. Joffre to Sarrail, 13 September 1914. AFGG, 3-4:14. Joffre to Sarrail, 13 September 1914. AFGG, 3-4:14.

133. Ibid., 3-4:59. Ibid., 3-4:59.

134. Foch's General Order of Operations, 13 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:9798. Foch's General Order of Operations, 13 September 1914. Ibid., 3-4:9798.

135. Ibid., 3:949, 965. Ibid., 3:949, 965.

136. Marechal Foch, Marechal Foch, Memoires pour server a l'histoire de la guerre de 19141918 Memoires pour server a l'histoire de la guerre de 19141918 (Paris: Plon, 1931), 1:14344. (Paris: Plon, 1931), 1:14344.

137. Franchet d'Esperey to Corps Commanders, 20 September 1914. AFGG, 4-1. Franchet d'Esperey to Corps Commanders, 20 September 1914. AFGG, 4-1. "Durer et tenir." "Durer et tenir."

138. Joffre to Foch, 21 September 1914. Ibid., 4-1:653. Joffre to Foch, 21 September 1914. Ibid., 4-1:653.

139. Ibid., 4:7. Ibid., 4:7.

140. Reichsarchiv calculation, 1 May 1929. BA-MA, RH 61/50603, Kriegsverl.u.s.te, Feldstarken, Munitionsverbrauch und Kriegsgefangene im Ersten Weltkrieg. Statistisches Material. Reichsarchiv calculation, 1 May 1929. BA-MA, RH 61/50603, Kriegsverl.u.s.te, Feldstarken, Munitionsverbrauch und Kriegsgefangene im Ersten Weltkrieg. Statistisches Material.

141. Precise figures in AFGG, 3-4:846. Precise figures in AFGG, 3-4:846.

142. Joffre, 1:425. Joffre, 1:425.

143. AFGG, 3-4:845. Slightly different figures in ibid., 4-1:554. AFGG, 3-4:845. Slightly different figures in ibid., 4-1:554.

EPILOGUE.

1. "Taktisch-strategische Aufsatze aus den Jahren 1857 bis 1871," in "Taktisch-strategische Aufsatze aus den Jahren 1857 bis 1871," in Moltkes Militarische Werke Moltkes Militarische Werke, ed. Groer Generalstab (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1900), 2/2:291.

2. Carl von Clausewitz, Carl von Clausewitz, On War On War, eds. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 101.

3. Diary entry for 9 September 1914. Marc Bloch, Diary entry for 9 September 1914. Marc Bloch, Memoirs of War, 191415 Memoirs of War, 191415 (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1980), 87. (Ithaca, NY, and London: Cornell University Press, 1980), 87.

4. Hew Strachan, Hew Strachan, The First World War The First World War (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:261. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001), 1:261.

5. See See Der Schlieffenplan: a.n.a.lysen und Dok.u.mente Der Schlieffenplan: a.n.a.lysen und Dok.u.mente, eds. Hans Ehlert, Michael Epkenhans, and Gerhard P. Gro (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2006).

6. Sewell Tyng, Sewell Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 349. (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 349.

7. Marechal Foch, Marechal Foch, Memoires pur server a l'histoire de la guerre de 19141918 Memoires pur server a l'histoire de la guerre de 19141918 (Paris: Plon, 1931), 1:144. (Paris: Plon, 1931), 1:144.

8. Clausewitz, Clausewitz, On War On War, 76.

9. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. Moltke, 385. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. Moltke, 385.

10. Letter dated 9 September 1914. BHStA-KA, HS 2662 Wenninger. Letter dated 9 September 1914. BHStA-KA, HS 2662 Wenninger.

11. Gabriel Hanotaux, Gabriel Hanotaux, Histoire ill.u.s.tree de la guerre de 1914 Histoire ill.u.s.tree de la guerre de 1914 (Paris: Gounouilhou, 191524), 9:104. (Paris: Gounouilhou, 191524), 9:104.

12. Gerhard Tappen, Gerhard Tappen, Bis zur Marne. Beitrage zur Beurteilung der Kriegfuhrung bis zum Abschlu der Marne-Schlacht Bis zur Marne. Beitrage zur Beurteilung der Kriegfuhrung bis zum Abschlu der Marne-Schlacht (Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1920), 32. (Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling, 1920), 32.

13. Robert T. Foley, "Preparing the German Army for the First World War: The Operational Ideas of Alfred von Schlieffen and Helmuth von Moltke the Younger," Robert T. Foley, "Preparing the German Army for the First World War: The Operational Ideas of Alfred von Schlieffen and Helmuth von Moltke the Younger," War & Society War & Society 22 (October 2004): 19. 22 (October 2004): 19.

14. Diary entry dated 13 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50676, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. Diary entry dated 13 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50676, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

15. Diary entry dated 1 October 1914. Karl von Einem, Diary entry dated 1 October 1914. Karl von Einem, Ein Armeefuhrer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Personliche Aufzeichnungen Ein Armeefuhrer erlebt den Weltkrieg. Personliche Aufzeichnungen (Leipzig: v. Hase & Koehler, 1938), 62. (Leipzig: v. Hase & Koehler, 1938), 62.

16. Joffre, 1:421. Joffre, 1:421.

17. Ibid., 1:370; Robert A. Doughty, Ibid., 1:370; Robert A. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 85. (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 85.

18. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 189.

19. See AFGG, 3-4:846. See AFGG, 3-4:846.

20. Of the active army of 1.6 million, for August it lists 20,253 killed, 78,468 wounded, and 107,794 missing; for September, 18,073 killed, 111,963 wounded, and 83,409 missing. AFGG, 2:825; and 3-4:845. Of the active army of 1.6 million, for August it lists 20,253 killed, 78,468 wounded, and 107,794 missing; for September, 18,073 killed, 111,963 wounded, and 83,409 missing. AFGG, 2:825; and 3-4:845.

21. Charles de Gaulle, Charles de Gaulle, France and Her Army France and Her Army (London and New York: Hutchinson, 1945), 102. (London and New York: Hutchinson, 1945), 102.

22. Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1938), 3:36. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1938), 3:36.

23. Ibid., 3:39. Ibid., 3:39.

24. Ibid., 3:38. Ibid., 3:38.

25. BA-MA, RH 61/50775, Die Verl.u.s.te an Pferden 19141918, 237. BA-MA, RH 61/50775, Die Verl.u.s.te an Pferden 19141918, 237.

26. Robert B. Asprey, Robert B. Asprey, The First Battle of the Marne The First Battle of the Marne (Philadelphia and New York: Lippin-cott, 1962), 10001. (Philadelphia and New York: Lippin-cott, 1962), 10001.

27. "War Letter by a Socialist Worker," published 10 October 1914. Cited in Bernd Ulrich, "War Letter by a Socialist Worker," published 10 October 1914. Cited in Bernd Ulrich, Die Augenzeugen. Deutsche Feldpostbriefe in Kriegs-und Nachkriegszeit 19141933 Die Augenzeugen. Deutsche Feldpostbriefe in Kriegs-und Nachkriegszeit 19141933 (Essen: Klartext, 1997), 136. (Essen: Klartext, 1997), 136.

28. Letter dated 17 September 1914. August Messer, "Zur Psychologie des Krieges," Letter dated 17 September 1914. August Messer, "Zur Psychologie des Krieges," Preussische Jahrbucher Preussische Jahrbucher 159 (February 1915): 229. This likely pertains to Karl von Drigalski, professor of medicine at Halle University and a reserve officer serving with the medical corps at the front in 1914. Most authors credit the letter to the famous polar explorer Professor of Geography Erich von Drygalski of Munich University, but his birth date of 1865 would preclude active service at the front in 1914. 159 (February 1915): 229. This likely pertains to Karl von Drigalski, professor of medicine at Halle University and a reserve officer serving with the medical corps at the front in 1914. Most authors credit the letter to the famous polar explorer Professor of Geography Erich von Drygalski of Munich University, but his birth date of 1865 would preclude active service at the front in 1914.

29. Letter dated 7 September 1914. Letter dated 7 September 1914. Paroles de poilus: lettres et carnets du front 19141918 Paroles de poilus: lettres et carnets du front 19141918, eds. Jean-Pierre Gueno and Yves Laplume (Paris: Librio, 1998), 39.

30. Letter dated 27 September 1914. Ibid., 45. Letter dated 27 September 1914. Ibid., 45.

31. Bloch, Bloch, Memoirs of War Memoirs of War, 159.

32. Diary entry dated 12 September 1914. Ibid., 152. Diary entry dated 12 September 1914. Ibid., 152.

33. Cited in Cited in Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten, ed. Philipp Witkop (Munich: Georg Muller, 1928), 59.

34. Der Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Der Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1938), 2:31, 57 (First Army); 2:93, 120 (Second Army); 2:14748, 169 (Third Army); 2:208, 229 (Fourth Army); 2:274, 307 (Fifth Army); 2:342, 343 (Sixth Army); and 2:421, 436 (Seventh Army). (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1938), 2:31, 57 (First Army); 2:93, 120 (Second Army); 2:14748, 169 (Third Army); 2:208, 229 (Fourth Army); 2:274, 307 (Fifth Army); 2:342, 343 (Sixth Army); and 2:421, 436 (Seventh Army).