48. Diary entry dated 31 August 1914; ibid. Diary entry dated 31 August 1914; ibid.

49. Diary entry dated 1 September 1914, ibid.; BHStA-KA, Generalkommando I AK, KTB 31.7.1428.2.15; diary entry dated 1 September 1914, Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 1 September 1914, ibid.; BHStA-KA, Generalkommando I AK, KTB 31.7.1428.2.15; diary entry dated 1 September 1914, Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

50. Diary entry dated 1 September 1914. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando II AK, KTB 1.8.191431.12.1914. Diary entry dated 1 September 1914. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando II AK, KTB 1.8.191431.12.1914.

51. Diary entry dated 1 September 1914. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando III AK, Kriegstagebuch 29.7.1431.12.1914. The comment concerning the "present" of Nancy to Ludwig III is in diary entry dated 26 August 1914, Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 1 September 1914. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando III AK, Kriegstagebuch 29.7.1431.12.1914. The comment concerning the "present" of Nancy to Ludwig III is in diary entry dated 26 August 1914, Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

52. Diary entries dated 26 August and 1 September 1914; ibid. Diary entries dated 26 August and 1 September 1914; ibid.

53. "Gebsattel wants to have his battle." BHStA-KA, Kriegstagebuch 1914/18, Nachla R. Xylander 12. "Gebsattel wants to have his battle." BHStA-KA, Kriegstagebuch 1914/18, Nachla R. Xylander 12.

54. Cited in Tyng, Cited in Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 68.

55. Douglas Wilson Johnson, Douglas Wilson Johnson, Battlefields of the World War: Western and Southern Fronts; A Study in Military Geography Battlefields of the World War: Western and Southern Fronts; A Study in Military Geography (New York: Oxford University Press, 1921), 431, 437. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1921), 431, 437.

56. Reconnaissance report of 1 September 1914 by Colonel Karl von Nagel, chief of staff to I Corps. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando I AK, KTB 31.7.1428.2.15. Reconnaissance report of 1 September 1914 by Colonel Karl von Nagel, chief of staff to I Corps. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando I AK, KTB 31.7.1428.2.15.

57. Die Bayern im Groen Kriege 19141918 Die Bayern im Groen Kriege 19141918 ed. Bayerisches Kriegsarchiv (Munich: Verlag des Bayerischen Kriegsarchivs, 1923), 1:61. ed. Bayerisches Kriegsarchiv (Munich: Verlag des Bayerischen Kriegsarchivs, 1923), 1:61.

58. See AFGG, 3:115961. See AFGG, 3:115961.

59. Details in ibid., 2:388, 390, 393. Details in ibid., 2:388, 390, 393.

60. Ibid., 3:1244. Ibid., 3:1244.

61. Dated 28 August 1914. Ibid., 2:509; and 2-2:667; Joffre, 1:337. Dated 28 August 1914. Ibid., 2:509; and 2-2:667; Joffre, 1:337.

62. AFGG, 3:115456. AFGG, 3:115456.

63. Diary entry dated 4 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 4 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

64. Deuringer, Deuringer, Die Schlacht in Lothringen Die Schlacht in Lothringen, 1:635; AFGG, 3-1:579.

65. AFGG, 2:434, 445; ibid., 3:1165. AFGG, 2:434, 445; ibid., 3:1165.

66. Ibid., 3-1:97; Joffre, 1:39899. Ibid., 3-1:97; Joffre, 1:39899.

67. AFGG, 3-1:193. AFGG, 3-1:193.

68. Johnson, Johnson, Battlefields of the World War Battlefields of the World War, 485.

69. AFGG, 3:1186. AFGG, 3:1186.

70. Diary entry dated 14 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 14 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

71. Diary entry dated 7 September 1914. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando III AK, Kriegstagebuch 29.7.1431.12.1914. Diary entry dated 7 September 1914. BHStA-KA, Generalkommando III AK, Kriegstagebuch 29.7.1431.12.1914.

72. 7 September 1914. Joffre, 1:40708. 7 September 1914. Joffre, 1:40708.

73. AFGG, 3:1210ff. AFGG, 3:1210ff.

74. See WK, 4:49293. See WK, 4:49293.

75. Dated 67 September 1914. Dated 67 September 1914. Adolf Wild von Hohenborn. Briefe und Tagebuchaufzeichnungen des preuischen Generals als Kriegsminister und Truppenfuhrer im Ersten Weltkrieg Adolf Wild von Hohenborn. Briefe und Tagebuchaufzeichnungen des preuischen Generals als Kriegsminister und Truppenfuhrer im Ersten Weltkrieg, ed. Helmut Reichold (Boppard: H. Boldt, 1986), 17.

76. Terence Zuber, Terence Zuber, The Battle of the Frontiers: Ardennes 1914 The Battle of the Frontiers: Ardennes 1914 (Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2007), 127. (Stroud, UK: Tempus, 2007), 127.

77. WK, 4:148. WK, 4:148.

78. Diary entry dated 5 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry dated 5 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

79. Diary entry dated 5 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 5 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

80. Ibid.; BHStA-KA, AOK 6, KTB 2.8.1414.3.15. Ibid.; BHStA-KA, AOK 6, KTB 2.8.1414.3.15.

81. Diary entry dated 5 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 5 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

82. Wenninger diary dated 6 September 1914. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente," 167. Wenninger diary dated 6 September 1914. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente," 167.

83. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

84. Ibid. Italics in the original. Ibid. Italics in the original.

85. Diary entry dated 7 September 1914; ibid. Diary entry dated 7 September 1914; ibid.

86. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

87. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry dated 8 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

88. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Rupprecht 699. Diary entry dated 9 September 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Rupprecht 699.

89. Ibid. Ibid.

90. Wenninger diary entry dated 10 September 1914. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente," 172. Wenninger diary entry dated 10 September 1914. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente," 172.

91. Diary entry dated 12 August 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry dated 12 August 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

92. Wenninger diary entry dated 7 September 1914. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente," 170. Wenninger diary entry dated 7 September 1914. Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente," 170.

93. Deuringer, Deuringer, Die Schlacht in Lothringen Die Schlacht in Lothringen, 2:848.

94. Michael S. Neiberg, Michael S. Neiberg, Fighting the Great War: A Global History Fighting the Great War: A Global History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 25, puts French casualties at two hundred thousand men and forty-seven hundred officers. (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), 25, puts French casualties at two hundred thousand men and forty-seven hundred officers.

95. Der Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Der Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1938), 2:34243, 365. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1938), 2:34243, 365.

96. Ibid., 2:421, 436. Ibid., 2:421, 436.

97. Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 Sanitatsbericht uber das Deutsche Heer im Weltkriege 1914/1918 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), 3:36. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1934), 3:36.

98. WK, 4:524. WK, 4:524.

99. Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege Sanitatsdienst im Gefechts-und Schlachtenverlauf im Weltkriege, 2:31.

100. Martin van Creveld, Martin van Creveld, Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 12430. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977), 12430.

101. Tuchman, Tuchman, Guns of August Guns of August, 476.

102. Walter Bloem, Walter Bloem, The Advance from Mons 1914 The Advance from Mons 1914 (London: Peter Davies, 1930), 101. (London: Peter Davies, 1930), 101.

103. WK, 3:195, 227. WK, 3:195, 227.

104. Ibid., 3:231. Ibid., 3:231.

105. Ibid., 3:232. Ibid., 3:232.

106. Entry dated 3 September 1914. Entry dated 3 September 1914. Regierte der Kaiser? Kriegstagebucher, Aufzeichnungen und Briefe des Chefs des Marinekabinetts Admiral Georg Alexander von Muller 19141918 Regierte der Kaiser? Kriegstagebucher, Aufzeichnungen und Briefe des Chefs des Marinekabinetts Admiral Georg Alexander von Muller 19141918 (Gottingen: Musterschmidt, 1959), 54. (Gottingen: Musterschmidt, 1959), 54.

107. WK, 3:236. WK, 3:236.

108. BA-MA, N 323/9, Nachla Boetticher, 57; Gro, "There Was a Schlifeffen Plan. Neue Quellen," Hans Ehlert, Michael Epkenhans, and Gerhard P. Gro, eds., BA-MA, N 323/9, Nachla Boetticher, 57; Gro, "There Was a Schlifeffen Plan. Neue Quellen," Hans Ehlert, Michael Epkenhans, and Gerhard P. Gro, eds., Der Schlieffen-plan. a.n.a.lysen und Dok.u.mente Der Schlieffen-plan. a.n.a.lysen und Dok.u.mente (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2006), 13940. (Paderborn: Ferdinand Schoningh, 2006), 13940.

109. WK, 3:241. WK, 3:241.

110. Spears, Spears, Liaison 1914 Liaison 1914, 322.

111. WK, 3:140, 24849; Hermann von Kuhl, WK, 3:140, 24849; Hermann von Kuhl, Der Marnefeldzug 1914 Der Marnefeldzug 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 124, 126; Louis Koeltz, (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 124, 126; Louis Koeltz, Le G.Q.G. allemand et la bataille de la Marne Le G.Q.G. allemand et la bataille de la Marne (Paris: Payot, 1931), 37273. (Paris: Payot, 1931), 37273.

112. WK, 3:193. WK, 3:193.

113. "Meine Erlebnisse u. Erfahrungen als Oberbefehlshaber der 3. Armee im Bewegungskrieg 1914," SHStA, 12693 Personalnachla Max Klemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (18461922) 43a, 117, 13536, 141, 148. "Meine Erlebnisse u. Erfahrungen als Oberbefehlshaber der 3. Armee im Bewegungskrieg 1914," SHStA, 12693 Personalnachla Max Klemens Lothar Freiherr von Hausen (18461922) 43a, 117, 13536, 141, 148.

114. BA-MA, RH 61/50850, Die Tatigkeit der Fliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 29 September 1914, 1415, 18. BA-MA, RH 61/50850, Die Tatigkeit der Fliegerverbande der 1. und 2. Armee 29 September 1914, 1415, 18.

115. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 163.

CHAPTER 8. 8. Climax: The Ourcq Climax: The Ourcq.

1. See chapter 9, AFGG, 2:550ff. See chapter 9, AFGG, 2:550ff.

2. Charles F. Horne, ed., Charles F. Horne, ed., Source Records of the Great War Source Records of the Great War (USA: National Alumni, 1923), 2:20003. (USA: National Alumni, 1923), 2:20003.

3. AFGG, 2:555. Gallieni formally replaced General Victor Michel on 27 August 1914. AFGG, 2:555. Gallieni formally replaced General Victor Michel on 27 August 1914.

4. Joffre to Sixth Army, 1 September 1914. AFGG, 2:529, 589; and 2-2:281. Joffre to Sixth Army, 1 September 1914. AFGG, 2:529, 589; and 2-2:281.

5. Cited in ibid., 2:614; and 2-2:556. Cited in ibid., 2:614; and 2-2:556.

6. Ibid., 2:557, 57677. Ibid., 2:557, 57677.

7. Ibid., 2:57172, 579; and 2-1:676. Ibid., 2:57172, 579; and 2-1:676.

8. Ibid., 2:609. Ibid., 2:609.

9. Ibid., 2-2:543. Ibid., 2-2:543.

10. Joffre to army commanders, 2 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:41920. Joffre to army commanders, 2 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:41920.

11. Ibid., 2:616; Joseph Gallieni, Ibid., 2:616; Joseph Gallieni, Memoires du general Gallieni: defense de Paris, 25 aout 1 septembre 1914 Memoires du general Gallieni: defense de Paris, 25 aout 1 septembre 1914 (Paris: Payot, 1920), 95. (Paris: Payot, 1920), 95.

12. Ibid., 112; AFGG, 2:621, 623. Ibid., 112; AFGG, 2:621, 623.

13. Robert A. Doughty, Robert A. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 86; also AFGG, 3:1415. (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 86; also AFGG, 3:1415.

14. Joffre to Millerand, 3 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:53435. Joffre to Millerand, 3 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:53435.

15. Doughty, Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory Pyrrhic Victory, 89; Charles J. Huguet, Britain and the War: A French Indictment Britain and the War: A French Indictment (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928), 91. The official history merely mentions the meeting: AFGG, 2:625. (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928), 91. The official history merely mentions the meeting: AFGG, 2:625.

16. B. H. Liddell-Hart, B. H. Liddell-Hart, The Real War, 19141918 The Real War, 19141918 (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1930), 90. (Boston and Toronto: Little, Brown, 1930), 90.

17. AFGG, 2:626; Sewell Tyng, AFGG, 2:626; Sewell Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 215. (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 215.

18. AFGG, 2-2:65859. AFGG, 2-2:65859.

19. Ibid., 2:665; 2-2:705; Joffre, 1:38788. Ibid., 2:665; 2-2:705; Joffre, 1:38788.

20. Ibid., 388. Ibid., 388.

21. Cited in Edward Spears, Cited in Edward Spears, Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1968), 402. (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1968), 402.

22. Dated 4 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:66061. Also, Joffre to army commanders, 5 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66. Dated 4 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:66061. Also, Joffre to army commanders, 5 September 1914. SHD, 5 N 66.

23. Joffre, 1:390. Joffre, 1:390.

24. Joffre to Millerand, 5 September 1914. SHD, 16 N 1674; AFGG, 2-2:76869. Also Joffre, 1:392. Joffre to Millerand, 5 September 1914. SHD, 16 N 1674; AFGG, 2-2:76869. Also Joffre, 1:392.

25. Ibid., 1:39394; Tyng, Ibid., 1:39394; Tyng, Battle of the Marne Battle of the Marne, 223.

26. Spears, Spears, Liaison Liaison, 41318; Joffre, 1:39394.

27. BA-MA, RH 61/51061, Die OHL und die Marneschlacht vom 4.9.9.1914, Starkenachweisungen Marneschlacht, 9 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/51061, Die OHL und die Marneschlacht vom 4.9.9.1914, Starkenachweisungen Marneschlacht, 9 September 1914.

28. WK, 3:21617. WK, 3:21617.