52. Carl von Clausewitz, Carl von Clausewitz, On War On War, eds. Michael Howard and Peter Paret (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1976), 271.

53. Letter dated 24 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:12425. Joffre's rea.s.sessment has been laid out by Robert A. Doughty, Letter dated 24 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:12425. Joffre's rea.s.sessment has been laid out by Robert A. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 7678. (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 7678.

54. Joffre, 1:30304. Joffre, 1:30304.

55. Ibid., 1:300. Ibid., 1:300.

56. See the compilation in AFGG, 3-4:846. See the compilation in AFGG, 3-4:846.

57. Joffre, 1:310. Joffre, 1:310.

58. Instruction general No. 2, 25 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:27880. Instruction general No. 2, 25 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:27880.

59. Robert B. Asprey, Robert B. Asprey, The First Battle of the Marne The First Battle of the Marne (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1962), 72. (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1962), 72.

60. Joffre, 1:31720. Joffre, 1:31720.

61. AFGG, 2:121, 466; Doughty, AFGG, 2:121, 466; Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory Pyrrhic Victory, 78.

62. Edward Spears, Edward Spears, Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat (London: Eyre & Spot-tiswoode, 1930), 22831. (London: Eyre & Spot-tiswoode, 1930), 22831.

63. Charles J. Huguet, Charles J. Huguet, Britain and the War: A French Indictment Britain and the War: A French Indictment (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928), 67. (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928), 67.

64. Huguet to GQG, 16 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:429. Huguet to GQG, 16 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:429.

65. Order dated the night of 2526 August 1914. AFGG, 1-1:999; and 2:11516. Order dated the night of 2526 August 1914. AFGG, 1-1:999; and 2:11516.

66. Keith Jeffrey, Keith Jeffrey, Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier Field Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: A Political Soldier (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 135. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 135.

67. John Charteris, John Charteris, At G.H.Q At G.H.Q. (London: Ca.s.sell, 1931), 17.

68. Cited in Cited in Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, ed. C. E. Callwell (London: Ca.s.sell, 1927), 1:169.

69. Strachan, Strachan, First World War First World War, 1:223.

70. Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson, 1:170.

71. Sent "afternoon" of 28 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:659. Sent "afternoon" of 28 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:659.

72. Hermann von Kuhl, Hermann von Kuhl, Der Marnefeldzug 1914 Der Marnefeldzug 1914 (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 82. (Berlin: E. S. Mittler, 1921), 82.

73. AFGG, 2:5354; and 2-1:547. Also Joffre, 1:32223. AFGG, 2:5354; and 2-1:547. Also Joffre, 1:32223.

74. Huguet to Joffre, 27 August 1914, SHD, 1 K 268; AFGG, 2-1:55052; Joffre, 1:32829; Doughty, Huguet to Joffre, 27 August 1914, SHD, 1 K 268; AFGG, 2-1:55052; Joffre, 1:32829; Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory Pyrrhic Victory, 7879.

75. Cited in Tyng, Cited in Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 150.

76. Lanrezac's General Order of 27 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:59293. Lanrezac's General Order of 27 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:59293.

77. Joffre, 1:332. Joffre, 1:332.

78. Spears, Spears, Liaison 1914 Liaison 1914, 252.

79. Joffre's order to Fifth Army, 9 AM, 28 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:663; Joffre, 1:332. Joffre's order to Fifth Army, 9 AM, 28 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:663; Joffre, 1:332.

80. Raymond Poincare, Raymond Poincare, Au service de la France Au service de la France (Paris: Plon, 1928), 5:206. (Paris: Plon, 1928), 5:206.

81. Huguet to GQG, 28 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:67172. Huguet to GQG, 28 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:67172.

82. Huguet, Huguet, Britain and the War Britain and the War, 72.

83. Barbara Tuchman, Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August The Guns of August (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962), 448. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962), 448.

84. Lanrezac's orders of 28 August, AFGG, 2-1:70607; attack in AFGG, 2:68ff. Lanrezac's orders of 28 August, AFGG, 2-1:70607; attack in AFGG, 2:68ff.

85. Defforges to Lanrezac, 10 AM, 29 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:866. Defforges to Lanrezac, 10 AM, 29 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:866.

86. WK, 3:15455. WK, 3:15455.

87. Letter dated 29 August 1914. Letter dated 29 August 1914. Wir Kampfer im Weltkrieg Wir Kampfer im Weltkrieg, 5761.

88. War diary dated 30 August 1914. SHStA, 11356 Generalkommando des XII. Reservekorps 139; Hausen, "Meine Erlebnisse," 108. War diary dated 30 August 1914. SHStA, 11356 Generalkommando des XII. Reservekorps 139; Hausen, "Meine Erlebnisse," 108.

89. Particular Order to I, III, and X corps. AFGG, 2-1:827. Particular Order to I, III, and X corps. AFGG, 2-1:827.

90. Joffre, 1:339. Joffre, 1:339.

91. Cited in Leonard V. Smith, Cited in Leonard V. Smith, Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division During World War I Between Mutiny and Obedience: The Case of the French Fifth Infantry Division During World War I (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 5556. (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994), 5556.

92. WK, 3:168. WK, 3:168.

93. Ibid., 3:16869. Ibid., 3:16869.

94. Lauenstein's letters dated 31 August and 3 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948 Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. Lauenstein's letters dated 31 August and 3 September 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948 Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

95. WK, 3:175. WK, 3:175.

96. Lanrezac's General Order, 6 PM, 31 August 1914. AFGG 2-2:19698. Lanrezac's General Order, 6 PM, 31 August 1914. AFGG 2-2:19698.

97. Berthelot to Lanrezac, 31 August 1914. AFGG, 2-2:160. Berthelot to Lanrezac, 31 August 1914. AFGG, 2-2:160.

98. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 160.

99. John Terraine, John Terraine, The Western Front, 19141918 The Western Front, 19141918 (London: Hutchinson, 1964), 131. A tactical victory belongs to the commander who gains and then holds the battlefield, not to the one who abandons it without plan or purpose. Moreover, Bulow's appeal for help was not the determining factor in Kluck's turn to the southeast. (London: Hutchinson, 1964), 131. A tactical victory belongs to the commander who gains and then holds the battlefield, not to the one who abandons it without plan or purpose. Moreover, Bulow's appeal for help was not the determining factor in Kluck's turn to the southeast.

100. WK, 3:177, 179, 186. WK, 3:177, 179, 186.

CHAPTER 7. 7. To the Marne To the Marne.

1. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

2. Joffre, 1:34041. Joffre, 1:34041.

3. Sewell Tyng, Sewell Tyng, The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 The Campaign of the Marne, 1914 (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 181. (New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green, 1935), 181.

4. Ibid. Ibid.

5. Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries Field-Marshal Sir Henry Wilson: His Life and Diaries, ed. C. E. Callwell (London: Ca.s.sell, 1927), 1:173.

6. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 182.

7. Raymond Poincare, Raymond Poincare, Au service de la France Au service de la France (Paris: Plon, 1928), 5:222. (Paris: Plon, 1928), 5:222.

8. Robert Cowley, ed., Robert Cowley, ed., What If? The World's Foremost Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been What If? The World's Foremost Military Historians Imagine What Might Have Been (New York: Berkley Books, 2000), 281. (New York: Berkley Books, 2000), 281.

9. Charles J. Huguet, Charles J. Huguet, Britain and the War: A French Indictment Britain and the War: A French Indictment (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928), 84. (London: Ca.s.sell, 1928), 84.

10. Ibid., 85. Ibid., 85.

11. Dated 1 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:28687; Joffre, 1:35960. Dated 1 September 1914. AFGG, 2-2:28687; Joffre, 1:35960.

12. Barbara Tuchman, Barbara Tuchman, The Guns of August The Guns of August (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962), 460. (New York: Ballantine Books, 1962), 460.

13. Messimy's undated "note," probably around 25 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:26466. Messimy's undated "note," probably around 25 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:26466.

14. Tyng, Tyng, Campaign of the Marne Campaign of the Marne, 18788.

15. Joffre, 1:421. Joffre, 1:421.

16. Ibid., 1:370; Robert A. Doughty, Ibid., 1:370; Robert A. Doughty, Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War Pyrrhic Victory: French Strategy and Operations in the Great War (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 85. (Cambridge, MA, and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005), 85.

17. Edward Spears, Edward Spears, Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat Liaison 1914: A Narrative of the Great Retreat (London: Eyre & Spot-tiswoode, 1930), 384. (London: Eyre & Spot-tiswoode, 1930), 384.

18. Moltke's "top secret" report of 1 September 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Kriegsministerium 109, Mitteilungen des Chefs des Feldheeres Nr. 150, 27.7.19143.1.1915. Moltke's "top secret" report of 1 September 1914. HStA, M 1/2 Kriegsministerium 109, Mitteilungen des Chefs des Feldheeres Nr. 150, 27.7.19143.1.1915.

19. Julian A. Corbett, Julian A. Corbett, Naval Operations: History of the Great War Based on Official Doc.u.ments Naval Operations: History of the Great War Based on Official Doc.u.ments (Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, n.d.), 1:9597, 12324; AFGG, 2:809. (Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, n.d.), 1:9597, 12324; AFGG, 2:809.

20. BA-MA, RH 61/50661, Kriegserinnerungen des Generalleutnants v. BA-MA, RH 61/50661, Kriegserinnerungen des Generalleutnants v. [sic] [sic] Tappen, 32. Tappen, 32.

21. WK, 3:186, 220. WK, 3:186, 220.

22. Ibid., 3:609. Ibid., 3:609.

23. Ibid., 3:225. Ibid., 3:225.

24. Diary entry for 31 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916. Diary entry for 31 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/948, Der Krieg im Westen 19141916.

25. Letter of 31 August 1914. Moltke, 383. Letter of 31 August 1914. Moltke, 383.

26. WK, 3:22526. WK, 3:22526.

27. Moltke, 383; WK, 3:227. Moltke, 383; WK, 3:227.

28. Dated 2 September 1914. Philipp Witkop, ed., Dated 2 September 1914. Philipp Witkop, ed., Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten Kriegsbriefe gefallener Studenten (Munich: Georg Muller, 1928), 309. (Munich: Georg Muller, 1928), 309.

29. Holger Afflerbach, Holger Afflerbach, Falkenhayn. Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich Falkenhayn. Politisches Denken und Handeln im Kaiserreich (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1994), 18182. (Munich: R. Oldenbourg, 1994), 18182.

30. Dated 4 September 1914. Karl Helfferich, Dated 4 September 1914. Karl Helfferich, Der Weltkrieg Der Weltkrieg (Berlin: Allstein, 1919), 2:18. (Berlin: Allstein, 1919), 2:18.

31. WK, 1:605. WK, 1:605.

32. Diary entry for 21 August 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry for 21 August 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

33. Diary entry for 23 August 1914, ibid.; BHStA-KA, AOK 6, KTB 2.8.1414.3.1915, 13. Also Crown Prince Rupprecht, Diary entry for 23 August 1914, ibid.; BHStA-KA, AOK 6, KTB 2.8.1414.3.1915, 13. Also Crown Prince Rupprecht, Mein Kriegstagebuch Mein Kriegstagebuch (Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1923), 1:3738, 41; Karl Deuringer, (Munich: Deutscher National Verlag, 1923), 1:3738, 41; Karl Deuringer, Die Schlacht in Lothringen und in den Vogesen. Die Feuertaufe der bayerischen Armee Die Schlacht in Lothringen und in den Vogesen. Die Feuertaufe der bayerischen Armee (Munich: M. Schick, 1929), 2:37274, 583; WK, 1:57576, 583. (Munich: M. Schick, 1929), 2:37274, 583; WK, 1:57576, 583.

34. Diary entry for 23 August 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entry for 23 August 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

35. Joffre, 1:31213. Joffre, 1:31213.

36. Castelnau to XV and XVI Corps, 3 PM, 25 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:291. Castelnau to XV and XVI Corps, 3 PM, 25 August 1914. AFGG, 2-1:291.

37. Dated 27 August 1914. GLA, S Kriegsbriefe und Kriegstagebucher 53. Dated 27 August 1914. GLA, S Kriegsbriefe und Kriegstagebucher 53.

38. Diary entry for 24 August 1914. BHStA-KA, Kriegstagebuch 1914/18, Nachla R. Xylander 12. Diary entry for 24 August 1914. BHStA-KA, Kriegstagebuch 1914/18, Nachla R. Xylander 12.

39. AFGG, 2:374. AFGG, 2:374.

40. Diary entry for 29 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50661 Kriegserinnerungen des Generalleutnants v. Diary entry for 29 August 1914. BA-MA, RH 61/50661 Kriegserinnerungen des Generalleutnants v. [sic] [sic] Tappen. Tappen.

41. Wenninger's letter to his father, 30 August 1914, BHStA-KA, HS 2662 Wenninger; and Wenninger's report to Munich, 31 August 1914, in Bernd Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente zu Kriegsausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914," Wenninger's letter to his father, 30 August 1914, BHStA-KA, HS 2662 Wenninger; and Wenninger's report to Munich, 31 August 1914, in Bernd Schulte, "Neue Dok.u.mente zu Kriegsausbruch und Kriegsverlauf 1914," Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen Militargeschichtliche Mitteilungen 25 (1979): 160. 25 (1979): 160.

42. Diary entry dated 30 August 1914, BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145; Deuringer, Diary entry dated 30 August 1914, BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145; Deuringer, Die Schlacht in Lothringen Die Schlacht in Lothringen, 2:58485; WK, 1:593, and 3:285; Thomas Muller, Krafft von Dellmensingen (18621953). Portrat eines bayerischen Offiziers Krafft von Dellmensingen (18621953). Portrat eines bayerischen Offiziers (Munich: Kommission fur Bayerische Landesgeschichte, 2002), 35253. (Munich: Kommission fur Bayerische Landesgeschichte, 2002), 35253.

43. Diary entry dated 30 August 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry dated 30 August 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

44. Diary entries dated 30 and 31 August 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699. Diary entries dated 30 and 31 August 1914. Tagebuch Rupprecht, BHStA-GH, Nachla Kronprinz Rupprecht 699.

45. Diary entry dated 31 August 1914, BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145; BHStA-KA, AOK 6, KTB 2.8.191414.3.1915, 15. Also Rudolf von Xylander, Diary entry dated 31 August 1914, BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145; BHStA-KA, AOK 6, KTB 2.8.191414.3.1915, 15. Also Rudolf von Xylander, Deutsche Fuhrung in Lothringen 1914. Wahrheit und Kriegsgeschichte Deutsche Fuhrung in Lothringen 1914. Wahrheit und Kriegsgeschichte (Berlin: Junker und Dunnhaupt, 1935), 153; WK, 3:28687. (Berlin: Junker und Dunnhaupt, 1935), 153; WK, 3:28687.

46. Diary entry dated 2 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145. Diary entry dated 2 September 1914. BHStA-KA, KTB 1914, Nachla Krafft von Dellmensingen 145.

47. Diary entry dated 2 September 1914; ibid. Diary entry dated 2 September 1914; ibid.